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Anatomy T1
anatomy
562
Anatomy
Professional
08/18/2016

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Term
Integumentary System
Definition
skin and subcutaneous tissue
Term
Skeletal
Definition
Bone and ligaments
Term
Muscular
Definition
Muscles and tendons
Term
Nervous
Definition
Brain, nerves, eyes and ears
Term
Endocrine
Definition
Thyroid, adrenal, and pituitary gland.
Pancreas
Term
Circulatory
Definition
Heart, blood, and blood vessels
Term
Lymphatic
Definition
Lymph nodes and spleen
Term
Respiratory
Definition
Trachea, lungs, larynx, and diaphragm
Term
Digestive
Definition
Stomach, liver, pancreas, and intestines
Term
Urinary
Definition
Kidneys, Urethra, and urinary bladder
Term
Reproductive
Definition
ovaries and uterus
Prostate gland and testes
Term
Anatomic Position
Definition
Standing upright facing forward
Arms by your side with palms facing forward
Feet slightly apart
Term
Antebrachial
Definition
Forearm
Term
Antecubital
Definition
Front of elbow
Term
Axillary
Definition
Armpit
Term
Brachial
Definition
Upper arm
Term
Buccal
Definition
Mouth
Term
Cardiac
Definition
Heart
Term
Cervical
Definition
Neck
Term
Cranial
Definition
Head
Term
Cutaneous
Definition
Skin
Term
Deltoid
Definition
Shoulder
Term
Femoral
Definition
Thigh
Term
Frontal
Definition
Forehead
Term
Gastric
Definition
Stomach
Term
Gluteal
Definition
Buttocks
Term
Hepatic
Definition
Liver
Term
Illiac
Definition
Hip
Term
Inginal
Definition
Groin
Term
Lumbar
Definition
Small of back
Term
Mammary
Definition
Breast
Term
Hydroxyapatite crystals
Definition
bone mineral; calcifies to create bone
Term
Compact bone
Definition
Contain osteons
Term
Osteons
Definition
Cylinders if bone matrix with osteocytes in concentric rings around the central Haversian canal
Term
Endosteum
Definition
Inner membrane that covers the bone
Term
Lamellae
Definition
Term
Lacuna space
Definition
contain osteocytes in bone and chondrocytes in cartilage
Term
Right Hypochondriac
Definition
Liver and Gall Bladder
Term
Epigastric
Definition
Stomach and esphogaus
Term
Left Hypochondriac
Definition
Stomach,spleen, and Left Kidney
Term
Right Lumbar
Definition
Ascending colon, Right kidney, and small intestine
Term
Umbilical
Definition
Small intestine,stomach, and pancreas
Term
Left lumbar
Definition
Small intestine, Left kidney, and descending colon
Term
Right Illiac
Definition
Right fallopian tube, right ovaries, and appendix
Term
Hyogastric
Definition
Uterus, Urinary bladder, and small intestine
Term
Left Illiac
Definition
Sigmoid colon, Left ovary, and Left Fallopian tube
Term
Simple Squamous
Definition
Diffusion
- Nephron, Bowman's capsule, renal glomerulus, and Kidneys
Term
Stratified Squamous
Definition
Resist Abrasion and penetration by foreign organism
- Kernatinized:epidermis of the skin
- Nonkeratinized: lines of oral cavity, esophagus, and vagina
Term
Transitional epithilium
Definition
Surface cells change from round to squamous
- Gall bladder and Urinary Bladder
Term
Simple Cubodial
Definition
Secretion or Reabsorption
- thyroid gland and salivary glands
(glandular epithelium); kidney
tubules.
Term
Simple columnar
Definition
Absorption and Secretion of mucus
- Digestive system, small and large intestines, Villi and microvilli, and goblet cells
Term
Ciliated Epitilieum
Definition
Sweep material across cell surface
-nasal cavities, larynx, trachea, and large bronchial tubes.
Term
Unicellular glands
Definition
Goblet cells
- Secrete mucus
Term
Exocrine
Definition
Have duct
- Salivary, sweat, and sebaceous glands
Term
Endocrine
Definition
Ductless and secrete hormone for target cells
- Pituitary, adrenal, thyroid
Term
Pancreas exocrine
Definition
Secrete digestive enzymes carried by ducts to the small intestine
Term
Pancreas endocrine
Definition
pancreatic islets or islets of Langerhans
- secrete the hormones insulin and glucagon directly into the blood.
Term
Areolar tissue
Definition
Connective tissue
- Under dermis
-Collagen (strong) and elastin (elastic),Fibroblasts, Mast cells
WBCs (infiltration or self-locomotion)
Term
Adipose tissue (Connective)
Definition
Cushion organs, energy storage, thermoregulation
Term
Adipocytes hormones
Definition
1. Leptin: Signal the hypothalamus
2. Resistin:regulate the action of insulin glucose and fat metabolism
3. Adiponectin:
Term
Cytokines
Definition
Activate whit blood cellls
Term
Fibrous tissue
Definition
Poor bloody supply, parallel collagen fibers and few cells
- tendons and ligaments
Term
Elastic tissue
Definition
Stretch and recoil; elastin fibers
-alveoli and aorta
Term
Bone
Definition
Osteocytes in a matrix of calcium salts and collagen
-Support, Protect, storage (Ca2+), Contain and protect red bone marrow
Term
Cartilage
Definition
Chondrocytes in a flexible protein matrix
1. Trachea-- airway open
2. Surfaces of bones--prevent friction
3. Tip of nose and outer ear-- Support
4. Between vertebrae-- Absorb shock
Term
Superficial fascia
Definition
Between the skin and muscles; adipose tissue stores fat
Term
Periosteum membrane
Definition
Covers each bone; contains blood vessels that enter the bone
Anchors tendons and ligaments
Term
Perichondrium
Definition
Covers cartilage; contains capillaries, the only blood supply for
cartilage
Term
Synovial
Definition
Lines joint cavities; secretes synovial fluid to prevent friction when joints move
Term
Deep fascia
Definition
Covers each skeletal muscle; anchors tendons
Term
Fibrous pericardium
Definition
Forms a sac around the heart; lined by the serous parietal
pericardium
Term
Skeletal musce
Definition
Striated and voluntary
- multinuceli
Term
Smooth muscle
Definition
involuntary, single nucleus with no striations
-peristalsis
Term
Cardiac muscle
Definition
One or more nucleus, striations, and intercalated discs,
Term
Nerve tissue
Definition
Neurons and neuroglia
Term
Axon
Definition
Carries impulses away from the cell body
Term
Dendrite
Definition
Carry impulses toward the cell body
Term
Neuroglia
Definition
CNS
Term
Schwann cells
Definition
PNS
Term
Mucous membrane
Definition
an epithelial tissue that secretes mucus and that lines many body cavities and tubular organs including the gut and respiratory passages.
