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Anatomy & Physiology I
Lecture Exam 3
146
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
10/27/2015

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Term

Sternoclidomastoid 

(if both contract)

Definition

flexes neck 

"Prayer Muscle"

Term

Sternoclidomastoid

(if one contracts)

Definition

rotates the neck to opposite side--laterally

 

Term
Platysma
Definition

pools mouth corners downward;

tenses skin of neck

"Samauri Muscle"

Term
What is the name of the muscle that is located right below m. infraspinatus, involved in formation of rotator cuff, laterally rotates & adducts humerus?
Definition
Teres minor
Term
What is the name of the muscle that is located inferiorly to teres minor and extends from inferior angle of scapula to intertubercular groove of humerus?
Definition
Teres major
Term
Which muscle is a synergist with masseter muscle?
Definition
m. temporalis
Term

True or False

 

Sphincter muscles do not have synergists or antagonists

 

 

Definition
True
Term
Which muscle adducts, flexes & medially rotates humerus?
Definition
m. pectoralis major
Term
Which muscle abducts humerus (+assists with medial & lateral rotation)?
Definition
m. deltoid
Term
Which muscle extends neck & adducts scapula?
Definition
m. trapezius
Term
Which muscle extends, medially rotates & adducts humerus?
Definition
Teres major
Term

Which muscle extends, adducts & medially rotates humerus?

(e.g. backstroke swimming)

Definition
m. latissimus dorsi
Term
Which muscles retract & rotate scapula?
Definition
mm. rhomboideus minor & major
Term
Which muscle group extend trunk?
Definition
Erector spinae group
Term

How does Galea aponeurotica connect with

a. cranial bones _____(loose/tight)

b. skin _____(loose/tight)

Definition

a. loose

b. tight

Term
Which muscles form Galea aponeurotica?
Definition
m. frontalis & m. occipitalis
Term
Which muscle compresses cheek and is involved in chewing?
Definition
m. buccinator
Term

Which muscle raises mouth corners?

"smiling muscle"

Definition
m. zygomaticus
Term
Which muscle elevates & protracts mandible?
Definition
m. masseter
Term

Which muscle elevates & retracts mandible?

 

Definition
m. temporalis
Term
Which muscle closes eye and allows to squint, blink & wink?
Definition
m. orbicularis oculi
Term

Which muscle closes & puckers lips?

"kissing muscle"

Definition
m. orbicularis oris
Term
Which muscles elevate ribs & are involved in inhale?
Definition
external intercostals
Term
Which muscles depress ribs & provide forceful exhale?
Definition
internal intercostals
Term
One of the functions of the muscles located on the anterior surface of the forearm is
Definition
flexion
Term
One of the functions of the muscles located on the posterior surface of the forearm is
Definition
extension
Term
One of the functions of the muscles located on the anterior surface of the forearm is
Definition
pronation
Term
One of the functions of the muscles located on the posterior surface of the forearm is
Definition
supination
Term
One muscle that is synergist for biceps brachii
Definition
brachioradialis
Term
Muscle that is antagonist for biceps brachii
Definition
Triceps brachi
Term

Muscles that move the wrist, hand & fingers originate on the

a. ______

& insert on the

b. ______

Definition

a. forearm

b. carpals

Term

Muscles that move the forearm (antebrachium) originate on the

a. _____

& insert on the

b. _____

Definition

a. humerus

b. forearm

Term

Muscles that move the upper arm (brachium) originate on the

a. _____

& insert on the

b. _____

Definition

a. axial skeleton or shoulder girdle

b. humerus

Term
Name of the forearm muscle that is located superficially, posteriorly & medially is
Definition
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Term
Name of the forearm muscle that is located superficially, posteriorly, and between carpal extensors radialis & ulnaris
Definition
Extensor digitorum
Term
Name muscle that is antagonist for brachialis
Definition
Triceps brachii
Term
Supinators of the forearm are located on the
Definition
posterior surface
Term
Pronators of the forearm are located on the
Definition
anterior surface
Term
Which muscle provides eversion?
Definition
Fibularis longus
Term
Which muscle provides inversion?
Definition
Tibialis anterior
Term
Which muscles form Achilles tendon?
Definition

Gastrocnemius & soleus

(Triceps surae)

Term
Which muscle compresses abdomen, flexes trunk & rotates trunk to opposite site?
Definition
external oblique
Term
Which muscle compresses abdomen, flexes trunk & depresses ribs?
Definition
Rectus abdominis
Term
Which muscle is the deepest, compresses abdomen, and is involved in breathing, defecation, urination & labor?
Definition
Transversus abdominis
Term
Which muscle compresses abdomen, flexes trunk & rotates trunk to the same site?
Definition
Internal oblique
Term
What is the main function of the quadriceps?
Definition

Knee extension 

"soccer muscle"

Term
Wh
Definition
Term
Which muscle flexes, abducts & laterally rotates thigh and flexes knee (to cross-legged position)?
Definition
Sartorius
Term
Which muscle group extends hip & flexes knee?
Definition
Hamstring group
Term
Which muscle group flexes & medially rotates thigh?
Definition
Adductor group
Term

Which muscle performs flexion of the thigh?

