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Anatomy & Physiology
Final Project
140
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
03/25/2013

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

 

 

 

 

Define Endocrine

Definition

 

 

*uses chemical messangers to relay information between  cells

 

*regulates long-term processes of growth, development & reproduction

Term

 

 

 

 

Name the Endocrine Glands

Definition

 

 

1. pituitary gland

2. hypothalamus

3. thyroid gland

4. parathyroid gland

5. pineal gland

6. adrenal glands

7. pancreas

Term

 

 

 

 

Name the Organs with Secondary Endocrine Functions

Definition

 

 

1. heart

2. thymus

3. adipose tissue

4. digestive tract

5. kidneys

6. gonads

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Hypothalamus, Pineal & Pituitary

Location

Definition
[image]
Term

 

 

 

 

Hypothalamus

 

Hormones & Actions

Definition

 

 

ADH - maintains salt/H20 balance in extracellular fluid

 

Oxytocin - stimulates smooth muscle contraction of uterus/childbirth

 

Regulatory Hormones (RH) - control secretions of anterior pituitary

 

 

Term

 

 

 

 

Anterior Pituitary

 

Hormones & Actions

Definition

 

ACTH - secretion of glucocorticoids

TSH - secretion of thyroid hormones

GH - growth, protein syn, lipid mobilization, catabolism

PRL - milk production

FSH - secretion of estrogen, follicle development & sperm maturation

LH - ovulation, formation of corpus luteum, secretion of progesterone

MSH - increase melanin synthesis in epidermis

Term

 

 

 

Posterior Pituitary

 

Hormones & Actions

 

 

Definition

ADH (antidiuretic hormone) - reabsorption of water, elevation of blood volume & pressure

 

Oxytocin - labor contractions, milk ejection; contractions of ductus deferens & prostate gland

Term

 

 

 

 

Thyroid & Parathyroid

Location

Definition
[image]
Term

 

 

 

 

Pineal Gland

 

Hormones & Actions

Definition

 

 

Melatonin - inhibiting reproductive functions,

antioxidant & influencing circadian rhythms

Term

 

 

 

 

Thyroid

 

Hormones & Actions

Definition

 

 

T4 & T3 (TH) - control body metabolism & cellular respiration

 

Calcitonin - regulates calcium concentrations in body fluids

 

 

Term

 

 

 

 

Parathyroid

 

Hormones & Actions

Definition

 

 

 

PTH - regulates blood Ca levels along with calcitonin

Term

 

 

 

 

Adrenal Medulla & Cortex

 

Location

Definition
[image]
Term

 

 

 

 

Adrenal Medulla

 

Hormones & Actions

Definition

 

Epinephrine & Norepinephrine:

 

trigger mobilization of glycogen reserves in skeletal muscle; break down stored fat into fatty acids; break down glycogen in the liver; increase rate and force of cardiac contraction

Term

 

 

 

 

Adrenal Cortex

 

Hormones & Actions

Definition

Cortisol

Corticosterone

Aldosterone

Androgens

Term

 

 

 

 

Chemical Classes of Hormones

Definition

 

 

1. amino acid derivitives

 

2. peptide hormones

 

3. lipid derivatives

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Neuroendocrine Reflex

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

initiated by sensory neurons that trigger a release of hormones

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Endocrine Reflex

 

Definition
 
 
 
 
 
Functional counterparts of neural reflexes. They command peripheral tissues and organs by releasing hormones in the bloodstream; from cells to bloodstream; alters many tissues and organs simultaneously
Term

 

 

 

 

 

Paracrine

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

chemical signal transfers information from cell to cell in a single tissue

Term

 

 

 

 

Functions of Blood

 

 

 

 

Definition

1. Transport of materials from cells

2. Regulation of Ph

3. Clotting - restriction of fluid loss at injry sites

4. Defense against toxins & pathogens

5. Stabilization of body temp - homeostasis

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Materials transported in blood

Definition

 

 

 

O2 & CO2

Nutrients

Hormones

Immune system components

Waste

Term

 

 

 

 

 

