Term
| blood is what type of suspension? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the volume of blood in the human body? |
|
Definition
| 5L; approximately 8% of one's body weight |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
100+
1. electrolytes
2. gases
3. hormones
4. proteins
5. metabolic wastes
|
|
|
Term
| blood is what kind of tissue? |
|
Definition
| liquid tissue composed mostly of water |
|
|
Term
| what are functions of the blood (3)? |
|
Definition
distribution
regulation
protection |
|
|
Term
| describe the distribution function of the blood (4) |
|
Definition
1. transports oxygen from lungs and nutrients from the digestive tract to cells
2. transports metabolic products/wastes from cells to elimination sites (lungs elim. carbon dioxide/kidneys elim. nitrogenous wastes in urine)
3. transports hormones from the endocrine organs to their target organs
4. transports water throughout the body |
|
|
Term
| describe the regulation function of blood (3) |
|
Definition
1. regulates body temperature
2. regulates pH balance to avoid jeopardizing normal cell activity
3. maintains fluid volume in the circulatory system |
|
|
Term
describe the protection function of the blood
|
|
Definition
| the blood aids in fluid/blood loss and prevention of such as well as prevention of infections |
|
|
Term
| what is blood composed of? |
|
Definition
| 55% plasma and 45% formed elements (cellular material) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| straw colored, sticky, non-living fluid matrix in which the formed elements are suspended composed mostly of water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sticky, opaque, specialized connective tissue in which formed elements are suspended in plasma with a characteristic metallic taste |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| red blood cells that transport oxygen in the capillaries of the lungs and releases it to tissue cells across other capillaries throughout the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| aka "chemical sharpshooters" or white blood cells that act in various ways to protect the body such as phagocytosis anitbody production and waste clean up |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cell fragments that help stop bleeding |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| total volume of a blood sample |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| accounts for 60% of plasma that acts as a carrier to shuttle certain molecules throught the circulation, is an important blood buffer, and is the major blood protein contributing to the plasma osmotic pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pressure that helps to keep water in the blood stream |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when the blood becomes too acidic in reaction to blood protein production by the liver |
|
|
Term
| formed elements of the blood consist of (3)? |
|
Definition
1. erythrocytes (RBCs)
2. leukocytes (WBCs)
3. platelets (PLTs)
|
|
|
Term
| which of the formed elements is a complete cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hemoglobin physical characteristic |
|
Definition
| four polypeptide chains consisting of 2 alpha and beta chains each bound to a heme group |
|
|
Term
| erythrocyte physical characteristics (4) |
|
Definition
1. biconcave discs (doughnuts)
2. anucleate (no nucleus)
3. essentially no organelles (left over cell)
4. 7.5 microns in diameter
|
|
|
Term
| erythrocytes are filled with what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| globular protein (globin) that makes red blood cells red (heme pigment), binds easily and reversibly with oxygen and most oxygen carried in blood is bound to it |
|
|
Term
| erythrocyte plasma membrane protein spectrin and other protein function |
|
Definition
| framework that gives them their flexibility and shape |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 250 million Hb in one RBC binds to 1 billion oxygen cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when oxygen binds to iron (the hemoglobin) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when oxygen detaches itself from the hemoglobin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when carbon dioxide binds with globin's amino acids (polypeptide) rather than to the heme group for transport to the lungs |
|
|
Term
| carbominoglobin accounts for what percentage of carbon dioxide in the blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blood cell formation occuring in red bone marrow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| soft network of reticular connective tissue containing immature blood cells, macrophages, fat cells, and retifular cells bordering on blood sinusoids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| wide blood capillaries in red bone marrow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secrete the connective tissue fibers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| aka hemocytoblasts residing in bone marrow in which all formed elements arise from |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decreased red blood cell count and oxygen availability as well as increased tissue demand for oxygen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stimulates erythrocyte production and maturation as it is released by the kidneys in response to hypoxia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| obtained in the diet in small daily doses that is released into the bloodstream via the intestines and erythrocytes bind to them as needed to form hemoglobin |
|
|
Term
| what percentage of Fe is stored in Hb? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cells that store Fe as protein-complexes as iron is toxic if free flowing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transport protein that carries Fe |
|
|
Term
| other dietary requirements in relation to erythropoietin and Fe |
|
Definition
| B12 and folate (DNA synthesis), proteins, lipids and carbs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blood's oxygen-carrying level is too low to support metabolism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. fatigued
