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Anatomy & Physiology
Chapter 1 quiz
41
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
08/28/2012

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Term
Functional Characteristics
Definition
Maintaining Boundaries
Movement
Responsiveness
Digestion
Metabolism
Excretion
Reproduction
Growth
Term
Anatomy
Definition
The study of the structure of the body parts and their relationships to one another
Term
Physiology
Definition
The study of the function of the body's structural machinery
Term
Subdivisions of anatomy
Definition
Gross(macroscopic)
Microscopic
Developmental
Term
Gross Anatomy
Definition
study of large body structures
ex: heart, lungs, kidneys
Term
Microscopic Anatomy
Definition
Structures too small to be seen by naked eye
ex: cells, thin slices of body tissue
Term
Developmental Anatomy
Definition
traces structural changes occured throughout life span
ex: pregnancy
Term
Subdivisions of Physiology
Definition
Renal
Neurophysiology
Cardiovascular
Term
Renal Physiology
Definition
Kidney function
Term
Neurophysiology
Definition
working of the nervous system
Term
Cardiovascular Physiology
Definition
operation of the heart and blood vessels
Term
Principle of complementarity(of structure and function)
Definition
Function always reflects structure. What a structure can do depends on its specific form.
Term
levels of structural organization(simplest to complex)
Definition
-chemica(atoms combined to form molecules)
-cellular(cells are made of molecules)
-tissue(consists of similar types of cells)
-organ(made up of different types of tissues)
-organ system(consists of different organs that work closely together)
-organismal(made up of the organ systems)
Term
Homeostatis
Definition
Ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in an ever changing outside world.
Term
Negative Feedback
Definition
the output shuts off the original stimulus. causes the variable to change in a direction opposite to that of the initial change, returning it to its ideal value.
Term
Positive Feedback
Definition
the output enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus. change that results proceeds in the same direction as the initial change, causing the variable to deviate further and further from its original value or range.
Term
homeostatic imbalance
Definition
Disturbance of homeostasis or the body's normal equilibrium. overwhelming the usual negative feedback mechanisms allows destructive positive feedback mechanisms to take over.
ex: some heart failure reflect this.
Term
receptor
Definition
monitors the environment and responds to changes
Term
control center
Definition
determines the set point at which the variable is maintained
Term
effector
Definition
provides the means to repond to stimuli
Term
afferent pathway
Definition
approaches the control center
Term
efferent pathway
Definition
information exits from control center
Term
subdivisons of gross anatomy
Definition
regional-structures in one part of body
systemic-studied system by system
surface-study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin.
Term
subdivisions of microscopic anatomy
Definition
cytology-study of cells
histology-study of tissues
Term
subdivisions of developmental anatomy
Definition
embryology-study of developmental changes of body before birth
Term
pathological anatomy
Definition
study of structure changes by disease
Term
radiographic anatomy
Definition
study of internal structures visualized by specialized scanning procedures such as x-ray, MRI and CT scans
Term
molecular biology
Definition
study of anatomical structuresat a subcellular level
Term
Integumentary system
Definition
Skin, external body covering, composed of the skin, sweat glands, oil glands, hair and nails. protects deep tissue from injury amd synthesizes vitamin D
Term
Skeletal system
Definition
composed of bone, cartilage and ligaments
protects & supports body organs
provides the framework for the muscles
site of blood cell formation
stores minerals
Term
muscular system
Definition
composed of muscles and tendons
allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion and facial expression
maintains posture
produces heat
Term
nervous system
Definition
composed of the brian, spinal column and nerves

is the fast acting control system of the body

responds to stimuli by activating muscles and glands
Term
cardiovascular system
Definition
composed of the heart and blood vessels
heart pumps blood
blood vessels transport blood throughout the body
Term
lymphatic system
Definition
composed of red bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, and lymphatic vessels

picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood

disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream

houses white blood cells involved with immunity
Term
respiratory system
Definition
composed of the nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs

keeps blood supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
Term
digestive system
Definition
composed of the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus and liver

breaks down foodinto absorable units that enter the blood

eliminates indigestible foodstuffs as feces
Term
urinary system
Definition
composed of kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and uretha

eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body

regulates water, electrolyte and pH balance of the blood
Term
male reproductive system
Definition
composed of prostate gland, penis, testes, scrotum and ductus deferens

main function is the production of offspring

testesproduce sperm and male sex hormones

duct and glands deliver sperm to the female reproductive tract
Term
female reproductive system
Definition
composed of mammary glands, ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus and vagina

main function is the production of offspring

ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones

remaining structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus

mammary glands produce milk to nourish the newborn
Term
endocrine system
Definition
glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use(metabolism)by body cells
Term
organ systems interrelationhips
Definition
how systems work together
ex: integumentary system protects body from external environment
ex:digestive and respiratory systems, in contact with the external environment, take in nutrients and oxygen
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