Term
Bursa membrane
Definition
small fluid-filled sac lined by synovial membrane with an inner capillary layer of viscous fluid
- Provides cushion between bones and tendons
Term
Peritoneum membrane
Definition
is the serous membrane that forms the lining of the abdominal cavity
Term
Epithelial membranes
Definition
Mucous and Serous
Term
Serous membrane
Definition
Simple squamous epithelium
- Pleural
- Peritoneum
- Pericardium
- Mesentary
Term
Pleural Membrane
-Serous (Epithelial)
Definition
Visceral and Parietal pleura
- Serous Fluid
Term
Parietal Pleura
Definition
is the outer membrane which is attached to the inner surface of the thoracic cavity.
Term
Visceral Pleura
Definition
covers the surface of each lung
Term
Serous Fluid
Definition
to reduce friction when lungs expand and recoil
Term
Parietal Pericardium
Definition
lines the fibrous pericardium
Term
Visceral Pericardium
Definition
the inner layer of the serous pericardium, which is in contact with the heart
Term
Mesentary
Definition
a fold of tissue that attaches organs to the body wall.
Term
Mucous membrane
Definition
line respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts.
Term
Mucosa of stratified squamous epithelium
Definition
Esophagus
Vagina
Term
Mucosa of ciliated epithelium
Definition
Trachea
Bronchus
Term
Mucosa of columnar epithelium
Definition
Stomach
Intestines
Term
Pericardium
Definition
outer covering sac of the heart
Term
Fibrous pericardium
Definition
Forms a sac around the heart; lined by the serous parietal
pericardium (cardiac tamponade)
Term
Skin
Definition
1. Epidermis
2. Dermis
3. Hypodermis aka Subcutaneous tissue
Term
Transdermal drug delivery (TDD)
Definition
systemic treatment
Term
Topical drug delivery
Definition
local anesthetics
Term
Epidermis
Definition
Has no capillaries but nerve endings are present
- Major layers:
1. Stratum corneum
2.Stratum germinativum
Term
Stratum corneum
Definition
Water proof and outer most layer
- Filled with keratin
- Rate limiting barrier for transdermal drug delivery
Term
Stratum germinativum
Definition
Deepest level of epidermis so it is close to the dermis
- Living cell: New cells are always being made
Term
Cell types of epidermis
Definition
1.Keratinocytes
2.Melanocytes
3. Merkel Cells
4. Langerhans cells
Term
Keratinocytes
Definition
Produce keratin, Vitamin D synthesis, synthesize defensins
Term
Melanocyte
Definition
Produces melanin for protection from UV radiation.
- Skin color
Term
Langerhans cells
Definition
AKA: Dendritic cells
- Activate immune response
- Phagocytize foreign material
Term
Merkel Cells
Definition
Responsible for touch receptors
- Sensory nerve endings for touch
Term
Dermis
Definition
Rich supply of nerves and vessels
Temperature regulation control
Contains arterioles and sweat glands
Term
Layers of the Dermis
Definition
1. Papillary Layer
2. Reticular Layer
Term
Papillary layer
Definition
Has dermis papillae and has an abundant amount of capillaries
- Nourishes the epidermis and the dermis
- Increases contraction
Term
Reticular layer
Definition
the lower layer of the dermis, found under the papillary dermis
-strong elastic network
Term
Hair shaft
Definition
Hard keratin
Term
Hair follicle
Definition
epidermal tissue
Term
Sebaceous gland (Oil gland)
Definition
Produce sebum (oil) , inhibit bacteria growth
and prevent dry skin
Term
Types of sweat glands
Definition
Apocrine, Eccrine, and Modified apocrine gland
Term
Apocrine gland
Definition
only found in the Axillary, anal and genital areas only
- Give individual odor
- Ducts open in hair follicles
Term
Eccrine Gland
Definition
- True sweat 99% water
- Open through pores for temperature control
Term
Modified apocrine glands
Definition
1. ceruminous
2. Mammary
Term
Ceruminous
Definition
Secrete earwax
Term
Mammary
Definition
Secrete milk
Term
Subcutaneous tissue
Definition
Made up of areolar tissue and adipose tissue
Term
Adipose tissue
Definition
Contains stored energy in the form of true fats
• Cushions bony prominences
• Provides some insulation from cold
• Contributes to appetite
• Contributes to use of insulin
• Produces cytokines that activate WBCs
Term
Areolar connective tissue
Definition
Connects skin to muscles
• Contains many WBCs to destroy pathogens that enter
breaks in the skin
• Contains mast cells that release histamine, leukotrienes,
and other chemicals involved in inflammation
Term
Melanoma
Definition
Most dangerous type of skin cancer
Term
Bone mineral density measures
Definition
the mineral (calcium) density
Term
Cartilage is
Definition
without calcium salt precipation
Term
Ligaments are
Definition
fibrous connective tissue
Term
Therapeutic agents target
Definition
the bone and fibrous connective tissue
Term
Bone cells (Osteocytes)
Definition
regulates the amount of calcium in the bone matrix
Term
Bone Matrix is composed
Definition
Collagen and Calcium salts
Term
Collagen fibers
Definition
Release calcium from the diet into the blood
Term
Calcium salts aggregate to form
Definition
Hydroxyapatite crystals
Term
Bone Mineralization
Definition
Hardness and strength
1. Osteonectin
2. Osteopontin
3. Osteocalcin
Term
Osteonectin
Definition
Link calcium to collagen
Term
Osteocalcin
Definition
Bind to hydroxyapatite
Term
Two types of bone
Definition
1. Compact bone
2. Spongy Bone
Term
Compact bone contains
Definition
Osteons = Haversian system
Term
Osteons are
Definition
Cylinders of bone matrix with osteocytes in concentric rings around central haversian canal
Term
Spongy bones have
Definition
Visible holes with out the haversian system and contain RED BONE MARROW
Term
Red Bone Marrow produce
Definition
Blood cells and platelets
Term
Osteoblasts function
Definition
Make Extracellular matrix (Collagen and Hydroxyapatite) to form bone and calcify cartilage