2. pale
3. short of breath
4. chilled
|
|
|
Term
| anemia can be divided into wht 3 group |
|
Definition
blood loss
not enough RBC produced
too many RBC produced |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blood loss group causing acute (rapid blood loss; stab wound) or chronic (slight, persistent blood loss; ulcer etc.) cases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| not enough blood cells produced group as there is an inadequate Fe intake, impaired Fe absorption and increased Fe loss secondary to hemorrhagic anemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| erythrocyte produced cells that are small and pale bc they cannot synthesize their normal complement of hemoglobin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| autoimmune disease affecting the elderly where their cells destroy the own stomach mucosea in forms of large, pale RBCs caused by a deficiency of B12 made in the stomach as well as a lack of intrinsic factor allowing B12 absorption in the intestines and can be treated by taking B12 supplements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| due to decreased RBCs as erythrocytes rupture, or lyse, prematurely caused by abnormal Hb, infection and cell trauma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decreased RBCs due to destruction or inhibition of red marrow by certain drugs and chemicals, ionizing radiation, or viruses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hereditary, genetic defect in Mediterranean ancestry where there is an absent or faulty globin chain in Hb causing the RBCs to be thin, delicate and deficient in Hb resulting in a low RBC count |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| genetic coding defect for abnormal Hb call HbS (single amino acid sub in beta chain) in African ancestry that causes RBCs to become sickle shaped in low oxygen situations and the RBC debris clogs the capillaries causing sludging |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| caused by a high erythrocyte count that increases blood viscosity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a bone marrow cancer that causes diziness and impairs circulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| due to erythropoesis that results when there is less oxygen available or EPO production increases that is prevalent in those living at high altitudes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. they do not (re)produce
2. between 100-120 days they become fragile
3. dying RBCs are engulfed by macrophages in the spleen
4. heme and globin are separated and the iron is salvaged for reuse |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| artificially induced polycythemia in which a person's blood is drawn and stored and the body quickly replaces the erythrocytes. A few days before it is needed (ie. athletic event), a person will inject the stored blood causing temporary polycythemia |
|
|
Term
breakdown process of heme and globin after they are separated (4)
|
|
Definition
1. heme is degraded to bilirubin (yellow)
2. bilirubin is secreted by the liver into the intestines as bile and degraded to urobilinogen (green)
3. urobilinogen is then degraded to stercobilin (brown)(feces)
4. globin is metabolized into amino acids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ability of the WBC to move outside of the bloodstream (capillary blood vessels) and function |
|
|
Term
| what is the relationship between WBCs and the circulatory system? |
|
Definition
| the circulatory system is used to get WBC to the repair site |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chemical signals call cell adhesion molecules displayed by endothelial cells forming the capillary walls at sites of inflammation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| once outside of the bloodstream, leukocytes form flowing cytoplasmic extensions that move them through the tissue spaces to the target area |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when leukocytes follow the chemical trail of molecules released by damaged cells or other leukocytes and they pinpoint areas of tissue damage and infection and gather there in large numbers to destroy foreign substances and dead cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| based upon appearance after staining (Wright's stain) that classifies them as granulocytes or agranulocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| large, spherical, short-lived, leukocytes/phagocytic cells with a lobed nucleus that are comprised of neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils that have visible granules after staining (acidic, basic or both) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most abundant type of white blood cell that increase during acute bacterial infections |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| smaller granules of the neutrophils that contain a potent "brew" of antimicrobial proteins |
|
|
Term
| polymorphonuclear leukocytes |
|
Definition
| means many shpes of the nucleus as the neutrophil can consist of 3-6 lobes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process that promotes bacteria killing as cells metabolize oxygen to produce potent germ killing oxidizing substances such as bleach and hydrogen peroxide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| their granules take up and acid stain called eosin that make up 2-4% of WBC that lead the counter attack against parasitic worms that are too large to by phagocytized and have relations to allergies and asthma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rarest WBC that reacts to bases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inflammatory chemical that acts as a vasodilator (makes blood vessels dialate) and attracts other white blood cells to the inflamed site |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| similar to basophils, found in connective tissues that bind to immunoglobulin E that causes the cells to release histamine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| WBCs that lack visible cytoplasmic granules (mononuclear) that are comprised of lymphocytes (spherial nuclei) and monocytes (kidney-shaped nuclei) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| production of WBCs that are stimulated by the glycoproteins/cytokins, interleukins and colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) |