(prime hip flexor)

Definition
Iliopsoas
Term

Which muscle performs extension of the hip?

(major hip extensor)

Definition
Gluteus maximus
Term
Which muscle abducts thigh & steadies pelvis during walking?
Definition
Gluteus medius
Term
Which muscle is an important site for intramuscular injections?
Definition
Gluteus medius
Term
Which muscle provides dorsiflexion & inversion?
Definition
Tibialis anterior
Term
Which muscles make up triceps surae?
Definition
Soleus & gastrocnemius
Term
Which muscle provides plantarflexion & eversion?
Definition
Fibularis longus
Term
Which muscle extends toes, dorsiflexes & everts foot?
Definition
Extensor digitorum longus
Term
Which muscle provides plantarflexion?
Definition
Soleus
Term
Which muscle provides plantarflexion & knee flexion?
Definition
Gastrocnemius
Term
Which muscles make up the hamstring group?
Definition
Biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus
Term
What is the main function of biceps femoris?
Definition
Provide hip extension
Term
Which of the hamstring muscles is the most medial?
Definition
Semimembranosus
Term
Which of the hamstring muscles is the most lateral?
Definition
Biceps femoris
Term
Which muscles make up the quadriceps group?
Definition
Rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis & vastus intermedius
Term
4 examples of internal organ functions, in which abdominal muscles are involved
Definition
Breathing, defacation, urination, labor
Term
Which muscle expands thoracic cavity & is prime mover of inspiration?
Definition
Diaphragm
Term
During contraction, diaphragm moves
Definition
inferiorly
Term
Which muscles elevate ribs (involved in inhale)?
Definition
External intercostals
Term
Which muscles depress ribs (provide forceful exhale)?
Definition
Internal intercostals
Term
Which muscle elevates first two ribs in deep inspiration?
Definition
Scalenes
Term
Which muscle elevates clavicle & sternum in deep inspiration?
Definition
Sternocleidomastoid
Term
Which type of hernia is more commin in men?
Definition
Inguinal
Term
What type of hernia is more common in infants?
Definition
Umbilical hernia
Term
Which type of hernia is most common in elderly persons?
Definition
Hernia of the linea alba
Term
Which muscles are synergists with diaphragm?
Definition
External intercostals
Term
Which muscles are antagonists in breathing?
Definition
Internal intercostals
Term
Conducts impulse toward the body
Definition
Dendrite
Term
Name of long single nerver fiber (one per neuron)
Definition
Axon
Term
Generates nerve impulse & transmits them away from the cell body
Definition
Axon
Term
Characteristics of Dendrites
Definition

Receptive

Short nerve fibers

Highly branched

Numerous in each cell

Conducts impulse toward the cell body

Always unmyelinated

Term
Characteristics of an Axon
Definition

Conducting

Long nerve fiber (one per cell)

Generates impulse away from cell body

Usually myelinated

Term
Group of neuron bodies in PNS is called
Definition
ganglion
Term
Group of neuron bodies in CNS is called
Definition
Nucleus
Term
Bundle of neuron process in CNS is called
Definition
tract
Term
Bundle of neuron process in PNS is called
Definition
nerve
Term
Which cells produce myelin sheaths for central neurons?
Definition
olygodendrocytes
Term
Which cells produce myelin sheaths for peripheral neurons?
Definition
Schwann cells
Term
Which cells cover & anchor neurons to capillaries, protect, mop up K+, and repair nerve tissue damage?
Definition
Astrocytes
Term
Which cells protect from diseases through phagocytic activity?
Definition
Microglia
Term
Which cells line the central cavities of the brain & spinal cord, help circulate CSF, and secrete CSF?
Definition
Ependymal cells
Term
Which cells are ciliated & polymorphal?
Definition
Ependymal cells
Term
Which cells are star shaped?
Definition
Astrocytes
Term
Which cells are small & branching with "thorny" processes?
Definition
Microglia
Term
Which cells are found in the CNS?
Definition

Astrocytes

Microglia

Ependymal cells

Olygodendrocytes

Term
Which cells are found in the PNS?
Definition

Sattelite cells

Schwann cells

Term
Which cells support neurons in ganglia?
Definition
Satellite cells
Term
Characteristics of neurons
Definition