Term
Osteoblasts are
Definition
Bone cells
Term
Osteoclasts function
Definition
Reabsorb and dissolve (Acidification + Protease) the bone matrix and minerals
Term
Osteoclasts secrete
Definition
Cathepsin K
Term
Fibroblasts turn into
Definition
osteoblasts in the third month of fetal development
Term
Ossification is the process of
Definition
Osteoblasts forming bone matrices
Term
Center of ossification
Definition
radiative growth
Term
Long bone growth is due to
Definition
Epiphyseal discs and Diaphysis
Term
Epiphyseal discs function
Definition
Produce cartilage by chondrocytes
Term
Diaphysis is
Definition
Elongation in shaft marrow canal
Term
DURING BIRTH THE BONE MARROW IS
Definition
red
Term
AFTER BIRTH THE BONE MARROW IS
Definition
yellow
Term
Factors that affect bone growth is
Definition
Heredity, Nutrition, Hormones, and Exercise
Term
Nutritional vitamins for bone growth is
Definition
Calcium, phosphorus, and Protein
Term
Pro-growth hormones
Definition
GH, thyroxine, parathyroid, and insulin
Term
Cessation of bone growth
Definition
estrogen or testosterone
Term
Growth hormone is
Definition
Secreted by the anterior pituitary gland
- Increases rate of chondrocytes and osteoblasts
- Increases rate of protein synthesis
Term
Thyroxine is
Definition
Secreted by the thyroid gland
- Increases rate of protein synthesis and energy production
Term
Insulin is
Definition
Secreted by the pancreas
- Increases energy production from glucose
Term
Parathyroid hormone is
Definition
Secreted by the parathyroid glands
- Increases the reabsorption of calcium levels in blood
- Bone to blood
- Small intestines to kidneys
Term
Calcitonin is
Definition
Secreted by the thyroid gland
-Decreases the calcium blood level
- By decreasing bone calcium
Term
Estrogen is
Definition
Secreted by the ovaries
- Increases the closure of epiphyses
- Stops bone growth
Term
Testosterone is
Definition
Secreted by the testes
- Increases calcium in the bones
Term
Examples of long bones
Definition
Fingers and toes
Term
Example of short bones
Definition
Wrists and ankles
Term
Example of flat bones
Definition
Ribs, Shoulder blade, hip bone, and cranial bone
Term
Examples of irregular bones
Definition
Vertebrae and facial bones
Term
Foramen
Definition
Hole or opening
Term
Fossa
Definition
Depression
Term
Crest
Definition
Ridge/edge
Term
Meatus
Definition
tunnel like cavity
Term
Process
Definition
projection
Term
Facet
Definition
Flat projection
Term
Condyle
Definition
rounded smooth area
Term
Plate
Definition
Flat projection
Term
Tubercle
Definition
Round projection
Term
Skeleton has two divisions
Definition
Axial and Appendicular
Term
Axial skeleton
Definition
Skull, Vertebral column, and rib cage
Term
Appendicular skeleton
Definition
Arms, legs, shoulder, and pelvic girdles
Term
Cranial bones (8)
Definition
Frontal
Parietal (2)
Temporal (2)
Occipital
Sphenoid and Ethmoid
Term
Temporal Bone has the
Definition
Middle ear cavity
Inner ear labyrinth
External auditory meatus
Term
Occipital bone has the
Definition
Foramen magnum and the condyles
Term
Sphenoid bone has the
Definition
Sella turcica
- Protects the pituitary gland
Term
Ethmoid bone has the
Definition
Crista galli, Cribriform plate, and Olfactory formina
Term
Crista galli
Definition
Anchors the cranial meninges
Term
Olfactory foramina function
Definition
transmits olfactory nerves
Term
Sutures are
Definition
immovable joints between the cranial bones
-Coronal, Squamosal, Lambdoidal, Sagittal
Term
Facial bones (14)
Definition
Mandible(1)
Maxillae (2-3)
Lacramal (6-7)
Term
Temporomandibular Joint
Definition
Joint formed between the temporal bone and the mandible bone
Term
Lacrimal Canal
Definition
Contains lacrimal sac
- A passageway for the tears and leads downward into the inferior meatus of the nasal cavity
Term
Zygomatic bones
Definition
Cheek bone
Term
Palatine bones
Definition
Posterior portion of hard palate
Term
Vomer
Definition
Forms lower part of the nasal septum
Term
Conchae
Definition
Forms the sides of the nasal cavities
- Increases the surface area of the nasal mucosa giving warm air
Term
Paranasal sinuses
Definition
Decrease the weight of the skull and is the resonance of the voice
Term
Paranasal sinuses are located in
Definition
the maxillae, frontal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones
Term
Mastoid bones
Definition
Opens into the middle ear
- Air cavity in the mastoid process of the temporal bone
Term
Auditory bones
Definition
Malleus, Incus, and stapes
- It transmits vibrations from the eardrum to the receptors in the eardrum
Term
Anterior Fontanels in infants
Definition
is less protected and is a location to find their heart beat
Term
A suture in parietal bones
Definition
Sagittal suture
- Joint between two parietal bones
Term
Components of the occipital lobe
Definition
Foramen magnum, Condyles, and Lambdoidal suture
Term
Foramen magnum
Definition
large opening for the spinal cord
Term
Condyle
Definition
Oval projection on either side of the foramen magnum
- articulate with the atlas
Term
Lambdoidal suture
Definition
Joint between occipital and parietal bones
Term
Veterbral column components
Definition
C7
T12
L5
5 sacral bones= sacrum
1 Coccyx
Term
Vertebral canal
Definition
Continuous tunnel lined with meninges
Term
Atlas articulates with
Definition
Occipital condyles(C1)
Term
Thoracic Vertebrae articulate with
Definition
Ribs
Term
Lumbar Vertebrae articulate with
Definition
Lower back
Term
Axis articulates with
Definition
Odontoid process(C2)
Term
Atlas forms three joints
Definition
1. Atlanto-occipital
2. Atlanto-odontoid
3. Atlano-axial
Term
Herniated disc
Definition
force the nucleus pulposus out posteriorly, where it puts pressure on a spinal nerve.
