Term
| what is the longest part of the alimentary canal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what marks the begining and end of the small intestines |
|
Definition
| pyloric oriface to ielocecal junction |
|
|
Term
| what are the main functions of the small intestine |
|
Definition
| most of the food digestion and absorption |
|
|
Term
| what are the parts of the small intestine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what shape is the duodenum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what organ lies on the duodenum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what regions is the duodenum in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what marks the begining and end of the duodenum |
|
Definition
| pyloric oriface to duodenojejunal flexure |
|
|
Term
| describe the peritoneium on the first part of the duodenum |
|
Definition
| the proximal segment is intraperitoneal |
|
|
Term
| describe the peritoneium on the duodenum, except for the first part |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in which direction does the first, superior, part of the duodenum run, at what vertebra |
|
Definition
| to the right then turns inferiorly, L1 |
|
|
Term
| what is the superior duodenal flexure |
|
Definition
| the area where the superior duodenum turns inferiorly and becomes continous with the second part of the duodenum |
|
|
Term
| what is the anterior border of the first part of the duodenum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the posterior border of the first part of the duodenum |
|
Definition
| gastroduodenal a., common bile duct, portal vein, ivc |
|
|
Term
| what is the superior border of the first part of the duodenum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the inferior border of the first part of the duodenum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what vertebra does the second part of the duodenum run on |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does the second part of the duodenum begin |
|
Definition
| superior duodenal flexure |
|
|
Term
| what marks the interchange of the second, decending, duodenum and the third part |
|
Definition
| the inferior duodenall flexure when the decending part inferiorly turns left |
|
|
Term
| what is the anterior border of the second part of the duodenum |
|
Definition
| liver, gallbladder, root of transverse mesocolon,coils of si |
|
|
Term
| what is the posterior border of the second part of the duodenum |
|
Definition
| hilum of right kidney (and right renal vessels), right ureter, right psoas major m |
|
|
Term
| what is the medial border of the second, decending, part of the duodenum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what direction does the third part of the duodenum run, at what vertebral level |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what marks the junction of the third and forth part of the dduoendum |
|
Definition
| in front of the abdominal aorta |
|
|
Term
| what is the anterior border of the third part of the duodenum |
|
Definition
| root of the mesentery of si, superior mesenteric artery and vein |
|
|
Term
| what marks the posterior border of the third part of the duodenum |
|
Definition
| right psoas major muscle, iva, abdominal aorta |
|
|
Term
| what marks the superior border of the third part of the duodenum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in what direction is the forth part of the duodenum running |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what marks the end of the 4th part of the duodenum |
|
Definition
| it runs superior terminating at the duodenojejunal flexure to the left of L2 |
|
|
Term
| what is the medial border of the 4th part of the duodenum |
|
Definition
| beginning of the root of mesentery of si, head of pancreas |
|
|
Term
| what is the posterior border of the 4th part of the duodenum |
|
Definition
| left margin of the abdominal aorta and left psoas major m |
|
|
Term
| what is the duodenal ampulla/cap |
|
Definition
| the begining of the first part of the duodenum that has smooth mucosa |
|
|
Term
| what is the plicae circulares, where are they located, what substance is with them |
|
Definition
| the numerous circular folds with mucosa and submucosa in all but the first part of the duodenum |
|
|
Term
| what is the major duodenal papilla, where is it located |
|
Definition
| small elevation at the junction of the middle and lower thirds of the posteromedial wall of the 2nd part of the duodenum, where the opening for the pancreatic and bile duct is |
|
|
Term