Parenchyma

Transmit electrical impulses

Less numerous

Not capable of reproduction (amitotic)

Term
Characteristics of neuroglia
Definition

Stroma

Supportive, connective & phagocytic functions

More numerous

Capable of reproduction

Term
Motor (efferent) division of the PNS conducts information
Definition
away from the CNS
Term
Sensory (afferent) division of the PNS conducts information
Definition
toward the CNS
Term
Somatic NS conducts impulses
Definition
to skeletal muscles
Term
Autonomic NS conducts impulses
Definition
toward cardiac, smooth muscles & glands
Term
Nissl bodies of neuron are specialized elaborated
Definition
rough ER
Term
Sympathetic NS function
Definition

-Works during emergencies

-Releasing energy

Term
Parasympathetic NS functions
Definition
Conserves energy
Term
Name of movement of substances from soma to synaptic knobs
Definition
Anterograde flow
Term
Name of movement of substances from synaptic knobs to soma
Definition
Retrograde flow
Term
Name of unmyelinated space between adjacent Schwann cells
Definition
Ranvier's node
Term
What is essential for spreading of depolarization?
Definition
Graded potential
Term
During resting state, Na+ gates are _____ & K+ gates are _____
Definition
Closed; closed
Term
During depolarizing phase, Na+ gates are _____ & K+ gates are _____
Definition
open; closed
Term
During repolarizing phase, Na+ gates are _____ & K+ gates are _____
Definition
closed; open
Term
During hyperpolarization, what is happening?
Definition

Na+/K+ pumps maintain correct concentration to return to resting state 

(ATP is used here)

Term
Hyperpolarization in action potential occurs because
Definition
K+ gate is open & K+ outflow is too large
Term
Where in the body are unipolar neurons located?
Definition
In ganglia of PNS
Term
Where in the body are multipolar neurons located?
Definition
CNS
Term
Where in the body are bipolar neurons located?
Definition

Retina (eye)

Olfactory mucosa (nose)

Term
What type of propagation occurs in fibers without myelin sheath?
Definition
Continuous conduction
Term
What type of propagation generates APs at each point along axon?
Definition
Continuous conduction
Term
What type of propagation takes time (is slow)?
Definition
Continuous conduction
Term
What type of propagation occurs in fibers with myelin sheath?
Definition
Saltatory conduction
Term
What type of propagation generates APs only at Ranvier's node?
Definition
Saltatory conduction
Term
What type of propagation is rapid?
Definition
Saltatory conduction
Term
Which type of propagation requires less ATP for Na+/K+ pump (more economical)?
Definition
Saltatory conduction
Term
Neurons that connect other neurons are called
Definition
inter neurons
Term
Neurons that carry impulses from receptors toward CNS are called
Definition
Sensory (afferent)
Term
Neurons that carry impulses away from CNS to muscles & glands are called
Definition
Motor (efferent)
Term
Where in the body are sensory (afferent) neurons located?
Definition
In sensory ganglia (PNS) & sensory organs
Term
Where in the body are motor (efferent) neurons located?
Definition
in CNS
Term
Where in the body are association (interneurons) located?
Definition
in CNS
Term
Characteristis of Action potential
Definition

Nerve impulse only in axon

Long-distance

All-or-non phenomenon

Doesn't decrease in strength

Term
Characteristics of graded potential
Definition

Everywhere in cell

Short-distance

Depends on strength of stimulus (graded)

Term

Charge of a cell membrane 

a. when resting

b. threshold

c. peak

Definition

a. -70

b. -55

c.  +30

Term
Major structural type of neurons in CNS is
Definition
multipolar
Term
Which type of neurons are unipolar or bipolar?
Definition
Sensory (afferent)
Term
Which type of neurons are multipolar?
Definition

Motor (efferent)

Association (interneurons)

Term
Minimal graded potential necessary to raise MP to a level that will open Na+ channels is called
Definition
Threshold
Term
Time when an excited cell absolutely cannot generate another AP is called
Definition
Absoulte refractory period
Term
Time when an excited cell can initiate another action potential by a larger-than-normal stimulus
Definition
Relative refractory period
Term
During depolarization, membrane becomes
Definition
more positive 
Term
During hyperpolarization, the membrane becomes
Definition
more negative
Term
Name for flow of ions parallel to membrane
Definition
Local current
Term
Characteristics of A-fibers
Definition

Largest diameter

Myelinated

Fastest propagation



Term
Characteristics of B-fibers
Definition

Medium diameter

Lightly myelinated

Medium-speed propagation

Term
Characteristics of C-fibers
Definition

Smallest diameter

Unmyelinated

Slowest propagation

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