Term
Kyphosis
Definition
an exaggerated thoracic curve
Term
Lordosis
Definition
an exaggerated lumbar curve
Term
External intercostal muscles
Definition
enlarging the chest cavity and contributing to inhalation.
Term
True ribs
Definition
Ribs 1-7
-articulate with the sternum by costal cartilages
Term
False ribs
Definition
Ribs 8-10
- Join at 7th rib
Term
Floating ribs
Definition
Ribs 11-12
- Does not connect with sternum
Term
Glenoid fossa
Definition
forms a ball-and-socket joint with the humerus
Term
Humerus Head
Definition
forms a ball-and-socket joint with the scapula.
Term
Humerus trochlea
Definition
forms a hinge joint (elbow) with the semilunar notch of the ulna.
Term
Ulna
Definition
on the little finger side of forearm
Term
Radius
Definition
on the thumb side.
Term
Carpals
Definition
Have eight small bones
- Gliding joints
Term
Carpometacarpal joint
Definition
Saddle joint
- Allows thumb to cross over palm and grip
Term
Phalanges
Definition
Long bones
- Hinge joints
Term
Each hip bone has three major parts
Definition
Ilium, ishium, and pubis
Term
Pubic symphysis
Definition
Pubic bones articulate with one another
Term
Acetabulum
Definition
Forms a ball and socket joint at hip with the femur bone
- Femur attaches to acetabulum
Term
Femur forms both a
Definition
hinge and Ball n socket joint
Term
Tibia is the
Definition
weight bearing bone of the lower leg
- tibial tuberosity and medial malleolus(inner ankle)
Term
Fibula is NOT apart of the
Definition
Knee joint
- It is apart of the lateral malleolus(outer ankle)
Term
Malleoli of tibia and fibula overlap the
Definition
Talus
Term
Tarsals
Definition
have seven bones in the ankle
Term
Largest tarsal is
Definition
Calcaneus
- Heel bone
Term
Talus is the
Definition
tarsal that transmits weight between the calcaneus and tibia
Term
Synarthrosis is
Definition
an IMMOVABLE JOINT
Term
Suture fibrous connective tissue between bone surfaces
Definition
Synarthrosis
Term
Amphithrosis is
Definition
a SLIGHTLY MOVABLE JOINT
Term
Symphysis discs of fibrous cartilage between bones
Definition
Amphiarthrosis
Term
Diarthrosis is
Definition
FREELY MOVABLE JOINT
Term
Ball and Socket movement in all planes
Definition
Diarthrosis
Term
Articular cartliage
Definition
smooth surface
Term
Capsule function
Definition
encloses the joint in a strong sheath
Term
Muscular system is made up of
Definition
Muscle fibers and tendons
Term
Tendons merge with the
Definition
fascia of the muscle and the periosteum of the bone
Term
All muscle cells are specialized for
Definition
Contractions (Shorten) , movement at the joints, and heat
Term
Periosteum
Definition
Fibrous connective tissue that covers bone
Term
Origin is
Definition
Immovable/Stationary attachement
Term
Examples of Origin attachment
Definition
Scapula/ Scapula and Humerus
Term
Insertion is
Definition
Movable attachments
Term
Examples of insertion attachment
Definition
Ulna and Radius
Term
A flat tendon is called
Definition
Aponeurosis
Term
Deep fascia is
Definition
Tissue covering the muscle
Term
Sarcomere
Definition
Unit of contraction in a muscle fiber.
Term
Sarcolemma
Definition
Cell membrane of a muscle fiber
Term
Contains receptor sites for Ach
Definition
Sarcolemma
Term
Chemical inactivator of Ach is
Definition
Cholinesterase
Term
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
Definition
Endoplasmic reticulum for a muscle fiber and a reservoir for calcium ions
Term
Ion that is essential for muscle contraction
Definition
Calcium
Term
Myofilaments are
Definition
Structural units of a myofibril
- Actin and myosin
Term
Which band shortens during muscle contraction?