| what is the hepatopancreatic amuplla, were is it |
|
Definition
| the small oriface at the tip of the major duodenal papilla |
|
|
Term
| what is the minor duodenal papilla, where is it located |
|
Definition
| opening of the accessory pancreatic duct in the second part of the duodenum about 2 cm above the major duodenal papilla |
|
|
Term
| where does the jejunum and ileum begin and end |
|
Definition
| duodenojejunal flexure to ileocecal junction |
|
|
Term
| how can you tell the jejunum and ileum apart |
|
Definition
| each has peculiar fetures but there is no sharp boundry |
|
|
Term
| describe the peritoneum of the jejunum and ileum, covering, features of that covering |
|
Definition
| intraperitoneal and freely mobile |
|
|
Term
| what does the mesentary of the small intestine attach, what is its function |
|
Definition
| it attaches the jejunum and ileum to the posterior abdominal wall allowing movement and passage of mesenteric vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves to reach jejunu and ileum |
|
|
Term
| describe the boundries / location of the root of the mesentery of the small intestines |
|
Definition
| inferior and to the right on the left side of L2 and to the right of the sacroiliac joint |
|
|
Term
| what is the difference in location between the jejunum and ileum |
|
Definition
| jejunum: upper infracolic, ileum: lower infracolic and pelvic cavity |
|
|
Term
| what is the difference in diameter of the jejunum and ileum |
|
Definition
| jejunum has thicker walls |
|
|
Term
| describe the difference in the folds of the jejunum and ileum |
|
Definition
| jejunum circular folds are larger and more numerous |
|
|
Term
| describe the difference in the arcades of the jejunum and ileum |
|
Definition
| jejunum arteries have 1-2, ileum arteries have 3 or more |
|
|
Term
| describe the difference in the straight arteries of the jejunum and ileum |
|
Definition
| they are longer in the ileum |
|
|
Term
| where do the straight arteries originate from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the differences in lymph of the jejunum and ileum |
|
Definition
| aggrated lymph nodules (peyer's patches) are in the ileum along the antimerentric border, there are none in jejunum |
|
|
Term
| where does the large intestine begin and end |
|
Definition
| from the ileocecal junction to the anus |
|
|
Term
| what are the main functions of the large intestine |
|
Definition
| abdorption of water the electrolytes, storage of undigested materials until they can be eliminated |
|
|
Term
| what are some of the defining structures that disgungish the large from small intestines |
|
Definition
| teniae coli, appendices epiploicae, haustra |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| three bands of longitudinally aranged smooth muscle fibers around the circumferance of the large intestines |
|
|
Term
| what are the appendices epiploicae |
|
Definition
| large intestine fatty apendices, hang off the colon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sacculations in the wall of the large intestine |
|
|
Term
| what are the parts of the large intestine |
|
Definition
| cecum, appendix, ascending transverse decending sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal |
|
|
Term
| describe the peritoneum of the cecum |
|
Definition
| intraperitoneal, no mesentery |
|
|
Term
| where is the cecum located, in what region |
|
Definition
| inferior to the ileocecal junction, in the right iliac fossa |
|
|
Term
| where does the appendix attach to the cecum, how many teniae coils does it incorporate |
|
Definition
| posteromedial surface, 3 coils |
|
|
Term
| where is the ileal oriface lcoated |
|
Definition
| in the medial wall of the cecum |
|
|
Term
| what is the ileocecal valve, where is it located |
|
Definition
| teo mucosal folds called superior and inferior lips that caurd the ileal oriface |
|
|
Term
| what is the role of the ileocecal valve |
|
Definition
| it has little function in preventing reflux from the cecum to ileum |
|
|
Term
| what prevents reflux from the cecum to ileum |
|
Definition
| circular muscle at the end of the ileum |
|
|
Term
| where is the oriface of the appendix in relation fo the ileal oriface |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of tissue is the appendix made of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the peritoneum of the appendix |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the mesoappendix, where is it, what does it contain |
|
Definition
| small mesentery that has appendicular vessels off the appendix and fat |