|
|
Term
| what are the most important sources of cytokins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| t lymphocytes that function in the immune response by acting directly against virus-infected cells and tumor cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| monocytes that leave the bloodstream and enter the tissues with prodigious appetites for viruses, certain intracellular bacterial parasites and chronic infections (Tb) |
|
|
Term
| all WBCs originate from what? |
|
Definition
| hemocytoblasts aka hematopoetic stem cells |
|
|
Term
| hemocytoblasts differentiate into what? |
|
Definition
| myeloid and and lymphoid stem cells |
|
|
Term
| stem cells mature and differentiate into what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abnormally low WBC count commonly induced by drugs, particularly glucocoticoids and anitcancer agents |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abnormally high WBC count |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| group of cancerous conditions involving overpopulation of clone WBCs |
|
|
Term
| leukemias are named according to what? |
|
Definition
| the abnormal WBCs such as myeloid (myeloblast descent) and lymphotic (lymphocytes) |
|
|
Term
| what are the categories of leukemia (2)? |
|
Definition
1. acute which acts rapidly and primarily in children deriving from stem cells
2. chronic which slowly advances primarily in adults deriving from proliferation of later cell stages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| it fills the red bone marrow and immature, nonfunctional WBCs flood the bloodstream, crowding out the other cell lines resulting in anemia, bleeding problems, fever, weight loss, and bone pain that leads to death by hemorrhaging and overwhelming infections |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| radiation, anti-leukemic drugs and bone marrow transplants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| not true cells but made up of megakaryocytes cell fragments that show up as small, purple spots on Wright's stain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| granules contain chemicals that are essential for the clotting process that occurs in plasma when blood vessels or their lining is ruptured by forming temporary plugs/seal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| long, cylindrical, multinucleate, heavily banded and relativley independent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| regulates the formation of platelets |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specialized type of capillary in red marrow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 stages of hemostasis |
|
Definition
vascular spasm
platelet plug formation
coagulation (blood clotting) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| damaged blood vessels respond to injury by constricting (vasoconstricting) triggered by direct injury to smooth muscle, chemicals released by endothelial cells and platelets and reflexes initiated by local pain receptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when PLTs aggregate (stick together), forming a plug that temporarily seals the break in the vessel wall and help orchestrate subsequent events that form a blood clot |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| endothelial cell prostaglandin taht prevent PLT aggregation in undamaged tissue and restrict it to the site of injury |
|
|
Term
| PLT adhesion in endothelium injuries |
|
Definition
| PLTs adhere to exposed collagen fibers bounded by the large plasma protein von Willebrand factor and activate (degranulate) secreting chemical messengers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
serotonin
thromboxane A2 |
|
|
Term
| adenosine diphosphate (ADP) |
|
Definition
| attracts more PLTs for aggregation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enhances serotonin in ADP (positive feedback) |
|
|
Term
| coagulation (blood clotting) |
|
Definition
| reinforces PLT plug with fibrin threads that act as a "molecular glue" for aggregated PLTs |
|
|
Term
| procoagulants (clotting factors) |
|
Definition
| 13 that react to transform blood from a liquid to a gel |
|
|
Term
| phase 1 of coagulation ends in the formation of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| factors need for clotting are present within the blood and are triggered by negatively charged surfaces (PLTs, collagen or glass) and slowly reacts becuse it has many intermediate steps |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tissue factor required is outside of the blood that is triggered by exposing blood to a factor found in tissues under the damaged endothelium and acts quickly because it bypasses several steps of the intrinsic pathway |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prothrombin activator catalyzes the conversion of plasma protein prothrombin to the active enzyme thrombin |
|
|
Term
| what is the end result of phase 3 coagulation? |
|
Definition
| fibrin mesh that traps blood cells and effectively seals the hole until the blood vessel can be permanently repaired |
|
|
Term
| what happens during phase 3 coagulation? |
|
Definition
| thrombin catalyzes the transformation of the soluble clotting factor fibrinogen into fibrin and the fibrin joins together to form a mesh |
|
|
Term
| factor XIII (fibrin stabilizing factor) |
|
Definition
| cross linking enzyme that binds the fibrin strands tightly together helping to form the mesh, strenthening and stabilizing it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| factors that inhibit clotting |
|
|
Term
| automacity/autorythmicity |
|
Definition