2 Cheif Components of Blood

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

 

Plasma

&

Formed Elements

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Main Components of Plasma

Definition

 

 

90% Water

Plasma Protiens

1. Albumins

2. Globulins

3. Fibrinogens

4. Other - specialized

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Formed Elements

Definition

 

 

 

1. RBC

2. WBC

3. Platelets

Term
[image]
Definition

 

 

 Erythrocytes

 

RBC - structure creates more surface area for main duty of O2 transport

Term
[image]
Definition

 

 

 

Leukocytes

 

WBC - function in immunity

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Types of WBCs

Definition
[image]
Term

 

 

 

 

 Neutrophil

Definition

 

 

 

 

phagocytize bacteria

Term

 

 

 

 

Eosinophil

Definition

 

 

 

 

kill parasitic worms; complex role in allergy & asthma

Term

 

 

 

 

Basophil

Definition

 

 

 

release histamine; contain heparin (anticoagulant)

Term

 

 

 

 

Lymphocytes

Definition

 

 

 

 

Mount immune response by direct cell attack or via antibodies

Term

 

 

 

 

Monocyte

Definition

 

 

 

 

Phagocytosis; develop into macrophages in tissue

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Granulocytes

Definition

 

 

 

 

1. Neutrophil

2. Eosinophil

3. Basophil

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Agranulocytes

Definition

 

 

 

1. Lymphocyte

2. Monocyte

Term
[image]
Definition

 

 

 

 

Platelets - seal small tears in blood vessels; instrumental in blood clotting

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Agglutination

Definition

 

 

The clumping of cells such as bacteria or red blood cells in the presence of an antibody. The antibody or other molecule binds multiple particles and joins them, creating a large complex. An example occurs when people are given blood transfusions of the wrong blood group.

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Steps in Coagulation

Definition

To return to homeostasis

 

1. Vascular - blood vessels constrict

2. Platelet - stick to injury site

3. Coagulation - clotting plasma proteins are activated in order to convert fibrinogen to fibrin

Term

 

 

 

 

Blood Typing

Definition
[image]
Term

 

 

 

 

 

Pericardial Cavity 

 

 

 

 

 

Definition

 

 

 

 

the space between the layers of the pericardium that contains fluid that lubricates the membrane surfaces and allows easy heart movement

Term

 

 

 

 

Major Structures of Heart

Definition

see drawings

 

R & L Atria

R & L Ventricles

Inferior & Superior Vena Cava

Aorta (Arch & Descending)

Tricuspid & Mitral Valve

Pulmonary Arteries & Veins

Chordae Tendinae

 

Term

 

 

 

 

Trace the flow of blood through the body

Definition
R. Atrium, tricuspid valve, R. Ventricle, Pulmonary Valve, Pulmonary Trunk, Pulmonary Arteries, Pumonary Arterioles, Pulmonary Capillary beds of lungs, Pulmonary Venules, Pulmonary Veins, L. Atrium, Mitral Valve, L. Ventricle, Ascending Aorta, Aortic Arch, (brachiocephalic trunk, l. common carotid, l. subclavian or thoracic abdominal aorta) to the capillary beds of tissues where they release O2 & pick up CO2, systemic veins, S. & I. Vena Cava and the coronary sinus back to the R. Atrium
Term

 

 

 

 

 

Superficial Coronary Vessels

Definition
[image]
Term

 

 

 

 

Describe the conducting system of the heart

Definition

The conducting system of the heart consists of cardiac muscle cells and conducting fibers - purkinje fibers -  that are specialized for initiating impulses and conducting them rapidly through the heart; initiates the cardiac cycle and coordinate the contractions of cardiac chambers. Both atria contract together, as do the ventricles, but atrial contraction occurs first.

The conducting system provides the heart its automatic rhythmic beat. For the heart to pump efficiently and the systemic and pulmonary circulations to operate in synchrony, the events in the cardiac cycle must be coordinated.