|
|
Term
| what role to the teniae coli related to the appendix play |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what kind of fibers innervate the appenxix, what spinal nerve are they from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is pain from the appendix referred to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are the possible locations of the tip of the appendix |
|
Definition
| hanging down onto pelvis against right pelvic wall, posterior to cecum, projecting upward along lateral side of cecum, projecting upward anterior or posterior to the terminal part of the ileum |
|
|
Term
| what is the medical significance of McBurney's point |
|
Definition
| usually the point of max tenderness on palpation of eppendicitis |
|
|
Term
| where is mcburney's point located |
|
Definition
| 1/3 up from the right ASIS to the umbilicus |
|
|
Term
| what marks the beginning and end of the ascending colon |
|
Definition
| ileocecal junction to right hepatic colic flexure near the inferior right liver lobe |
|
|
Term
| describe the peritonieum of the ascending colon |
|
Definition
| secondary retroperitoneal |
|
|
Term
| what marks the beginning and end of the transverse colon |
|
Definition
| right hepatic/colic flexure to left splenic/colic flexure |
|
|
Term
| which flexure is more sperior and posterior, hepatic or splenic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the peritoneum of the transverse colon |
|
Definition
| it is the transverse mesocolon making it intraperitoneal |
|
|
Term
| what marks the begining and end of the descending colon |
|
Definition
| left splenic / colic flexure to pelvic brim |
|
|
Term
| describe the peritoneum of the descending colon |
|
Definition
| secondary retroperitoneal |
|
|
Term
| what marks the begining and end (vertebral) of the sigmoid colon |
|
Definition
| pelvic brim to the pelvic cavity near S3 |
|
|
Term
| describe the peritonieum of the sigmoid colon |
|
Definition
| intraperotineal, has the sigmoid mesocolon connecting it to the posterior abdominal wall and pelvic wall |
|
|
Term
| why is the location of the sigmoid colon different than that of the other large intestine parts |
|
Definition
| it is the only one that dops into the pelvic cavity |
|
|
Term
| what are the functions of the pancreas |
|
Definition
| exocrine and endocrine gland |
|
|
Term
| what does the pancreas produce as an exocrine gland |
|
Definition
| enzymes for digresion of proteins, fats, and carbs |
|
|
Term
| what does the pancreas produce as an endocrine gland |
|
Definition
| hromones like insulin and glucagon |
|
|
Term
| what is another name of the endocrine portion of the pancreas |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what regions is the pancreas located in |
|
Definition
| left hypochondriac and epigastric |
|
|
Term
| describe the peritonieum of the pancreas |
|
Definition
| retroperitoneal, and part intraperitoneal |
|
|
Term
| what are the parts of the pancreas (4) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the head of the pancreas located |
|
Definition
| in the concavity of the duodenum |
|
|
Term
| wwhere is the unicate process located, especially in relation to important vessels |
|
Definition
| on the lower part of the head of the pancreas extending left, posterior to the superior mesenteric vessels |
|
|
Term
| where is the neck of the pancreas located, especially in relation to important vessels |
|
Definition
| between head and body, anterior to orans of the portal vein and suprtior mesenteric artery |
|
|
Term
| how can the body of the pancreas be identified |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe how the body of the pancreas extends |
|
Definition
| to the left and slightly superior |
|
|
Term
| what ligament is the tail of the pancreas located in |
|
Definition
| splenorenal ligament, in contact with the hilum of the spleen |
|
|
Term
| what is the anterior border of the pancreas |
|
Definition
| lesser sac, stomach, root of transverse mesocolon |
|
|
Term
| what is the posterior border of the pancreas |
|
Definition
| common bile duct, origin of portal vein, ivc, abdominal aorta, origin of superior mesenteric artery, splenic vein, l kidney, l, suprerenal gland |
|
|
Term
| what is the superior border of the pancreas |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the ducts of the pancreas |
|
Definition
| principal (main) pancreatic duct, accessory panreatic duct |
|
|
Term
| what is the location of the principal pancreatic duct |
|
Definition
| begins at tail of pancres down the length of the organ |
