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Anatomy & Physiology Unit 1 Final Review
Just a preparation for my final.
70
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
05/12/2016

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

 

 

The Chemical (Molecular) Level

Definition

 

 

comprised of atoms combining together into three dimentional structures

Term

 

 

The Cellular Level

Definition

 

the component necessary for life; comprised of a membrane and organelles, which reside inside of the cell

Term

 

The Tissue Level

Definition

 

a group of cells working together to carry out a particular function 

Term

 

The Organ Level

Definition

 

two or more tissue types working together towards common functions

Term

 

The Organ System Level

Definition

 

a group of organs working together to carry out a common function 

Term

 

The Organism Level

Definition

 

the highest level of organization; all organ systems working together

Term

 

Levels of Organization

Definition

 

The higher levels of organization are reliant upon the lower levels- that is to say, the system is reliant upon all involved organs, organs upon all involved tisses, and so on...

Term

 

Major Organs of the Skeletal System

Definition

 

-bones

-cartilage

-ligaments

-bone marrow

Term

 

Functions of the Skeletal System

Definition

 

-support and protection of other tissues

-stores calcium and other minerals

-forms blood cells

 

Term

 

Major Organs of the Nervous System

Definition

 

-brain

-spinal cord

-peripheral nerves

-sense organs

Term

 

Functions of the Nervous System

Definition

 

-directs immediate responses to stimuli

-coordinates and moderates activites of other organ systems

-provides and interprets sensory information about external conditions

Term

 

Major Organs of the Integumentary System

Definition

 

-skin

-hair

-sweat glands

-nails

Term

 

Functions of the Integumentary System

Definition

 

-protects againt enviormental hazards

-helps regulate body tempature

-provides sensory information 

Term

 

Major Organs of the Muscular System 

Definition

 

-skeletal muscle

-tendons

Term

 

Functions of the Muscular System

Definition

 

-provides the means for movement

-provides protection and support of other tissues

-generates heat to maintain body tempature

Term

 

Major Organs of the Endocrine System

Definition

-pituitary gland

-pancreas

-gonads

-thyroid gland

-adrenal glands

-endocrine tissue

Term

 

Functions of the Endocrine System

Definition

-directs long-term changes in the activites of other organ systems

-adjusts metabolic activity and energy use by the body

-controls many structural and functional changes during development

Term

 

Major Organs of the Cardiovascular System

Definition

 

-heart

-blood

-blood vessels

 

Term

 

Functions of the Cardiovascular System

Definition

-distributes blood cells, water and dissolved materials including nutrients, waste products, oxygen, and carbon dioxide

-distributes heat and assists in control of body tempature

Term

 

Major Organs of the Respiratory System

Definition

-nasal cavities 

-sinuses

-larynx

-trachea

-bronchi

-lungs

-alveoli

Term

 

Functions of the Respiratory System

Definition

-delivers air to alveoli (sites in lungs where gas exchange occurs)

-provides oxygen to bloodstream

-produces sounds for communication 

Term

 

Major Organs of the Male Reproductive System

Definition

-testes

-epididymus

-ductus deferentia

-seminal vesicles

-prostate gland

-penis

-scrotum

Term

 

Functions of the Male Reproductive System

Definition

 

-produces male sex cells (sperm), suspending fluid, and hormones

-sexual intercourse

Term

 

Major Organs of the Lymphatic System

Definition

-spleen

-thymus

-lymphatic vessels

-lymph nodes

-tonsils

Term

 

Functions of the Lymphatic System

Definition

 

-defends against infection and disease

-returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream 

Term

 

Major Organs of the Urinary System

Definition

 

-kidneys

-ureters

-urinary bladder

-urethra

Term

 

Functions of the Urinary System

Definition

-excretes waste products from the blood

-controls water balance by regulating volume of urine produced

-stores urine prior to voluntary elimination 

-regulates blood ion concentrations and pH

Term

 

Major Organs of the Female Reproductive System

Definition

-ovaries

-uterine tubes

-uterus

-vagina

-labia

-clitoris

-mammary glands

Term

 