| ability of some cardiac muscles to self excite and excite the rest of the heart and spontaneously depolarize |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| platelet induced process in which their proteins actin and myosine contract, compacting the clot |
|
|
Term
| platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) |
|
Definition
| released by platelets that stimulates smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts to divide and rebuild the vessel wall |
|
|
Term
| what are the two homeostatic mechanisms that prevent clots from becoming large? |
|
Definition
swift removal of clotting factors
inhibition of activated clotting factors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| removed unneeded clots when healing has occurred |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| activated to form plasmin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| critical, natural, fribrin-digesting enzyme, clot buster |
|
|
Term
| tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)(XII) |
|
Definition
| released by the endothelial cells that works with thrombin to activates plasminogen |
|
|
Term
3 factors of clot containment
|
|
Definition
1. clot formation mucst be limited to the area of injury
2. diluting: clottin factors must be present in high enough concentration to react
3. anitthrombin III and protein C inactivates thrombin that is not in associatin with fibrin
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| natural anticoagulant contained in boasophil and mat cell granules and on the surface of endothelial cells |
|
|
Term
| thromboembolytic conditions (3) |
|
Definition
thrombus
embolism
embolus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| clot that develops and presists in unbroken blood vessel |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when a thrombus breaks free into circulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an embolus wedged in a vesel |
|
|
Term
| disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) |
|
Definition
| consumes clotting factors and residual bood cannot clot which resulting in sever hemorrhaging if not treated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bleeding disorder in which there is a deficiency of platelets causing spontaneous bleeding and petechiae (small bruises) caused by viral infections, medications, bone marrow destructin, or a vitamin K deficiency |
|
|
Term
| skeletal muscle fiber contraction |
|
Definition
| stimulated by nerve endings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| failure of the liver to synthesize clotting factors causing hepatitis or cirrhosis etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| refers to several heredity bleeding disorders that result from a deficiency of factor VIII (anti-hemophiliac factor) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| classifc form that results from a factor VIII deficiency |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs from a lack of factor IX deficiency that are sex linked recessive and occur in males |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs from a deficiency in factor XI deficiency which is a milder form that can affect both sexes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| receives oxygen poor blood from body tissues and then pumps this blood to the lungs to pick up oxygen and dispel carbon dioxide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blood vessels that carry blood to and from the lungs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| recieves oxygenated blood returning from the lungs and pumps this blood throughout the body to supply oxygen and nutrients to body tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blood vessels that carry blood to and from all body tisues form |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| receive blood returning from the systemic and pulmonary circuits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pumping chambers that pump blood around the two circuits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mediastinal deep, lower third of the sternum where the base points to the right sholder and the apex points to the lower hip |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| double walled sac that encloses the heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lossly fitting superficial part of the pericardium that protects the heart, anchors it to surrounding structures and prevents overfilling the heart with blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| deep to the fibrous pericardium that is a thin, slippery, two-layer serous membrane that forms a closed sac around the heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| layer of the serous pericardium that lines internal surface of the fibrous pericardium attaching to the large arteries exiting the heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| layer of the serous pericardium, aka epicardium, that is an extension of the parietal layer as it turns inferiorly and continues over the external heart surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| between the parietal and visceral layers which contains film of serous fluid allowing the mobile heart to work in a relatively friction free environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| superficial, visceral layer of the serous pericardium often infiltrated with fat/ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the middle layer of the heart's wall, aka the heart's/cardiac muscle, that forms the bulk of the heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| collagen and elastic fiber network that reinforces that myocardium internally and anchors the cardiac muscle fibers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| third layer of the heart wall that is a glistening white sheet of the endothelium that lines the heart's chambers and covers the fibrous skeleton of the valves |
|
|
Term
| the left and right coronary arteries arise from the? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the left coronary artery consists of what? |
|
Definition
| 2 branches, the anterior interventricular and circumflex |