|
|
Term
| where does the main pancreatic duct have openings |
|
Definition
| tail of pancreas, joins the common bile duct, then goes into the second part of the duodenum at the major duodenal papilla |
|
|
Term
| where does the accessory pancreatic duct have openings |
|
Definition
| the upper part of the head to the second part of the duodenum at the minor duodenal papilla |
|
|
Term
| where does the superior mesenteric artery branch from, at what vertebra, near what organ |
|
Definition
| anterior abdominal aorta at L1, posterior to the neck of the pancreas |
|
|
Term
| describe the path of the superior mesenteric artery |
|
Definition
| passes anterior to the left renal vein, anterior to uncinate process of pancreas, anteior to 3rd part of duodenum, continues on root of mesentery of si |
|
|
Term
| what does the superior mesenteric artery supply |
|
Definition
| head of pancreas, distal duodenum, jejunum, ilecum, cecum, appendix, ascending colon, proximal 2/3 of transverse colon |
|
|
Term
| what branches off the superior mesenteric artery |
|
Definition
| inferior pancreaticoduodenal a, jejunial and ileal a, ileocolic a, r colic a, middle colic a, |
|
|
Term
| what does the pancreaticoduodenal artery divide into |
|
Definition
| anterior and posterior branches |
|
|
Term
| what does the pancreaticoduodenal aetery supply |
|
Definition
| lower part of head of pancreas and distal duodenum |
|
|
Term
| how does the pancreaticoduodenal artery end |
|
Definition
| anastomose with superior pancreaticoduodenal branches of the gastroduodenal a |
|
|
Term
| how many jejunal and ileal arteries are there |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where do the jejunal and ileal arteries branch from |
|
Definition
| left side of the superior mesenteric artery |
|
|
Term
| describe the path of the jejunal and ileal arteries |
|
Definition
| between 2 layers of mesentery of si to coils of jujenum and ileum, form arterial arcades to increase number of arteries and make straight arteries to supply intestinal walls |
|
|
Term
| what is the lowest branch on the right of the superior mesenteric artery |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do the branches of the ileocolic a supply |
|
Definition
| ileum, cecum, appendix, begining of ascending colon |
|
|
Term
| how does the ileocolic a end |
|
Definition
| anastomoses with the r colic artery and last ileal branch of the superior mesenteric artery |
|
|
Term
| what does the right colic artery divide into |
|
Definition
| ascending and descending branches |
|
|
Term
| how do the descending branches of the right colic artery end |
|
Definition
| anastomoses with ileocolic a |
|
|
Term
| how do the ascending branches of the right colic artery end |
|
Definition
| anastomoses with the middle colic a |
|
|
Term
| what does the right colic artery supply |
|
Definition
| ascending colon and begining of transverse colon |
|
|
Term
| what is the right colic artery said to be variable |
|
Definition
| because it can originate from the superior mesenteric artery, ileocolic artery, middle colic artery, or may be absent |
|
|
Term
| where is the middle colic artery located |
|
Definition
| between the two layers of the transverse mesocolon |
|
|
Term
| what does the middle colic artery divide into |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does the right branch of the middle colic artery end |
|
Definition
| anastomoses with right colic artery |
|
|
Term
| how does the left branch of the middle colic artery end |
|
Definition
| anastomoses with left colic artery |
|
|
Term
| where does the left colic artery branch from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the middle colic artery supply |
|
Definition
| proximal 2/3 of the transverse colon |
|
|
Term
| where does the inferior mesenteric artery branch from, in what direction, at what vertebra |
|
Definition
| lower andominal aorta anteriorly at L3 |
|
|
Term
| after it originates where is the inferior mesenteric artery located |
|
Definition
| inferiorly, posterior to the peritoneum of the left infracolic compartment, crosses left common iliac vessels and continues into pelvis as superior rectal artery |
|
|
Term
| what happens when the inferior mesenteric artery enters the pelvis |
|
Definition
| it changes name to the superior rectal artery |
|
|
Term
| what does the inferior mesenteric artery supply |
|
Definition
| distal 1/3 of the transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, upper half of the anal canal |
|
|
Term