Term

 

 

 

 

EKG

Definition

 

 

 

Complete Cardiac Cycle

 

Systole & Diastole

Term

 

 

 

 

Stroke Volume

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

mL of blood per beat

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Heart Rate

Definition

 

 

 

 

normal - 75 bpm

 

beats per minutes

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Cardiac Output

Definition

 

 

 

 

CO = HR x SV

CO = mL/min

blood volume pumped by LV in 1 min

Term

 

 

 

 

Blood Pressure

Definition

 

 

 

systole

over

diastole

 

high to low pressure - simple physics

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Bainbridge Reflex

Definition

 

 

also called the atrial reflex, is an increase in heart rate due to an increase in central venous pressure; increased blood volume is detected by stretch receptors located in both atria at the venoatrial junctions.

 

Term

 

 

 

 

5 major types of blood vessels

Definition

 

 

Arteries

Arterioles

Capillaries

Venules

Veins

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Factors that affect BP

Definition

 

As blood travels through the arterial system, resistance from the walls of the blood vessels reduces the pressure and velocity of the blood.

The diastolic blood pressure, measured during ventricle relaxation, is about 75 mm Hg in these arteries. As blood travels through the arterial system, resistance from the walls of the blood vessels reduces the pressure and velocity of the blood.

 

Term

 

 

 

 

Fluid Movement in the Capillary Bed

Definition
  • As blood enters the capillary bed on the arteriole end, the blood pressure in the capillary vessel is greater than the osmotic pressure of the blood in the vessel. The net result is that fluid moves from the vessel to the body tissue.
  • At the middle of the capillary bed, blood pressure in the vessel equals the osmotic pressure of the blood in the vessel. The net result is that fluid passes equally between the capillary vessel and the body tissue. Gasses, nutrients, and wastes are also exchanged at this point.
  • On the venule end of the capillary bed, blood pressure in the vessel is less than the osmotic pressure of the blood in the vessel. The net result is that fluid, carbon dioxide and wastes are drawn from the body tissue into the capillary vessel.

 

Term

 

 

 

 

Effects of Chemoreceptors & Baroreceptors on Heart Rate

Definition

Baroreceptors are stretch receptors in the wall of some blood vessels. They are involved in the control of arterial pressure through the discharge of impulses to the cardiovascular centre when there is distension due to a change in the blood pressure

 

Chemoreceptors are sensitive to any change in the chemical composition of the blood, such as a decrease in oxygen level and pH of the blood or an increase in the carbon dioxide level. These receptors send impulses to the cardiovascular centre which in turn increases the sympathetic stimulation to the blood vessels causing an increase in blood pressure. Chemoreceptors also stimulate the respiratory centres in the brain to increase the rate of respiration.

Term

 

 

 

 

Major Vessels of the Pulmonary System

Definition

 

 

 

S. & I. Vena Cava

Capillaries

Pulmonary Trunk

Pulmonary Artery

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Major Vessels of the Systemic System

Definition

 

Aorta

Arch, Abdominal, Thoracic Aorta

Braciocepalic Arteries

Carotid Arteries

Sublclavian Arteries

Pulmonary Veins

Capillaries

 

Term

 

 

 

 

Functions of the Lymphatic System

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

To produce, maintain & distribute lymphocytes which opperate in immunity and protection

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Major Lymphoid Organs

Definition

Cervical lymph nodes

thoracic duct

R. Lymphatic duct

Axillary lymph nodes

Mammary gland lymphatics

cisterna chyli

lumbar, pelvic, inguinal, upper & lower limb lymph nodes

Tonsil

Thymus

Spleen

Mucosa

Appendix

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Specific vs. Nonspecific Defenses

Definition

Specific (Adaptive)

 

protect against specific pathogens, depend on activities of lymphocytes, specific resistance (immunity

 

NonSpecific (Innate)

 

always work the same way, against any type of invading agent, nonspecific resistance

 

 

Term

 

 

 

 

 

NonSpecific Defenses

Definition

 

 

1. Physical Barriers

2. Phogocytes

3. Immunological surveillance

4. Interferons

5. Complement

6. Inflammatory response

7. Fever

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Specific Defenses

Definition

 

 

 

 

1. T Cells - cell mediated immunity

 

2. B Cells - antibody mediated immunity

 

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Immunological Surveillance

Definition

 

 

 

A theory that the immune system continually recognizes and removes malignant cells that arise during one's life.