|
|
Term
| anterior interventricular |
|
Definition
| supplies blood to anterior walls of both ventricles and to interventricular septum (LAD) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| supplies left atrium and posterior wall of left ventricle |
|
|
Term
| the right coronoary artery consists of what? |
|
Definition
| 2 branches, posterior interventricular and marginal |
|
|
Term
| posterior interventricular |
|
Definition
| supplies posterior ventricle wall and meets anterior interventricular at the apex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lateral right side of the heart that includes the right atrium |
|
|
Term
| coronary arteries do what? |
|
Definition
| supply blood during the relaxation phase of the heart |
|
|
Term
| blood returns from the coronary veins to where? |
|
Definition
| the coronary sinus of the right atrium |
|
|
Term
| atrioventricular valve (AV) |
|
Definition
| located between each atrium and ventricle prevent backflow in the the atria when the ventricles contract |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the right AV valve that has 3 flexible cusps |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the left AV valve, aka mitral valve that has 2 cusps |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| located at the base of the pulmonary artery and aorta that consists of 3 leaflets that open during contraction and close upon ventricular relaxation that prevent backflow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| short, broad, branching, 1-2 nuclei, less pronounced banding and functions as a unit (functional syncytium) |
|
|
Term
| skeletal muscle contraction impulses |
|
Definition
| muscle fibers stimulated by nerve fiers contract with only soe of the muscle's motor units activated |
|
|
Term
| cardiac muscle contraction impulses |
|
Definition
| all fibers in the heart contract as a unit or the heart doesn't contract at all |
|
|
Term
| cardiac muscle contraction occurs because? |
|
Definition
| gap junctions electrically tie all cardiac muscle cells together into a single contractile unit |
|
|
Term
| how does the depolarization wave travel across the heart? |
|
Definition
| from cell to cell via ion passage through the gap junctions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| heart's inexcitable period when Na+ channels are still open or inactivated |
|
|
Term
| refractory period of mycardial cells is long to prevent? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stoppage of the heart's pumping action |
|
|
Term
| what are the energy requirements of the heart to prevent system failure? |
|
Definition
the hearthas more mitochondria than skeletal muscle making it highly dependent on oxygen adaptable to available food sources
system fails due to lack of oxygen with decreased blood flow |
|
|
Term
| intrinsic conduction system |
|
Definition
| specialized cells that initiate and distribute impulses across the heart allowing it to depolarize and contract in orderly, sequential manner without dependency on the nervous system |
|
|
Term
| cardiac pacemaker cells/autorythmic cells |
|
Definition
| have unstable resting potential capable of spontaneous depolarization |
|
|
Term
| how does the autonomic nervous system modify the heart beat? |
|
Definition
| SNS increases heart rate and contractility while the PNS lowers heart rate (vagal tone) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| often described as a lub-dup, are associated with the heart valves closing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs as the AV valve closes signifying the point when ventricular pressure rises above arterial pressure (ventricular systole) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs as the SL valves snap shut at the beginning of ventricular relaxation (diastole) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| indicates turbulent blood flow in which timing, duration, location and intensity of murmurs are aids to diagnosis while some are normal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| refers to periods of contraction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| refers to periods of relaxation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
refers to all events asociated with the blood flow throught the heart during one complete heart beat
1. ventricular filling
2. ventricular systole
3. early diastole
|
|
|
Term
| ventricular filling (4 steps) |
|
Definition
1. occurs in mid to late diastole when heart pressure is low as blood returning from circulation flows into ventricles
2. once 70% full, SL valves close as ventricle pressure is low
3. atria contracts increasing atrial pressure, delivering remaining 30% of blood to ventricles
3. end diastolic volume (EDV) ventricles are in the last part of diastole containing the max voume of blood they will contain in the cycle
4. atria relaxes and ventricle depolarize |
|
|
Term
| steps of ventricular systole (5) |
|
Definition
1. atria relax as ventricles begin constricting
2. ventricular pressure increases closing AV valves
3. isovolumetric contraction occurs
4. when ventricular pressure exceeds that of the vessels, SL valves open
5. ventricular ejection occurs as blood flows into the aorta and pulmonary trunk
|
|
|
Term
| steps of early diastole (4) |
|
Definition
1. occurs immediately after T wave
2. ventricular relaxation as blood is not under pressure (end systolic volume (ESV))
3. atria have been filling behind closed AV valves under increased atrial pressure
4. when atrial pressure exceeds ventricular, AV valves open and passive filling resumes
|
|
|
Term
| isovolumetric contraction |
|
Definition
| split second period when the vetricles are completely closed chambers and the blood volume in the chambers remains constant as the ventricles contract |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| amount of blood pumped out by each ventricle in 1 minute |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| volume of blood pumped out by one ventricle with each beat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the average adult CO? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