| what are the branches of the inferior mesenteric artery |
|
Definition
| left colic artery, sigmoid arteries, superior rectal artery |
|
|
Term
| what does the left colic artery divide into |
|
Definition
| ascending and descending branches |
|
|
Term
| how does the left colic artery descending branch end |
|
Definition
| anastomoses with 2st sigmoid srtery |
|
|
Term
| how does the left colic artery ascending branch and |
|
Definition
| anastomoses with middle colic artery |
|
|
Term
| what does the left colic artery supply |
|
Definition
| distal 1/3 of the transverse colon and descending colon |
|
|
Term
| how many sigmoid arteries are there |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are the sigmoid arteries located |
|
Definition
| between the two layer of the sigmoid mesocolon |
|
|
Term
| what do the sigmoid arteries supply |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where do the sigmoid arteries end |
|
Definition
| anastomoses above with left colic artery |
|
|
Term
| what is different about the ending of the last sigmoid artery |
|
Definition
| it has a weak or no anastomosis below with the superior rectal artery |
|
|
Term
| where is the superior rectal artery located |
|
Definition
| inferior continuation of the inferior mesentaric artery, decends in the pelvis posterior to the rectum, |
|
|
Term
| what does the superior rectal artery supply |
|
Definition
| rectum and upper anall canal |
|
|
Term
| how does the superior rectal artery end |
|
Definition
| anastomoses with middle and inferior rectal arteries |
|
|
Term
| what are the middle and inferior rectal arteries branches of |
|
Definition
| internal iliac and internal pudenal a |
|
|
Term
| describe the path of the marginal artery |
|
Definition
| continous arterial channel that skirts inner margin of colon from ileocolic junction to rectosigmoid junction |
|
|
Term
| what branches does the marginal artery consist of |
|
Definition
| ileocolic, right colic, middle colic, left colic, and sigmoid arteries. it is the line drawn by the arteries on the margin of the colon due to their anastamosis |
|
|
Term
| what does the marginal artery supply |
|
Definition
| collateral circulation to part of the colon when the chief arterial supply has been obstructed or ligated |
|
|
Term
| what does the portal vein drain |
|
Definition
| lower 1/3 of esophagus to upper 1/2 of the anal canal, spleen, pancreas, all unpaired abdominal organs but the liver |
|
|
Term
| where does the portal vein end |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does the portal vein begin |
|
Definition
| capillary pplexuses of organs drained by the portal vein |
|
|
Term
| in general, the portal vein begins from what union of veins |
|
Definition
| superior mesenteric and splenic veins |
|
|
Term
| where is the portal vein in relation to the 1st part of the duodenum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does the main part of the portal vein run |
|
Definition
| within the hepatoduodenal ligament, posterior to the proper hepatic a and common bile duct |
|
|
Term
| what happens when the portal vein reaches the porta hepatis |
|
Definition
| it divieds into the right and left terminal branches |
|
|
Term
| what are the tributaries to the portal vein |
|
Definition
| splenic vein, superior mesenteric vein, short gastric v, left gastroepiploic v, pancreatic v, inferior mesenteric v |
|
|
Term
| what arteries does the portal vein run with / correspond with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the inferior mesenteric vein drin |
|
Definition
| territory supplied by the inferior mesenteric a |
|
|
Term
| what veins does the inferior mesenteric vein recieve |
|
Definition
| left colic, sigmoid, superior rectal |
|
|
Term
| describe the relation to the peritonieum of the inferior mesenteric vein as it ascends |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does the inferior mesenteric vein end and where |
|
Definition
| joins splenic vein posterior to pancreas or the splenic and superior mesenteric vein junction, or the superior mesenteric vein alone |
|
|
Term
| what artery does the superior mesenteriv vein run with |
|
Definition
| the superior mesenteric a |
|
|
Term
| describe the location of the superior mesenteric vein in regards to the pancreas and duodenum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does the superior mesenteric vein end |
|
Definition
| joins splenic vein posterior to the neck of the pancreas |
|
|
Term
| what does the joining of the superior mesenteric and splenic vein form |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what tributaties does the superior mesenteric vein recieve |