Definition
H Band and I Band
Term
Coordination is regulated by the
Definition
Brain and the cerebellum
Term
Muscle tone
Definition
Slight contraction of muscle
Term
so that the muscle as a whole does not become fatigued alternate muscle fibers
Definition
Alternatively contract
Term
Muscle tone is also regulated by the
Definition
Cerebellum
Term
Two types of muscle contraction
Definition
Isotonic and Isometric
Term
Isotonic contraction
Definition
Bring about movement
Ex: Walking, jogging, swimming
Term
Isometric Contraction
Definition
Contraction with no Movement
Term
Isometric Exercises increase
Definition
Muscle tone and Muscle strength
Term
Concentric contraction
Definition
Shortening of muscle
Term
Eccentric contraction
Definition
Lengthening of muscle
Term
the brain's ability to know where our muscles are and what they are doing (Unconscious)
Definition
Muscle Sense = Proprioception
Term
Stretch receptors/ Muscle spindles
Definition
Detect change in the length of a muscle as it is stretched
Term
Cerebrum is
Definition
conscious muscle sense
Term
Cerebellum is
Definition
unconscious muscle sense
Term
Direct energy source for muscle contraction is
Definition
ATP
Term
Secondary source for ATP production is
Definition
Creatine Phosphate
Term
Most abundant energy source in muscle fiber is
Definition
Glycogen
Term
Glycogen is broken down to produce
Definition
Glucose
Term
Glucose is metabolized to produce
Definition
ATP
Term
Fatty acid oxidation creates
Definition
ATP
Term
Agonistic muscle
Definition
Shortening the body part
Term
Antagonistic muscle is
Definition
Moving the muscle back to original position
- Act against the shortening
Term
Muscles in the pelvic cavity
Definition
Ishiocavernosus, Transverse perineus, Levator ani, External anal sphincter, Coccygeus
Term
Deltoid
Definition
Abducts the humerus
Term
Pectoralis major
Definition
Flexes and adducts the humerus
Term
Latissimus dorsi
Definition
Extends and adducts the humerus
Term
Teres major
Definition
Extends and adducts the humerus
Term
Triceps brachii
Definition
Extends the forearm
Term
Biceps brachii and Brachioradialis
Definition
Flex the forearm
Term
Muscles of the Hip and Leg
Definition
Move the thigh, pelvic bone, and the femur
Term
Gluteus maximus
Definition
Extension
Term
Gluteus medius
Definition
Abduction
Term
Iliopsoas
Definition
Flexion
Term
Quadriceps
Definition
Anterior
Term
Hamstring
Definition
Posterior
Term
Movement of the foot depends on lower leg muscles of
Definition
Gastrocnemius and tibialis
Term
Gastrocnemius muscle is a
Definition
Flexion
Term
Tibialis muscle is a
Definition
Extension
Term
Triangular deltoid can
Definition
Abduct, Flex, and extend the humerus
Term
Biceps brachii and Triceps brachii are
Definition
The muscles that form the bulk of your forearm to flex/extend the hand and fingers
Term
Abduction is
Definition
Pulls away from the midline
Term
Adduction is
Definition
Towards your midline
- By your side
Term
Flexion is
Definition
Forward
Term
Extension is
Definition
Backwards
Term
Muscles of the trunk
Definition
Rectus abdominis, Sacrospinalis, Trapezius, Pectoralis major, Latissimus dorsi, Intercostal muscles, and Diaphragm
Term
Rectus abdominas
Definition
Flexion
Term
Sacrospinalis
Definition
Extension
Term
Trapezius
Definition
Raise the shoulder blade and extend the head
Term
Pectoralis major
Definition
Pulls the arm across the chest
Term
Latissimus dorsi
Definition
Pulls the arm downward and behind the back
- Extension and adduction
Term
Intercostal muscle
Definition
Between the ribs
Term
Diaphragm
Definition
Between thoracic and abdominal cavities
Term
Muscles of the head/neck
Definition
Move head/neck, facial expressions, and chewing
Term
Sternocleidomastoids (flexion)
Definition
Turn/bend head, Smile, frown/raise eyebrows
Term
Masseters
Definition
Chewing
Term
Rotation is
Definition
Moving bone around its longitudinal axis
Term
Plantar flexion
Definition
Points the toes
- Lowers the foot
Term
Dorsiflexion
Definition
Elevate the foot
- Walk on heels
Term
Supination
Definition
Turn the palm upward
Term
Pronation
Definition
Turn palm downward
Term
Flexion
Definition
Decrease angle of joint
Term
Extension
Definition
Increase angle of joint
Term
Intramuscular injections are used because of
Definition
Rapid absorption and it bypasses the first-pass metabolism
Term
Common sites of intracellular injections are
Definition
Gluteus medius, Vastus lateralis, and Deltoid
Term
During intramuscular injections you want to avoid
Definition
Sciatic and radial nerves
Term
Tetanus
Definition
Inability of muscles to relax
-Spasms
Term
Tetanus bacteria is a
Definition
Neurotoxin
Term
Neurotoxins are
Definition
A chemical that disrupt the regular function of the nervous system
Term
Tetanus bacteria stop the release of
Definition
GABA and glycine
- Causing a tetanic spasm
Term
An example of Tetanus is
Definition
Lock Jaw
Term
Botulism is
Definition
a type of food poisioning
Term
Botulism bacteria decrease
Definition
the release of ACh leading to paralysis
Term
Without ACh muscles cannot
Definition
Contract and become paralyzed
Term
Myasthenia gravis is
Definition
an autoimmune disorder where self-antibodies destroy ACh receptors
Term
Tetanic contraction
Definition
High rate of action potential which causes a sustained contraction
Term
Denervation
Definition
Loss of nerve supply
- Muscle atrophy and Muscle paralysis
Term
Excitation/contraction coupling
Definition
Nerve impluse cause depolarization, myosin filaments pull actin filaments toward the center of sarcomere, sarcomere gets shorter(Contraction)
Term
Depolarization/Excitability is caused by
Definition
Sodium influx
Term
Resting Potential
Definition
Polarization
Term
Polarization is maintained by
Definition
Sodium/Potassium pumps
Term
Action potential
Definition
Depolarization and Repolarization
Term
Depolarization
Definition
ACh increases permeability of sodium ions
- Sodium influx
- Action potential
- Calcium influx by T Tubules
Term
During depolarization an influx of sodium ions cause
Definition
a reverse on the sarcolemma charge
Term
During repolarization the
Definition
permeability for Potassium ion increase
- Efflux
- Sodium/Potassium ATPase