Term

 

 

 

 

Types of Immunity

Definition

 

1. Innate - present at birth

 

2. Adaptive - after birth

 

3. Active

 

4. Passive

Term

 

 

 

 

Active Immunity

Definition

 

 

 

 

naturally acquired through environmental exposure to pathogens; artificially through vaccines

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Passive Immunity

Definition

 

 

 

naturally acquired by antibodies from the mother

Term

 

 

 

 

Distinguish between antigens & antibodies

 

Definition

 

 

 

An antibody is a protein produced by a host to bind to, and thus inactivate, foreign particles. The particle is called the antigen. It is frequently but not always a protein. The binding of antibody to antigen is very specific, so that, if all goes well, the antibody binds to that specific antigen only.

Term

 

 

 

 

Major immunoglobins

Definition

 

1. IgG - resistance against viruses, bacteria & toxins

2. IgE - relases chemicals that accelerate local inflammation

3. IgD - located on the surface of B cells

4. IgM - first responder

5. IgA - glandular secretions

Term

 

 

 

 

Bacterial vs Viral Defenses

Definition
Term

 

 

 

 

 

Functions of the Respiratory System

Definition

 

 

1. provides gas exhange between air and circulating blood

2. moves air to and from lungs

3. protects respiratory surfaces from outside environment

4. produces sounds

5. participates in olfactory sense

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Respiratory Tract

Definition

 

 

 

Nose, nasal cavity, hard & soft palate, internal nares, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchii, secondary bronchus, tertiary brochus, bronchioles, terminal bronchiole, respiratory bronchiole, alveoli

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Surfactant

Definition

 

 

oily secretion

 

coats alveolar surfaces and reduces surface tension

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Pleural Cavities

Definition

 

 

 

 

separated by the mediastinum

 

holds a lung

 

lined with a serous membrane (the pleura)

Term

 

 

 

 

Respiratory Rate

Definition

 

 

 

 

number of breaths per minute

Term

 

 

 

 

Tidal Volume

Definition

 

 

 

 

volume of air moved per breath

Term

 

 

 

 

Respiratory Minute Volume

Definition

 

 

 

 

resp rate x tidal volume

 

measures pulmonary ventilation

Term

 

 

 

 

Expiratory Reserve Volume

Definition

 

 

 

 

after normal exhalation

Term

 

 

 

 

Residual Volume

Definition

 

 

 

after maximal exhalation

 

 

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

after a normal inspiration

Term

 

 

 

 

Gas Transport

Definition

 

 

 

 

