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Anatomy & Physio. TEST 2
histology & Cell
92
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
10/13/2009

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Term
Simple Squamous Epithelium (D)
Definition
(D) single layer of flat cells; centrally located nucleus.
Term
Simple Cubodial Epithelium(D)
Definition
(D) single layer of cube shaped cells; centrally located nucleus.
Term
Non-Cilliated Simple Columnar Epithelium (D)
Definition
(D) Single layer of non cilliated column like cells with nuclei at the base of the cell; nucleus centrally located.
Term
Cilliated Simple Columnar Epithelium(D)
Definition
Single layer of cilliated column like cells with nuclei at the base; contains goblet cells in some locations.
Term
Goblet Cells
Definition
modified columnar cells that secrete mucus, a slightly sticky fluid at their apical surfaces.
Term
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium(D)
Definition
(D) Not truly stratified tissue. Nuclei of cells at different levels; all cells are attached to basement membrane but not all reach the apical surface.
Term
Stratified Columnar Epithelium(D)
Definition
(D) Several layers of cells; cubodial to columnar shape in deep layers; squamous cells form the apical layer and several layers deep to it. cells form the basal layer replace surface cells as they are lost.
Term
Mesenchyme (Connective)(D&F)
Definition
(D) Irregularly shaped mesenchymal cells embedded in a semifluid ground substance that contains reticular fibers.
Term
Areolar Tissue (D&F)
Definition
(D) consists of fibers (collagen, elastic, and reticular)and several kinds of cells (fibroblasts, macrophages, plasma cells, adipocytes, and mast cells). embeded in a semifluid ground substance.

(F) strength, elasticity, and support.
Term
Adipose (D$F)
Definition
(D) consists of adipocytes, cells specialized to store triglycerides (fats) as a large centrally located droplet; nucleaus and cytoplas, are peripherally located.

(F) Reduces heat loss through skin, serves as an energy reserve, supports, and protects. In newborns, brown adipose tissue generates considerable heat that helps maintain proper body temperature.
Term
Dense Regular (D&F)
Definition
(D) extracellular matrix looks shiny white; consists mainly of collagen fibers regular arranged in bundles; fibroblasts present in rows between bundles.

(F) provides strong attachment between various structures.
Term
Hyaline Cartilage (D&F)
Definition
(D)consists of bluish-white. shiny, ground substance with thin, fine collagen fibers and many chondrocytes; most abundant type of cartilage.

(F) provides smooth surfaces for movement at joing, as well as flexibility and support.
Term
Compact Bone (D)
Definition
(D) consist of osteons that contain lamellae, lacunae, osteocytes, canaliculi, and central canals. By contrast, spongy bone tissue, consists of thin columns called trabeculae: spaces between trabecilar are filled with red bone marrow.
Term
Blood (D)
Definition
(D) Consists of blood plasma and formed elements: red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
Term
Skeletal Muscular Tissue (D&F)
Definition
(D) Long, cylindrical, striated fibers with many peripherally located nuclei; voluntary control

(F) motion, posture, heat production, and protection
Term
Cardiac Muscle Tissue (D&F)
Definition
(D) Branched striated fibers with one or two centrally located nuclei; contains intercalated discs; involuntary control.

(F) pumps blood to all parts of the body.
Term
Smooth Muscle Tissue (D&F)
Definition
(D) spindle-shaped nonstriated fibers with one centrally located nucleus; involuntary control.

(F) motion (constriction of blood vessels and airways, propulsion of foods through gastrointestinal tract, & contraction of urinary bladder / gallbladder.
Term
Nervous Tissue (D,F,&L)
Definition
(D) consists of neurons and neuroglia. Neurons consist of a cell body and processes extending from the cell body (multiple dendrites and a single axon). Neurolglia do not generate or conduct nerve impulses but have other important supporting functions.

(F) Exhibits sensitivity to various types of stimuli, converts stimuli into nerve impulses (action potentials), and conducts nerve impulses to other neurons, muscles fibers, or glands.