difference between resting and maximal CO
cardiac reserve= CO(max) - CO(rest) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
difference between EDV and ESV
stroke volume= EDV - ESV |
|
|
Term
| regulation steps of strok volume (3) |
|
Definition
1. preload
2. contractility
3. afterload
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the degree of stretch of cardiac muscle at onset of systole |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the higher the preload the higher the stroke volume; optimal length of muscle fibers (sarcomers) the max number of active cross bridge attachments between myosin and actin the force of contraction is maximal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mosst important factor stretching cardiac muscle as the amount of blood returning to the heart distends its ventricles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| excercise or a slow heart rate as there is more time to fill the ventricles (increases EDV, SV and contraction force) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| high heart rate or hypovolemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| strength of contraction (independent of preload) |
|
|
Term
| what increases contractility? |
|
Definition
| Positive isotrope, increased SNS activity and (nor)epinephrine cause an increase in CA2+ entering the cytoplasm from the extracellular fluid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chemical factor that decreases contractility |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how much resistance or pressure the ventricles must overcome to eject blood/back pressure arterial blood exerts on pulmonary and aortic valve |
|
|
Term
| relationship btwn ESV and SV |
|
Definition
high ESV = decreased SV
SV = EDV - ESV (mL/beat) |
|
|
Term
| relationship of SNS and heart regulation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| relationship between PNS and heart regulation |
|
Definition
| the PNS opposes SNS effects after stressful situation has passed, lowering the heart rate but it has little to no effect on cardiac contractility |
|
|
Term
| at rest, what type of vagal output is there? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| baseline vagal inpute keeps heart rate lower; if it were detached, the SA node (pacemaker) would take over and HR would increase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| generates sensory input which responds to changes in systemic blood pressure |
|
|
Term
| Bainbridge (atrial) reflex |
|
Definition
| autonomic reflex initiated by increased venous returns and arterial filling that monitors changes in BP which modulates (P)SNS activity |
|
|
Term
| what 2 hormones increases heart rate? |
|
Definition
| epinephrine and thyroxine |
|
|
Term
| what ion concentrations are critical for appropriate contractility? |
|
Definition
| sodium, potassium, calcium and hydrogen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inflammation of the pericardium that is painful and may yield adhesions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fluid accumulation in pericardial activity that compresses the heart and disrupts it's function by decreasing cardiac filling |
|
|
Term
| what are diseases of the pericardium? |
|
Definition
| pericarditis and cardiac tamponade |
|
|
Term
| what are diseases of coronary circulation |
|
Definition
| angina pectoris and mycardial infarction (MI) (heart attack) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chest pain due to blockage of coronary arterial flow |
|
|
Term
| mycardial infarction (MI) |
|
Definition
| blocked blood flow in coronary arteries yields cell death due to anoxia (oxygen deprivation) causing a heart attack |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
incompetence and stenosis
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| leaky valves allow backflow which increases the work to maintain cardiac output |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| narrowed outlet due to valve constriction which increases work to maintain cardiac output |
|
|
Term
| both valve diseases both act to do what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abnormal heart rate and uncoordinated contractions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rapid, ineffective contractions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
arrythmia
fibrillation
tachycardia
bradycardia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ectopic pacemaker
junctional rythm
extra systole
heart block |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
takes over for SA node (abnormal rhythm)
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| SA node unfunctional; AV node takes over and heart rate slows dramatically (40-60 beats) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extra ventricular contraction (PVC) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| failure of conduction impulse, atrial ventricular disconnect and rythm slows |
|
|
Term
| diseases of cardiac output (Congestive Heart Failure) (4) |
|
Definition
atherosclerosis
increased BP
mulitple MI
dialated cardiomyopathy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cardiac output is inadequate to meet tissue needs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inadequate coronary oxygen delivery causing hypoxia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increases afterload and thickens the myocardium making it weak over time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| weakens mycardial walls and disrupts contractions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| myocardium stretched thin making it flacid and increases cardiac work while decreasing cardiac output |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| L heart failure as there is poolig of the blood in the pulmonary, venous systems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| right heart failure as there is pooling of blood in the peripheral venous system |
|
|