Term
Sarcolemma polarization
Definition
1. Polarized resting potential
2. Depolarization
3. Repolarization
Term
Sodium ions are
Definition
outside the cell
Term
Potassium ions and negative ions are
Definition
inside the cell
Term
Myosin is
Definition
in the center of the sarcomere
Term
Actin is
Definition
attached to the Z lines
Term
Titin is
Definition
anchoring myosin to Z lines
Term
Contractile proteins are
Definition
Myosin and Actin
Term
Regulatory proteins are
Definition
Troponin and tropomysoin
Term
Anchoring protein is
Definition
Titin
Term
Presynaptic components
Definition
Acetylcholine
Term
Postsynaptic components
Definition
Cholinesterase
Term
Synergistic muscles
Definition
Work together to perform a function
Term
Example of synergistic muscles
Definition
Biceps brachii + Brachioradialis+ Brachialis
- Chin ups
Term
Range of motion
Definition
Distance and direction a joint can move to its fullest potential
Term
ROM is measured with
Definition
Goniometer and it measures the angle from axis of the joint
Term
The Heart is a
Definition
myogenic muscular pump with four chambers
Term
The heart is located in the
Definition
Mediastinum
Term
Medastinum is the
Definition
Space between the lungs
Term
Base is located
Definition
Behind the sternum
Term
Apex is located
Definition
At the tip of the heart pointing downward and is above the diaphragm
Term
Pericardium is
Definition
A double walled sac that encloses the heart
Term
Outermost layer of the heart composed of fibrous connective tissue is the
Definition
Fibrous pericardium
Term
Folded epithelial membrane that divides into visceral and parietal layers of the heart containing serous fluid is the
Definition
Serous pericardium
Term
Area between the parietal and visceral layers containing the serous fluid and provides cushioning
Definition
Pericardial cavity
Term
Layers of the Heart
Definition
Epicardium, Myocardium, and Endocardium
Term
The Epicardium contains
Definition
Connective and adipose tissue, coronary vessels, nerves, and thin layer of myocardium
Term
The Myocardium contains
Definition
Cardiac muscle, coronary vessels, connective tissue, and nerves
Term
The Endocardium contains
Definition
Collagen, Elastic tissue, Endothelial cells, and Myocardium
Term
In the epicardium is the Purkinje fibers that are in the
Definition
Conduction Pathway = Subendocardial layer
Term
Purkinje Fibers
Definition
send nerve impulses to the cells in the ventricles of the heart to contract or pump blood
Term
Myocytes can
Definition
Generate their own action potentials and spread rapidly from cell to cell through intercalated discs
Term
Myocytes are characterized by
Definition
Striations, Involuntary, Abundance of mitochondria, and Intercalated discs
Term
Intercalated discs
Definition
Permit electrical uncoupling between cells by myocytes and gap junctions
Term
The chambers of the heart are
Definition
Right and left Atrium and Ventricles
Term
Atria is located
Definition
At the Top of the heart
Term
The Atria receives blood from the
Definition
Vena Cava and the pulmonary veins
Term
The atria empties blood into the
Definition
Ventricles
Term
The Ventricle is located
Definition
Beneath the atria
Term
The ventricle receives blood from the
Definition
Atrias
Term
Ventricles pump blood into the
Definition
Arteries
Term
Atrioventricular septum is located
Definition
Between the right atrium and the Left ventricle
Term
Atrioventricular septum is made up of
Definition
Fibrous tissue
Term
Atrioventricular septums function is
Definition
Electrical isolation
Term
Interatrial septum is located
Definition
between the right atrium and the left atrium
-muscular portion
Term
Interatrial septum is made up of
Definition
Fibrous tissue
Term
Interventrical septum is located
Definition
In the medial wall of the left ventricle
- Between the right ventricle and the left ventricle
Term
Cardiac valves function
Definition
Control the one direction flow of the blood
Term
Cardiac valves structure is
Definition
Annulus
Term
Annulus is
Definition
A fibrous ring that supports the valves leaflets
Term
Atrioventricle valves inflow into the
Definition
Ventricles and open into the ventricles
Term
On the RIGHT atroventricular valve is the
Definition
Tricuspid valve
Term
Tricuspid valve is composed of
Definition
Three flaps or cusps
Term
On the LEFT atroventricular valve is the
Definition
Bicuspid (Mitral) Valve
Term
Bicuspid Valve is composed of
Definition
Two flasps or cusp
Term
Semilunar(Aortic) valves flow out
Definition
of the Ventricles at the junction and open into the Arteries
Term
Aortic valve = Semilunar valve
Definition
It is the outflow valve for the left ventricle
Term
Pulmonary Valve = Semilunar valve
Definition
lies between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery and has three cusps.
Term
Structures associated with the atrioventricular valves is
Definition
Papillary Muscles and Chordae tendineae
Term
Papillary Muscles are
Definition
Small muscular projections from the wall of ventricles that anchor the valves
Term
Chordae tendineae are
Definition
Thread-like fibrous strands which extend from the papillary muscles to the leaflets of the valves
Term
Right atrium/ventricle recieves
Definition
Deoxygenated blood
Term
Right atrium receives from blood from
Definition
Coronary sinus, Superior vena cava, Inferior Vena Cava
Term
Left atrium/ventricle receives
Definition
oxygenated blood
Term
Left atrium receives blood from
Definition
Left and right pulmonary veins
Term
Atrial appendage contains the
Definition
Auricle
Term
Auricle is a
Definition
small conical and muscular projections of the heart
Term
Right Ventricle has a
Definition
Thinner wall
Term
Left ventricle has a
Definition
Thicker wall
Term
Right ventricle receives deoxygenated blood from the
Definition
Tricuspid Valve
Term
Right ventricle pumps blood into the pulmonary trunk through the
Definition
Pulmonary valve
Term
Left ventricle recieves oxygenated blood from the
Definition
Mitral Valve
Term
Left ventricle pumps blood into the aorta through the
Definition
Aortic valve
Term
Fibrous skeleton of the heart
Definition
Connect the rings of the heart valves, support the heart, anchors leaflets, insertion point for myocardium, contributes to atrioventricular septum