Term
Quiet Respiration
Definition
Eupnea - involves active inhalation and passive exhalation
Term
Forced Respiration
Definition
Hyperpnea - involves both active inhalation and active exhalation
Term
Apneustic & Pneumotaxic Centers of the Pons
Definition
paired nuclei that adjust output of respiratory rhythmicity; regulate rate & depth of respiration
Term
Apneustic Center
Definition
provides continuous stimulation to its center
Term
Pneumotaxic Center
Definition
inhibits apneustic center; promotes passive or active exhalation
Term
Chemoreceptors
Definition
input from glassopharyngeal nerve & vagus nerve; sensitive to ph of blood or cerebrospinal fluid
Term
Baroreceptors
Definition
sensitive to changes in BP; affect BP & respiration; BP drops - respiration increases and vice versa
Term
Digestive System Functions
Definition
1. Ingestion
2. Mechanical processing
3. Digestion
4. Secretion
5. Absorption
6. Excretion
Term
Digestive Tract
Definition
alimentary canal or GI tract; extends from oral cavity to anus
Term
Accessory Organs & Functions
Definition
Salivary Glands - secrete saliva w/enzymes; begin breakdown
Liver - secrete bile; store nutrients
Gallbladder - store & concentrate bile
Pancreas - exocrine portion secretes digestive enzymes; endocrine portion secretes hormones
Term
List in order the structures of the digestive tract
Definition
1. Oral Cavity, Teeth, Toungue
2. Pharynx
3. Esophagus
4. Stomach
5. Small Intestine
6. Large Intestine
7. Anus
Term
Layers of the Digestive Tract
Definition
1. Mucosa
2. Submucosa
3. Muscularis externa
4. Serosa
Term
Peristalsis
Definition
waves of muscular contractions; move a bolus along the digestive tract; example: esophagus
Term
Segmentation
Definition
cyclical contraction; churnning of bolus with intestinal secretions; example: stomach
Term
Control of Digestive Functions
Definition
Neural: movement & secretions
Hormonal: enteroendocrine cells reach target organs from bloodstream
Term
Digestive Juices
Definition
Salivary Amylase - salivary glands
Gastric Juice (Pepsinogen, HCL & Mucous)- gastric glands(stomach)
Pancreatic Juice (pancreatic amylase, trypsin, chymotripsin, lipase) - from pancreas to small intestine
Bile - from liver to gallbladder
Term
Gastrointestinal Hormones
Definition
Gastrin - stomach - stimulates gastric juices
Secretin - duodenum - stimulates pancreas & liver
CCK - duodenum - stimulates gallbladder & pancreas
GIP - duodenum - inhibits gastric glands
VIP - vasoactive intestinal peptide
Enterocrinin
Term
Carbohydrate
Definition
Any of a group of organic compounds that includes sugars, starches, celluloses, and gums and serves as a major energy source in the diet of animals. These compounds are produced by photosynthetic plants and contain only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, usually in the ratio 1:2:1.
Term
Lipid
Definition
Any of a group of organic compounds, including the fats, oils, waxes, sterols, and triglycerides, that are insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar organic solvents, are oily to the touch, and together with carbohydrates and proteins constitute the principal structural material of living cells.
Term
Protein Digestion & Absorption
Definition
Protein is broken down into amino acids and absorbed using these enzymes, which make it possible to use the proteins from your food
Term
Gastric Absorption
Definition
stomach absorbs very few things and most that it does absorb, upset it
Term
Intestinal Absorption
Definition
in small intestine; most absorption takes place; over 5 hours; enhanced by surface area/villi
Term
Colon Absorption
Definition
large intestine reabsorbs mostly water; bile salts and vitamins
Term
Urinary System Homeostatic Functions
Definition
1. stabilize blood ph
2. conserves valuable nutrients
3. assist liver
Term
Components of the Urinary System
Definition
1. Renal artery & vein
2. Adrenal Gland
3. Kidneys
4. Ureter
5. Urinary bladder
6. Urethra
Term
Renal Arteries & Veins
Definition
function to supply blood to the highly vascular kidneys
Term
Kidney Function
Definition
Produces urine
Term
Ureter
Definition
transports urine toward the urinary bladder
Term
Urinary Bladder
Definition
temporarily stores urine prior to elimination
Term
Urethra
Definition
conducts urine to exterior; additionally transports semen in males
Term

 

 

 

 

Major Structures of the Kidney

Definition
[image]
Term

 

 

 

 

Nephrons

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

where urine production begins

 

smallest functional unit of the kidney

Term

 

 

 

 

Nephronic Regions

Definition

1. Renal corpuscle

2. proximal convoluted tubule

3. nephron loop

4. distal convoluted tubule

 

 

5. collecting duct

6. papillary duct

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Renal Corpuscle

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

filtration of plasma

Term
Renal Tubule
Definition
reabsorption of ions, organic molecules,vitamins, wter; secretion of drugs, toxins, acids
Term
Nephron Loop
Definition
Descending Limb - reabsorption of water from tubular fluid
Ascending Limb - reabsorption of ions; assists in creation of a concentration gradient in the medulla
Term
Distal Convoluted Tubule
Definition
reabsorption of Na & Ca ions; secretion of acids, ammonia, drugs, toxins
Term

 

 

 

 

Parts of the Nephron Loop

Definition
[image]
Term

 