(L) Nervous system
Term
Plasma Membrane
Definition
Forms the cell's flexible outer surface, separating the cell's internal environment from the external environment. It's selectively permable, flexible yet sturdy, composed of a lipid bilayer.
Term
Lipid Bilayer
Definition
two back to back layers made up of phospholipids, cholesterol,o and glycolipids.
Term
Amphiphatic Molecules
Definition
Molecules that have both polar and non-polar parts.
Term
Integral proteins
Definition
extend through the lipid bilayer among the fatty acid tails and are firmly embedded in it. Amphipathic (hydrophillic regions protrude into either the watery extracellular fluid or the cytosol, and their hydrophobic regions extend among the fatty acid tails
Term
Peripheral proteins
Definition
Proteins that are not as firmly embedded in the bilayer. Associate more loosely with the polar heads of membrane lipids or with integral proteins at the inner or outer surface of the membrane.
Term
glycoproteins
Definition
The extensive sugary coat on the portions of carbohydrates of glycolipids and glycoproteins.
Term
ion channels (integral)
Definition
allows a specific ion to move through a water-filled pore. Most plasma membranes include specific channels for several common ions.
Term
Carrier Proteins (integral)
Definition
transports specific substances across membrane by changing shape. For example, amino acids needed to synthesize new proteins, enter body cells via carriers. Carrier proteins are also known as transporters.
Term
Receptor Protens (integral)
Definition
Recognizes specidic ligand and alters cells function in some way. For example, antidiuretic hormone binds to receptors in the kidneys and changes the water permeability of certain plasma membranes.
Term
Enzyme (integral and peripheral)
Definition
anchors filaments inside and outside the plasma membrane, prociding structural stability and shape for the cell. may also participate in movement of the cell or link two cells togather
Term
Cell Identity Marker (glycoprotein)
Definition
Distinguises your cells from anyone elses. An important class of such markers are histocompatibility proteins
Term
Ligand
Definition
a specific molecule that binds to a receptor
Term
Concentration Gradient
Definition
the difference in concentration of a chemical from one place to another
Term
electrical gradient
Definition
difference in electrical charges between two regions
Term
passive processes
Definition
a substance moves down its concentration or electrical gradient. No energy required. (exp. Simple Diffusion,Facilitated Diffusion, Osmosis)
Term
Simple Diffusion
Definition
a passive process in which substances move freely through the lipid bilayer of the plasma membranes of cell with no help from membrane transport proteins.
Term
Facilitated Diffusion
Definition
Solutes that are too polar or highly charged to move through the lipid bilayer by simple diffusion can cross the membrane by this passive process.
Term
Osmosis
Definition
the type of diffusion in which there is a net movement of a solvent through a selectively permeable membrane. Passive Process. High Water Concentration -> Low Water Concentration.
Term
aquaporins
Definition
integral membrane proteins that function as water channels.
Term
hydrostatic pressure
Definition
pressure exerted by a lipid. (moves water from right "U" arm to left "U" arm)
Term
Osmotic pressure
Definition
proportional to the concentration of the solute particles that cannot cross the membrane- the higher the solute concentration, the higher the solutions osmotic pressure.
Term
isotonic
Definition
any solution where a cell maintains its normal shape and volume
Term
hypotonic solution
Definition
a solution that has a lower concentration of solutes
Term
hemolysis
Definition
when red blood cells rupture.
Term
lysis
Definition
rupture of cells due to the placement in a hypotonic solution.
Term
hypertonic solution
Definition
solution with a higher concentration of solutes.
Term
crenation
Definition
shrinkage of a cell.
Term
Active Transport
Definition
When polar or charged solutes move against their concentration gradient (upward) Energy is required.
Term
Primary Active Transport
Definition
Energy changes the shape of a carrier proteins, which "pumps" a substance across a plasma membrane against its concentration gradient.
Term
Sodium-Potassium Pump
Definition
moves Na+ ions from cells and brings K+ ions in. Active Transport.
Term
Secondary-Active Transport
Definition
Indirectly uses energy - the energy stored in Na+ or H+ concentration gradient is used to drive other substances across the membrane against their own concentration gradients.
Term
Symporters
Definition
Secondary Active Transport->move two substances in the same direction across the membrane.
Term
Antiporters
Definition
Secondary Active Transport-> move two substances in different directions across the plasma membrane.
Term
Vesicle
Definition
a small, sperical sac. used for transport.
Term
receptor mediated endocytosis
Definition
a highly selective type of endocytosis by which cells take up specific ligands(molecules that respond to specific receptors). A vesicle forms after a receptor protein in the plasma membrane recognizes and binds to a particular particle in the extracellular fluid.
Term
phagocytosis
Definition