Term
Fibrous skeleton separates the
Definition
Atrial myocardium from the ventricular myocardium
Term
Fibrous skeleton acts as
Definition
electrical insulation between the chambers
Term
Cardiac Conduction Pathway
Definition
Specific route that electrical impulses follow throughout the myocardium
Term
Pacemaker cell = Sinoatrial node
Definition
Undergo spontaneous depolarization and initiate electric impulse
Term
Pacemaker cells have
Definition
Automacticity
Term
Automaticity is
Definition
ability to spontaneously generate an electrical impulse (depolarize)
Term
Automaticity is regulated by the
Definition
Nerve and Endocrine System
Term
Rank of Automaticity
Definition
Sinoatrial node, Atrioventricular node, Atrial, Ventricle
SA, AV, Atrial, Ventricle
Term
Conductive cells
Definition
Conduct electrical wave more rapidly than cardiac cells
Term
Contractile cell
Definition
Contract when electrically depolarize
Term
Sinoatrial node is located
Definition
In the right atrium and the Superior vena cava
Term
Internodal Pathway
Definition
Conductive muscle cells of the atrium
Term
Atrioventricular node is located in the
Definition
Lower interatrial septum
Term
The atrioventricular node has a
Definition
Conduction delay to ensure blood is in the ventricles
Term
HIS bundle is located on
Definition
The atrioventricular septum
Term
Bundle branch and Purkinje System are
Definition
Branching fibers
Term
Autonomic Nervous System has two divisions
Definition
Parasympathetic and Sympathetic
Term
Parasympathetic impulses from the Vagus
Definition
Decrease Heart rate
Term
Sympathetic impulses
Definition
Increase Heart Rate
Term
Chronotropy (Rate)
Definition
Automaticity
-SA node
Term
Dromotrophy (Conduction)
Definition
Conductiviy
- AV node
Term
Inotropy (Contract)
Definition
Contractility
- Ventricles
Term
Blood exchange happens in the
Definition
Lungs
Term
Blood Circulatory System
Definition
HEART to ARTERIES to ARTERIOLES to CAPILLARIES to VENULES to VEINS to VENA CAVA to HEART
Term
Pulmonary Blood Circulatory System
Definition
RIGHT VENTRICLE to PULMONARY TRUNK to RIGHT/LEFT PULMONARY ARTERIES to PULMONARY CAPILLARY BED to RIGHT/LEFT VEIN to LEFT ATRIUM
Term
Systemic Blood Circulatory System
Definition
LEFT VENTRICLE to AORTA/ LARGE ARTERIES to MEDIUM ARTERIES to ARTERIOLES to CAPILLARIES to VENULES to VEINS to VENA CAVA to RIGHT ATRIUM
Term
Structure of Blood vessel
Definition
Lumen and Vascular wall
Term
Layers of Vascular wall
Definition
Tunica externa, media, intima
Term
Tunica Intima
Definition
Endothelium and internal elastic lamina
Term
Tunica media
Definition
Smooth muscle and external elastic lamina
Term
Tunica externa
Definition
Nerves and fibrous connective
Term
Three type of blood vessels
Definition
Arteries, Capillaries, and veins
Term
Arteries
Definition
transport blood away from the heart
- Elastic and muscular
Term
Arterioles
Definition
Smallest artery
Term
Capillaries
Definition
Site of exchange for oxygen and nutrients
Term
Veins
Definition
Transport the blood back to the heart
Term
Types of arteries
Definition
Elastic, distributive, and arterioles
Term
Elastic arteries
Definition
Is the aorta and it has elastic tissue
Term
Distributive artery
Definition
Highly contractile and effect organ blood supply
Term
Arterioles are
Definition
Major resistance vessels
- regulated by nervous/hormonal activity
Term
Capillaries carry
Definition
blood from arteioles to venules
Term
Type of capillaries
Definition
Continuous, Fenestrated, Discontinuous
Term
Continuous capillaries
Definition
intercellular gap junctions and basement mem
-Fat, lung, muscle, CNS
Term
Fenestrated capillaries
Definition
Opening from within the endothelial cell and intact with basal membrane
- Intestinal villi
Term
Discontinuous capillaries = Sinusoids
Definition
Free exchange of proteins and blood cells
- Liver, spleen, Bone marrow
Term
Pre-capillary/Post-capillary Sphincters
Definition
Restrict or dilate depending on the need of the tissue
Term
Autocrine signaling
Definition
cell signaling in which a cell secretes a hormone that binds to autocrine receptors on that same cell, leading to changes in the cell after binding
Term
Superficial Veins
Definition
Close to the surface of the body and have no arteries
Term
Deep Veins
Definition
Deeper in the body and have arteries
Term
Venules
Definition
From the capillary network and have smooth muscle cells
Term
Coronary Circulation
Definition
Provides oxygenated blood to myocardium and removes waste from myocardium
Term
Coronary sinus
Definition
Recieves most of the blood from the veins
Term
Coronary sinus empties blood in the
Definition
Right atrium
Term
Internal carotid arteries supply blood to the
Definition
cerebrum
Term
Vertebral arteries supply blood to the
Definition
Cerebellum, Brain stem, underside of the cerebrum
Term
Circle of Willis is composed of
Definition
Basilar artery, internal carotid, posterior communicating artery, middle cerebral artery,and anterior communicating artery
Term
Fetal lungs are
Definition
Deflated with no pulmonary circulation
Term
Fetal circulation is exchanged by
Definition
Placenta of mother
Term
Umbilical cord
Definition
Connects fetus to placenta
Term
The Umbilical cord has
Definition
Two arteries and One vein
Term
Ductus Venosus carries blood FROM Umbilical Vein
Definition
to the Vena Cava and the Right atrium
Term
Foramen Ovale is
Definition
an opening in the interatrial septum
Term
Foramen Ovale shunts oxygenated blood from
Definition
the right to the left atrium
Term
Ductus ateriosus before birth
Definition
redirects blood from the right ventricle to the aorta
Term
Ductus ateriosus after birth
Definition
redirects blood from right ventricle into the pulmonary artery and to the lungs
Term
Ascending aorta branches into the
Definition
right and left coronary arteries
Term
Aortic arch supplies blood to the
Definition
Head and arms
Term
Descending aorta has the
Definition
Thoracic and abdominal aorta
Term
Thoracic aorta
Definition
Chest cavity through diaphragm
Term
Abdominal aorta
Definition
Below diaphragm to L4
Term
Aortic arch consists of
Definition
