Thoracic Region Vertebra

• T1-T12
• larger and stronger than cervical vertebrae
• most distinguishing feature is articulate with the ribs with facets and dami-facets 

Lumbar Region Vertebra

• largest and strongest in vertebra column
• supports the greatest amound of body weight in upright position

Sacral Region Vertebra

• triangular bone formed by the union of 5 vertebra 

Coccygeal Region

• most distal "end" of spine 
• formed by the fusion of 3-5 coccygeal vert.
• "Tail Bone"

The Bones

• 206 bones in the human body 

Axial Skeleton

• skull, thorax, vertebra column, hyoid bonbe 

Appendicular Skeleton

• arms, legs, pectoral, and pelvic girdle 

The Spine:

Functions

1. protection
2. base for attatchment 
3. structual support
4. flexibility and mobility
5. blood vessels and nerves

Spinal Regions

24 vertebra and 4 fused bones

• cervical-7
• thoracic-12
•  lumbar-5
• sacrum- 5 fused bones (wedge shaped)
• coccyx-fused 3-5 vertebra

Importance of the

Curves of the Vertebra Column

1. increased strength
2. helps maintain balance in upright position
3. absorbs shock during walking and running 
4. protects column from fractures

Concave

Convex

refers to posteriorly (towards the body) bends 

Cervical Vertebra

• numbered C1-C7
• smaller than thoracic vertebra
• has 3 formaen (holes)
• spinous process of C2-C6 are bifed
• first two differ from others

Atlas

• C1
• supports the head 

Anatomy of The Disks

• Annalus Fibrosis- strong radial tire like substance that encloses the nucleus pulposus
• Nucleus Pulposus- mushy, moist center layer with a clear watery liquid, this hydrated gel resists compression

Facet Joints

• hinge like joints that link vertebra together
• each vertebra has 2 sets of facet joints superior and inferior
• theses jonts allow for flexion, extension, and lateral rotation 

Parts of Vertebra

Parts of Spinal Column

Patghology

Osteo

Having to do with

Bone

Porosis

Condition of

Pores

Lordo

Osis

Kypho

Scolio

Ankyo

Spondylo

Itis

Inter

Contra

Arthro

Origin

• generally located more distal to the center of the body
• anchored, remains relatively immovable during contraction of the muscle

Insertion

• generally located  more distal to the center of the body
• attatched to the section of the body that is mobile during contraction of the body

Action

• The movement or function a muscle performs 

Isometric

• muscle activity with no change in length, no work is performed 

Eccentric

• muscle activity where muscles lengthens during tension production 

Concetric

• muscle activity where muscle shortens during tension production 

 Sternocleidomastoid

(SCM)

• Origin: Sternal Head- superior part of manubrium Clavical Head: medical 1/3 of clavicle
• Insertion: mastoid process
• Action: bilaterally flexes head

Scalenes: Anterior

• Origin: Transverse Process (T.P.) 3-6th cervical  vertebra
• Insertion: 1st rib

Scalenes: Medial

• Origin: T.P. of 5-6th cervical vertebra
• Insertion: 1st rib 

Scalenes: Posterior

• Origin: T.P of 5-6th cervical vertebra
• Insertion: 2nd rib 

Levator Scapulae

• Origin: T.P of C1-C4
• Insertion: medial bordee and superior angle of scapula
• Action: bilaterally-cervical extension  unilaterally-lateral flexion 

Trapezius

• Origin: external occipital protuberance, ligamentum nuche, medial portion of superior occiput C7-C12 spinous process
• Insertion: lateral 1/3 of clavicle, acromion, spine of scapula
• Action: upper- (bilaterally) cervical extension middle- adduct scapula, stabilize scapula lower- depression of scapula 

Ligamentum Flavum

Anterior Longitudinal Ligament

Posterior Longitudinal Ligament

Anatomy

Physiology

Gross Anatomy

Kinesiology

the study of the movement of the body

(O,I,A)

Histology

Cytology

Pathology

Homeostasis

Stresser

Signs

objective, physicaally observable and measurable (fever, discoloration, pulse)

Symptoms

Ischemia

Infection

Fever

body tempeture rises to fight infection,

brain/tissue damage starts to occur at 102-106 degrees