a form of endocytosis in which the cell engulfs large solid particles, such as work out cells, whole bacteria, and viruses.
Term
Phagocytes
Definition
Body cells that carry out phagocytosis.
Term
pseudopods
Definition
projections of the plasma membrane and cytoplasm.
Term
pinocytosis
Definition
a form of endocytosis where tiny droplets of extracellular fluid are taken into the cell.
Term
exocytosis
Definition
releases materials from a cell.
Term
transcytosis
Definition
vesicles undergo endocytosis on one side of the cell, move across the cell, and then undergo exocytosis on the opposite side.
Term
cytosol
Definition
the fluid portion of the cytoplasm
Term
cytoskeleton
Definition
a network of protein filaments that extends throughout the cytosol.
Term
microfilaments
Definition
the thinnest elements of the cytoskeleton. composed of protein and are most prevalent around the edge of the cell. They generate movement and provide mechanical support.
Term
microvilli
Definition
nonmotile, microscopic fingerlike projections of the plasma membrane.
Term
microtubules
Definition
long, unbranched hollow tube composed of protein. help determine cell shape. function in movement of organelles sucha as secretory vesicles
Term
centrosome
Definition
located near the nucleus, consists of two components: a pair of centrioles and pericentriolar material.
Term
centrioles
Definition
cylindrical structures, each composed of nine clusters of three microtubules arranged in a circular pattern.
Term
pericentriolar material
Definition
contains hundreds of ring-shaped complexes composed of protein. Organizing center sfor frowth of spindles that play a role in cell division.
Term
Cilia
Definition
numerous, short, hairlike projections that extend from the surface of the cell.
Term
flagella
Definition
much longer than cillia, similar in structure. usually move an entire cell.
Term
ribosomes
Definition
the sites of protein synthesis. High content of RNA
Term
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Definition
a network of membranes in the form of flattened sacs. extends from the nuclear envelope to which it is connected throughout the cytoplasm.
Term
Rough ER
Definition
same as ER but studded with ribosomes.
Term
Golgi Complex
Definition
consists of cisternae->small, flattened membranous sacs with bulging edges. packages proteins.
Term
transfer vesicles
Definition
bud from the edges of cisternae(golgi complex) and moves specific enzymes back toward the entry face and move some partially modified proteins toward the exit face.
Term
membranne vesicles
Definition
deliver their contents to the plasma membrane for incorperation into the membrane.
Term
lysosomes
Definition
membrane enclosed secretory vesicles.contain many digestive enzymes. can engulf and digest another organelle.
Term
autophagy
Definition
process by which organelles are digested by lysosomes.
Term
autophagosome
Definition
the membrane vesicle created by the ER that encloses the organelle that is to be digested by a lysosome.
Term
peroxisomes
Definition
can oxidize (remove hydrogen atoms from) various organic substances. Can oxidize alcohol (very abundent in liver to detoxify alcohol). Contain an enzyme "catalase", which decomposes H2O2
Term
mitochondia
Definition
referred to as the "powerhouses" of the cell. consists of an outer-chondrial and an inner-condrial membrane. Also contains a series of folds called cristae.
Term
somatic cell
Definition
any cell other than a germ cell
Term
germ cell
Definition
a gamete (sperm cell or oocyte) or any precursor cell destined to become a gamete.
Term
somatic cell division
Definition
cells undergo mitosis and a cytoplasmic division called cytokenesis. Produces two identical cells with the same number and kinds of chromosomes. Replaces dead or injured cells and creates new ones during tissue growth. contain two sets of chromosomes & are called diploid cells.
Term
interphase
Definition
a cell replicates its DNA and produces additional organelles in anticipation of cell division. Cell does most of its growing. Consists of phases: G1, S, & G2
Term
G1 phase
Definition
interval between the mitotic phase and S phase. cell is metabolically active; it replicates most of its organelles and cytosolic componants but NOT its DNA. can be very long.
Term
S phase
Definition
interval between G1 and G2 phases. DNA replication occurs -> as a result, the two cells formed by cell division will have the same genetic material.
Term
G2 phase
Definition
interval between Sphase and the mitotic phase. cell growth continues, enzymes and other proteins are synthesized in prep. for cell division and replictaion of centrosomes is completed.
Term
mitotic phase
Definition
consists of nuclear division (mitosis) and cytoplasmic division (cytokenesis)
Term
Prophase
Definition
chromatin fibers condense into paired chromatids; nucleolus and nuclear envelope disappea; each centrosome moves to an opposite pole of the cell.
Term
metaphase
Definition
chromatid pairs line up at center of cell.
Term
anaphase
Definition
centromeres split; identical sets of chromosomes move to opposite poles of the cell.
Term
telophase
Definition
nuclear envelopes and nucleoli reappear; chromosomes resume chromatin form; mitotic spindle disappears.
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