Brachiocephalic, left subclavian, and left common carotid arteries
Term
Brachiocephalic = innominate artery consists of
Definition
Right common carotid artery and right subclavian
Term
Right common carotid artery has the
Definition
internal and external carotid artery
Term
Right subclavian is located in the
Definition
shoulder behind the clavicle into the arm
Term
Left common carotid artery has the
Definition
internal and external carotid artery
Term
Subclavian artery branches into
Definition
Right internal thoracic, axillary, brachial, ulnar, and radial arteries
Term
Thoracic artery (Bronchial artery) supplies the
Definition
Bronchioles and connective tissue of the lungs
Term
Abdominal artery supplies the
Definition
Abdominal regions
Term
Celiac artery (abdominal artery) branches to supply the
Definition
Liver, stomach, spleen and pancreas
- Unpaired artery
Term
Paired abdominal arteries are the
Definition
Renal (kidneys), Gonads (Testes and Ovaries) and two Common iliacs
Term
At L4 paired abdominal arteries branch into the
Definition
Two common iliacs
Term
Branches of iliac arteries are the
Definition
Internal and external iliac, Femoral, and Posterior/Anterior arteries
Term
Internal iliac arteries supply the
Definition
Bladder, pelvic, and rectum
Term
External iliac arteries supply the
Definition
Lower extermities
Term
Femoral artery supply the
Definition
down the Thigh, knee (popliteal), and anterior tibia/posterior tibia artery
Term
Anterior tibia artery have the
Definition
plantar arches and the doralis pedis artery
Term
Posterior tibia have the
Definition
Plantar arches and the peroneal arches artery
Term
Vein of the leg is
Definition
Great saphaneous vein
Term
The great saphaneous vein is used for
Definition
Coronary bypass surgery
Term
Microvilli and VIlli
Definition
Increase surface area of the intestinal tract for absorption
Term
Upper respiratory tract
Definition
Nasal Cavity, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Lungs
Term
Nasal Cavity
Definition
Two cavities per nostril separated by septum
Term
Nasal Cavity characterisitics
Definition
Hair, Ciliated epithelium, Goblet cells, Beating cilia, conchae, olfactory receptors, and Paranasal sinuses
Term
Paranasal sinsues
Definition
Frontal, Ethmoid, Sphenoid, and Maxillary
Term
Function of Nasal Cavity
Definition
Trap particles and Bacteria, remove particles and bacteria, warm and moisten ari, detect chemical vapors, Lighten skull and resonate voice, drug delivery
Term
Pharynx is
Definition
a Muscular tube
Term
Pharynx has the
Definition
Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx
Term
Nasopharynx is
Definition
Eustachian tubes, soft palate, and pharyngeal tonsil
Term
Oropharynx
Definition
Stratified squamous epithelium, Palatine tonsil, Lingual tonsil
Term
Laryngopharynx
Definition
Merger and separation of passageways for air and food
Term
Larynx
Definition
Voice box, Connects pharynx to trachea, Cartilage in walls keeps airways open, lined by ciliated epithelium, cilia sweep upwards
Term
Larynx cartilages
Definition
Epiglottis, Larynx box, Tracheal rings, Vocal cords
Term
Vocal cord Abduction
Definition
Breathing
Term
Vocal cord Adduction
Definition
Speaking
Term
Trachea
Definition
Connects larynx to bronchi, Goblet cells, ciliated epithelium, Walls of C-shaped cartilage, Primary bronchi
Term
Walls of C shaped cartilage
Definition
Keep airways open allowing esphogaus to expand
Term
Primary Bronchi
Definition
Enter lungs and open in right and left lung
Term
Bronchial tree is created by
Definition
Division of primary bronchi
Term
Bronchial tree
Definition
Bronchioles lined with smooth muscle
- No cartilage
Term
Blood and gas exchange occur in the
Definition
Respiratory bronchiole, Alveolar duct, Atrium, Alveolar sac, Alveolus
Term
Bronchial arteries supply blood
Definition
to the bronchi and connective tissue which arise from the thoracic aorta
Term
Bronchioles artery supply blood to
Definition
Pulmonary and systemic circulation in lungs
Term
Lungs are
Definition
located in chest cavity and enclosed by ribs
Term
Left lung has
Definition
Two lobes
- Superior and Inferior lung
Term
Right lung has
Definition
Three lobes
- Superior, Middle, Inferior
Term
Apex of lungs is located at
Definition
The level with clavicle
Term
Base of lung is located at
Definition
On the diagrapgm
Term
Hilus of the lung
Definition
indentation with bronchus, blood vessels, and lymph nodes
Term
Pleural membrane surrounds the lungs
Definition
Visceral and Parietal membrane
Term
Visceral pleura
Definition
lines lung
Term
Parietal pleura
Definition
lines chest wall
Term
Serous fluid is
Definition
between pleura
Term
Functional unit of the lung is the
Definition
alveoli (air sac)
Term
Structure of the alveolus is lined
Definition
by alveolar type 1 cells
- Squamous epithelium
Term
Alveolar type 2 cells
Definition
Secrete surfactant
Term
Macrophages
Definition
phagocytose pathogens
Term
Elastic fibers between alveoli
Definition
Recoil during exhalation
Term
Alveolus is surrounded by
Definition
Capillaries
Term
Pulmonary compliance
Definition
Easiness of lung expansion
- refers to either dynamic or static lung compliance
Term
Static lung compliance
Definition
Change in volume for any given applied pressure
Term
Dead space
Definition
Anatomical, physiological, and pathophysiological dead space
Term
Rhythm breathing is caused by
Definition
inspiration center in medulla
Term
inspiration center
Definition
Generates nerve impulses, rhythmic spurts, CO2,H simulation
Term
Baroreceptors in lungs defleat inflation causing
Definition
Negative feedback signal sent to inspiration muscles
Term
Inhalation pressure is
Definition
Greater in the atmospheric than alveolar
- (-4mmg)
Term
Mechanical force
Definition
Diaphragm and intercostal muscle
Term
Inhalation is active process
Definition
Requires energy
Term
Airflow stops when
Definition
Pressure becomes equal
Term
Intrapulmonic pressure drops below
Definition
atmospheric pressure
Term
Fibrosis
Definition
Decrease in pulmonary compliance
Term
Emphysema/COPD
Definition
Increase in pulmonary compliance
Term
Surfactant
Definition
increases pulmonary compliance
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