|
Definition
| inferior pancreaticoduodenal, jejuna, ileal, ileocolic, r colic, middle colic, r gastroepiploic |
|
|
Term
| where do the r and l gastric veins collece from |
|
Definition
| lesser curvature of stomach |
|
|
Term
| where do the r and l gastric veins drain into |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does the superior pencreaticoduodenal veins drain |
|
Definition
| into the portal vein or the superior mesenteric vein |
|
|
Term
| what does the cystic veins drain |
|
Definition
| blood from the gallbladder directly into the hepatic veins within the liver or may join the portal vein |
|
|
Term
| where are the papaumbilical veins located |
|
Definition
| along the round ligament of the liver |
|
|
Term
| what does the paraumbilical veins connect |
|
Definition
| veins of anterior abdominal wall to portal vein |
|
|
Term
| what is the 'direct route' of portal vein blood |
|
Definition
| portal vein to the liver then to the iva |
|
|
Term
| what are some of the indirect routes for the portal vein |
|
Definition
| portal system goes to svc, ive |
|
|
Term
| what happens if the direct route of the portal vein is blocked |
|
Definition
| it cause portal hypertension or cirrhosis of the liver and portal anastomoses become enlarged and may rupture |
|
|
Term
| where are the common sites of portal systemic anastomoses |
|
Definition
| lower esophagus, walls of rectum and anal canal, intrior andominal wall, wherever non-peritoneal areas of intestines, liver, pancreas are in contact with the body wall |
|
|
Term
| where in the esophagus does cirosis occur |
|
Definition
| between esophageal tributaries of left gastric and esophageal veins that drain into the azygos, |
|
|
Term
| what does cirosis in the esophagus cause |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does cirosis occur in the rectal and anal canal |
|
Definition
| tributaries of the rectal vein anastomose with tributaries of the middle and inferior rectal veins |
|
|
Term
| what does cirosis in the retal and anal canal cause |
|
Definition
| internal herorrhoids, not common |
|
|
Term
| where does cirosis in the anterior abdominal wall occur |
|
Definition
| paraumbilical veins connect portal vein with superificial veins of anterior abdominal wall which drain superior into axillary vein or inferior to femoral vein |
|
|
Term
| what does cirosis in the anterior abdominal wall cause |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens when cirosis occurs in the wall behind the colon |
|
Definition
| nothing, not clinically significant |
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Term
| why is there variability in the location of the accessory pancreatic duct |
|
Definition
| sometimes it goes into the duodenum alone and sometimes it joins the primary pancreatic duct first |
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Term
| what marks the begining and end of the small intestine mesentary root |
|
Definition
| ileocecal junction to duodunaljujunal junction |
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Term
| in general, what does the superior mesenteric a supply |
|
Definition
| jujunum, ileu, cecum, and 2/3 of transverse colon |
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|
Term
| what comes together to make the base of the appendix |
|
Definition
| 3 tenia coli that were running along the colon |
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|
Term
| describe the peritonieum of the tail of the pancreas |
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Definition
|
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Term
| describe the location of the neck of the pancreas in relation to the portal vein and superior mesenteric artery |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the basic definition of a portal system / circulation |
|
Definition
| system with two capillary beds. |
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|
Term
| in what organs are portal systems found |
|
Definition
| pituitary, kidney, adrenal, liver |
|
|
Term
| describe the basic flow of the liver's portal system |
|
Definition
| venous dranage goes to 1st capillaries then portal vein then liver capillaries then hepatic vein then IVC |
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|
Term
| where exactly does cirosis occur when it is near the wall behind the colon |
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Definition
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