Functions of the Female Reproductive System

Definition

-produces female sex cells (oocytes) and hormones

-supports developing embryo

-provides milk to nourish newborn infant 

-sexual intercourse

Term

 

Homeostasis

Definition

 

exsistence of a stable environment

 

Term

 

 

Definition
Term

 

Homeostasis Regulation

Definition

 

the adjustment of physiological systems to preserve homeostasis; carried out by two general mechanisms

Term

 

Autoregulation

Definition

 

a cell, tissue, organ, or organ system adjusts activities automatically due to an environmental change 

Term

 

Extrinsic Regulation

Definition

 

initiated by the nervous system or the endocrine system

Term

 

Two methods that help regulate homeostasis

Definition

 

-negative feedback

-positive feedback

Term

 

Negative Feedback

 

Definition

 

the way of counteracting an effect

Term

 

Positive Feedback

Definition

 

an initial stimulus produces a response that exaggerates or enhances the original change

Term

 

Anatomical Position

Definition

 

standard anatomical reference which includes hands at the side with palms forward, and feet together

Term

 

Superior

Definition

 

above, at a higher level (in the human body, toward the head)

 

Term

 

Inferior

Definition

 

below; at a lower level

Term

 

Anterior

Definition

 

the front surface

Term

 

Posterior

Definition

 

the back surface

Term

 

Ventral

Definition

 

the belly side (equivalent to anterior when referring to the human body)

Term

 

Dorsal

Definition

 

the back surface

Term

 

Medial

Definition

 

towards the body's longitudinal axis; toward the midsagittal plane

Term

 

Lateral

Definition

 

away from the body's longitudinal axis; away from the midsagittal plane

 

Term

 

Deep

Definition

 

farther from the body surface

Term

 

Superficial

Definition

 

at, near, or relatively close to the body surface

Term

 

Proximal

Definition

 

toward an attached base

Term

 

Distal

Definition

 

away from an attached base

Term

 

Cephalic

Definition

 

the head

Term

 

Caudal

Definition

 

the tail (coccyx in humans)

Term

 

Plane

Definition

 

an axis along the body 

Term

 

Section 

 

Definition

 

a single view, or slice, views along a plane

 

3 planes: transverse (horizontal), frontal (coronal), sagittal planes

Term

 

Frontal Plane

Definition

 

seperates the anterior and posterior portions of the body; coronal usually refers to sections passing through the skull

Term

 

Sagittal Plane

Definition

 

seperates right and left portions of the body, you examine a sagittal section, but you section sagittaly

Term

 

Midsattigal Plane

Definition

 

the plane passes through the midline, dividing the body into right and left sides

Term

 

Levels of Organization

Definition

 

atoms > molecules > proteins > cell > tissues > organ > system> organism

Term

 

Diffusion

Definition

 

the movement of a substance from an area oh higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

Term

 

The rate of diffusion is dependent upon ...

Definition

1. Distance

2. Molecule Size

3. Concentration Gradient

4. Tempature

5. Electrical Forces

Term

 

Facilitated Diffusion 

Definition

 

a substance diffuses through a membrane via a trans membrane protein (channel or carrier)

Term

 

Primary Active Transport 

 

 

Definition

 

additional energy is used at the membrane to move a substance against its concentration gradient

Term

 

Secondary Active Transport

Definition

 

uses primary active transport to indirectly move a substance against its concentration gradient

Term

 

Simple Diffusion

Definition

 

a substance diffuses through the lipid portion of the membrane

 

3 factors are needed for this: the molecule must be small, uncharged, and hydrophobic

Term

 

Osmosis

Definition

 

the movement of water across a membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration 

Term

 

Filtration Pressure

Definition

 

osmosis pressure + hydrostatic pressure =

Term

 

Endocytosis

 

Definition

 

extracellular substances brought into a cell via a vesicle 

Term

 

Exocytosis

Definition

 

vesicular fusion of a vesicle to a target membrane 

Term

 

Transverse Plane

Definition

 

(perpendicular to long axis)

it seperates superior and inferior portions of the body; a cut in this plane is called a cross section

Term

 

Longitudinal Plane

Definition

 

(parasagittal)

cut parallel to the midsagittal plane, seperates the body into right and left portions of unequal size

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