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Anatomy & Physiology
Test 1
66
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
02/19/2013

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Anatomy
Definition
Study of structure & shape of the body and its parts
Term
Physiology
Definition
Study of how the body functions and emphasizes that the structer of a part determines how it functions
Term
Homeostasis
Definition
Equilibrium- most functions attempt to maintain internal environment
Term
Chemical Level
Definition
Atoms forming molecules and compounds.
Term
Cellular Level
Definition
molecules combine to for structural and functional compoments of cell.
Term
Tisse level
Definition
Groups of similar cell work together to prefom a specific function
Term
Organ level
Definition
different tissues working together having a recongnizable shape and specific function(s).
Term
Metabolism
Definition
Sum a of all chemical processes in the body- catabolism and anabolism
Term
Responsiveness
Definition
ability to detect and respond to changes in the internal and/or external environments.
Term
Movment
Definition
motion of the whole organism or components even within the cell.
Term
Growth
Definition
increase in size and/or number od cells
Term
Differentiation
Definition
process of unspecialized cells becoming specialized.
Term
Reproduction
Definition
Formation of new cells for growth, repair or replacment or the production of new individuals.
Term
Homeostasis
Definition

controlled by endocrine and nerveous systems

Stress will disrupt balance. 

Effects of stress counteracted by feedback mechanisms

negative feedback- body output counteracts the stress (input)- most feedbacks systems in the body are negative

Positive feedback- output internsifies input-usually deadly or destructive.

 

Term
Anatomical position
Definition
erect facing foward with palms of hand foward feet flat on floor
Term
Superior
Definition
higher than another structure or point of reference from the perspective od anatomical position.
Term
inferio
Definition
lower that another structure or point of reference from the perspective of anatomaical position
Term
Anterior/venral
Definition
pertaining to the front
Term
Posterior/dorsal
Definition
Near or pertaining to the back or spinal side of the body
Term
Medial
Definition
Toward the midline of an organ or median plane of the body
Term
Lateral
Definition
Away from the midline of an organ or median plane of the body
Term
Intermediate
Definition
Between
Term
Proximal
Definition
Relatively near a point of origan or attachment
Term
Distal
Definition
relatively distant from a point of origin or attachment
Term
Superficial
Definition
relatively close to the surface
Term
deep
Definition
relatively far from th body surface
Term
Sagittal plane
Definition
divide into right & left parts
Term
Frontal (coronal) Plane
Definition
Divide into anterior & posterior
Term
Horizontal (transverse) Plane
Definition
divides into superior & inferior
Term
Cavities
Definition
Space which contain internal organs
Term
Dorsal Cavity
Definition
cavities in the dorsal region
Term
Cranial Cavity
Definition
contains the brain
Term
spinal cavity
Definition
contains the spinal cord
Term
Venteral cavity
Definition
cavities in the ventral region divided into sub-regions by diaphragm
Term
Thoracic cavity & mediastinal cavity
Definition
contain the heart in pericardial cavity and lungs in the pleural cavities
Term
Abdomino-pelvic Cavitiy
Definition
divided into two sub-regions by an imaginary line from the crest of the pelvis into the superior abdominal cavity containing the majority of the digestive structures and liver; and the inferior pelvic cavity containg the reproductive structures in females and lower portions of the digestive tract in all
Term
Four Quadrants in the abdomino
Definition
Plevic cavityplacment of major internal strucres
Term
Nine Regions in the abdominc-pelvic cavity
Definition
epigastric, upper left & right hypochondriac, umbilical, right & left lumber; hypogastric (pubic), right & left iliac (inguinal)
Term
Matrix
Definition
Extracellular substance in which connective tissue cells are embeded.
Term
Stratum Basale
Definition
consists mainly of a single layer of cuboidal to low columnar stem cells and keratinocytes resting on the basement membrane
Term
Stratum Spinosum
Definition
consists of several kayers if keratinocytes. In most skin, this is the thickest stratum, but think skin it is usually exceeded by the stratum corneum.
Term
Strantum Granulosum
Definition
consists of three to five layers of flat keratinocytes- more in thick skin than in thin skin. The kerationcytes of this layer contains coarse, dark staining keratohyalin granules that give the layer its name.
Term
stratum Lucidum
Definition
is a thin zone superficial to the stratum granulosum, seen only in thick skin.
Term
stratum Corneum
Definition
consists of up to 30 layers of dead, scaly, keratinized cells that from a durable surace layer.
Term
Simple Squamous
Definition
Function in diffusion of gases, movement of fluids & dissolved substances by osmosis. (alveolar, blood vessels)
Term
Simple Cuboidal
Definition
function in seceretion; absorption of water
Term
Simple Columnar
Definition
function in absorption of nuetrients- modified with microvilli
Term
Stratified Squamous
Definition
function in protection against microbes & water- many contain keratin
Term
Stratified columnar
Definition
function in protection, secretion- found in male urethra
Term
Stratified Cuboidal
Definition
unusual- function in protection- found in eye, male urethra, sweat glands
Term
Pseudo-Stratified Columnar
Definition
Function in secertion- movement of materials; found in large excretory ducts, respiratory tracts.
Term
Transitional
Definition
prevents distention- found in urinary bladder
Term
Connective Tissue
Definition
most abundant-highly vascular containing varied cells with large amount of intracellular matrix; functioning in prtection, support, binding, storage.
Term
Eembryonic Connective
Definition
Mesnchyme and mucus connective
Term
Aerolar
Definition
Composed of Collagen, elastic, reticular fibers; fibrolasts, macrophages, plasma cells in matrix- located around organs, dermis, & subcutaneous layers of skin- provides strength, elasticity and support
Term
Hyaluronic acid
Definition
lubricates joints, maintains shape
Term
Chondroitin sulfate
Definition
provides support, adhesion of cartilage, bone, heart valves, cornea of the eye & umbilical cord
Term
Collagen Fibers
Definition
found in cartilage, tendons, ligaments
Term
Reticular fibers
Definition
Composed of collagen & glycoproteins- provide supporting network around fat and nerve cells, muscle fibers, and blod vessels
Term
Elastic Fibers
Definition
composed of protein elastin- provide flexible support to skin and blood vessels
Term
Parenchyma
Definition
cells which form fuctional parts of organs
Term
Stroma
Definition
Cellss of supporting connective tissue
Term
Restoration
Definition

Parenchyma cells undergo regeneration.

stroma repair occurs by filbroblasts to replace damage connective tissue and can replace parenchyma with scar tissue 

Term
Adhesions
Definition
results when scar rissue from fibrosis joins adjacent tissue normally in abdomen
Term
Process
Definition
superficial repair begins with removal of dead WBC's, scab formation occurs & parenchymal cells regenerate- more extensive damage granulation tissue is formed
Term
Mediators of repair
Definition
nutrition vitamins A,B,C,D,E,&K are important plus a protien rich diet- excellent local blood circulation- age.
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