 

 

 

Effect of Kidney function on BP

Definition

 

 

kidneys remove waste from blood, therefore poor functioning kidneys would cause an increase in BP

 

kidneys also produce hormones that regulate blood pressure

Term

 

 

 

 

Regulation of Urea, Na, K, Chloride & Glucose in kidney

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

Term

 

 

 

 

micturition reflex

Definition

 

 

 

relaxation of the urethral sphincter in response to increased pressure in the bladder

Term

 

 

 

 

Female Gonads

Definition

ovaries

 

[image]

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Male Gonads

 

Definition

Testis

 

[image]

Term

 

 

 

 

Male Reproductive Tract

Definition

testes

epididymis

ductus deferens

ejaculatory duct

urethra

 

accessory organs: seminal glands, prostate gland, bulbo-urethral glands, scrotum, penis

Term

 

 

 

 

Female Reproductive Tract

Definition

ovaries

uterine tubes

uterus

cervix

vagina

external genetalia

Term

 

 

 

 

Sperm Formation

Definition

 

Spermatogenesis begins when one of the spermatogonia cells matures and grows to become a primary spermatocyte. This cell undergoes meiosis I to produce two secondary spermatocytes. After meiosis II, four haploid spermatids result. All four spermatids continue to develop into mature sperm.

Term

 

 

 

 

Ova Formation

Definition

Oogenesis begins in a girl's ovaries during fetal development; cells called oogonia develop into primary oocytes. These cells enter meiosis I, but then stop.

Years later, at puberty, hormones cause oogenesis to continue. During each menstrual cycle, one primary oocyte completes meiosis I and leaves the ovary (ovulation). If fertilization occurs, the oocyte completes meiosis II to become an egg (ovum). The cytoplasm divides unequally, so only one egg is produced; the remaining cells (called polar bodies) die.

Term

 

 

 

 

Male Hormonal Regulation

Definition

Male reproductive system is regulated by negative feedback.

Testosterone — hormone that is secreted in the testes influencing the production of sperm and producing secondary sex hormones
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
FSH goes to seminerfous tubules and cause spermatocyte to develop into the sperm. In the seminerfous are also sertoli cell which are designed to nourish, mature and develop the sperm.
Leutenizing hormone
LH goes to other cells in the testes called Leydig cells causing production of testosterone.
Seminiferous Tubule — where the sperm is produced
Sertoli Cells — help nourish, develop the cell
Leydig (interstitial) cells — produces testerone
These are the cell that are targeted by the LH
Cause the production of Testosterone

Term

 

 

 

Female Hormonal Regulation

 

Definition

Estrogen: This hormone rises throughout Week 1 and Week 2 of your cycle. It then falls sharply in the first half of Week 3, then rises again for the second half of Week 3. Once your premenstrual Week 4 arrives, this hormone falls again all week long until it reaches its lowest level at the end of your cycle.
How estrogen affects you: Estrogen impacts your mood, optimism, brain skills, chattiness, energy, appetite, extroversion, stress, desire to find a mate and pain threshold.

Testosterone: This hormone that’s traditionally associated with men is also produced in a woman’s body–although in much smaller amounts. While the amount of testosterone produced is relatively level all cycle long with a slight increase during the middle of your cycle during ovulation, the amount of testosterone your body uses actually depends on your estrogen level. The more estrogen you have, the more effects of testosterone you will feel. So, if you’re in a high estrogen week, you will feel more effects of testosterone. If you’re in a low estrogen week, you will feel fewer effects of testosterone. For the sake of simplicity, in the Hormone Horoscopes and Hormonology Tips, I pair estrogen and testosterone–for instance, I’ll say, “In Week 2 when estrogen and testosterone are high” or “In Week 4 when estrogen and testosterone are low”.
How testosterone affects you: Testosterone impacts brain skills, impulsiveness, libido, energy, desire for adventure, competitiveness and courage.

Progesterone: This hormone typically associated with pregnancy rises in Week 3 of your cycle, then falls throughout Week 4.
How progesterone affects you: Progesterone impacts your appetite, cravings, desire to “nest” (meaning to make your home more comfortable) and desire for safety. It also makes you sleepy and can make you forgetful and less eloquent as you speak.

Term

 

 

 

 

Structures of the Mammary Gland

Definition
[image]
Term

 

 

 

 

 

Ovarian & Uterine Cycles

Definition
Uterine Cycle is more commonly known as the menstrual cycle, which occurs every 4 weeks or so. A woman’s body prepares for pregnancy, but when pregnancy does not occur, blood is released as the woman’s endometrial lining of the uterus sheds. Ovarian Cycle is starts with a development of an oocyte. As it begins to mature, it erupts and travels down the oviduct to the uterus. This cycle is called the ovarian cycle.  GnRH is a hormone that stimulates the brain to produce LH and FSH. LH is also known as the luteinizing hormone, and FSH is also known as the follicle stimulating hormone. These two hormones help control how the body produces a specific sex hormone, called Estrogen. Estrogen is a type of hormone found in women, as well as in men. However, it has a stronger role in women’s bodies as it is the main sex hormone and is vital to the menstrual cycle.  It is known to regulate the menstrual cycle and enriches and thickens the endometrium, ultimately preparing the uterus for pregnancy. Progesterone is a type of hormone that is naturally produced in the ovaries of menstruating women. When a woman is pregnant, this substance is produced by the placenta. Progesterone has numerous roles in a woman’s body. It is often ingested by women in birth control pills, menopausal hormone replacement therapy, or just sometimes to induce a menstrual period or regulate abnormal bleeding problems.hCG comes to play when a blastocyst is embedded in the walls of the uterus. It is during this period when a hormone called hCG comes to play. hCG stands for human chorionic gonadotropin, and is released by the cells around the blastocyst. Its main function is to maintain the corpus luteum in the ovary, preventing the pregnant woman from ovulating.
Positive feedback loops occur when there is an increase in the level of the hormones because of the need of hormones to develop the zygote. Negative Feedback Loops occurs because there is no need for hormones any longer, hence decreasing the GnRH level to limit the release of LH and FSH. An easy way to differentiate between menstruation and pregnancy is the fact that hormone levels are much higher during pregnancy because of the need of hormones to reproduce and develop the fetus.
Term

 

 

 

 

Primary Germ Layers

Definition

Ectoderm
The ectoderm is the outermost layer of the primary germ layers and eventually becomes the epidermis or skin, brain and the nervous system. The ectoderm also gives rise to other external bodily surfaces.

Mesoderm
The mesoderm is the center layer of the primary germ layers, wedged between the ectoderm and endoderm. The mesoderm is responsible for the development of a gelatin-like substance known as mesenchyme. Mesenchyme is responsible for the development and growth of muscles, bones, blood and other tissues.

Endoderm
The endoderm is the innermost layer of the primary germ layers. The endoderm is responsible for the development of the lining of the stomach and intestines, mucous membranes and other internal organs and their linings.

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Embryonic vs Extraembryonic Tissue

Definition

embryonic - 3 germ layers

 

extraembryonic - yolk sac, amnion, chorion, allantois

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Placental Layers

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Definition
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Function of HCG

Definition
Human chorionic gonadotropin promotes the maintainance of the corpus luteum which in turn secretes progesterone
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Phases of Parturition

Definition

 

1. Dilation

 

2. Expulsion

 

3. Placental

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Neonatal Development

Definition

First Trimester: period of embryological and early fetal development during which the rudiments of all the major organ systems appear.

Second Trimester: development of organs and organ systems up until 6th month

Thrid Trimester: rapid fetal growth; adipose tissue; fetus' major organ systems can become fully functional

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First Trimester

 

 

 

 

Definition

Cleavage

Implantation

Placentation

Embryogenesis

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Second & Third Trimesters

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Maternal organ systems support the fetus

 

Uterus undergoes structural & functional changes

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3 Main Fluid Compartments of the Body

Definition

 

 

1. Circulatory

2. Extracellular

3. Intracellular

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