Term
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Definition
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Term
| The The 6 Functions of Bone and the Skeletal System |
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Definition
| Support, Protection, Assistance in movement, Mineral homeostasis (storage and release), Blood Cell Production (red bone marrow), Triglyceride Storage (yellow bone marrow) |
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Term
| Three types of Joints classified by Structure |
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Definition
| Fibrous, Cartilaginous, Synovial |
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Term
| Three types of Joints classified by Function |
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Definition
| Synathrosis, Amphiarthrosis, Diarthrosis |
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Term
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Definition
| Bones are held together by dense irregular connective tissue that is rich in collagen fibers. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bones are held together by cartilage. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bones forming the joint have a synovial cavity and are united by the dense irregular connective tissue of an articular capsule, and often by accessory ligaments. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A slightly movable joint. |
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Term
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Definition
| Freely movable joint, all of which are synovial, and have a variety of shapes and permit several different types of movements. Covered by a layer of hyaline cartilage called articular cartilage. |
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Term
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Definition
| A bony Joint in which there is complete fusion into one bone. (synarthrosis joint, fibrous joint, and suture) |
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Term
| The 7 types of Bone Fractures |
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Definition
| Open, Greenstick, Comminuted, Impacted, Potts, Colles’, Stress fracture |
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Term
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Definition
| The movement of a joint in a full circle. Usually associated with a ball & socket joint. |
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Term
| The 6 Types of Synovial Joints |
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Definition
| Planar, Hinge, Pivot, Condyloid, Saddle, Ball-and-Socket |
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Term
| The 2 Types of Cartilaginous Joints |
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Definition
Synchondrosis- Connecting material is hyaline cartilage; becomes synostosis when bone elongation ceases.
Symphysis- Connecting material is a broad, flat disc of fibrocartilage. |
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Term
| 3 Types of Fibrous Joints |
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Definition
| Suture, Syndesmosis, Interosseous Membrane |
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Term
| The 6 Things That Can Affect Range of Motion (ROM) in a Joint |
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Definition
| Structure or Shape of the articulating bones, Strength and tension (tautness) of joint ligaments, arrangement and tension of muscles, contact of soft parts, hormones, disuse. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Pillow between tendon or muscle and bone. |
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Term
| The 4 Properties of Muscles |
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Definition
| Electrical Excitability, Contractility, Extensibility, Elasticity |
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Term
| 2 Types of Muscle Attachments/ 2 Things that muscles attach to |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Broad Sheet of Muscle Connection |
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Term
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Definition
| Decreasing the angle of a joint. Think Elbow. |
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Term
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Definition
| Increasing the Angle of a Joint. Think Elbow. |
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Term
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Definition
| Increasing the Angle of a Joint beyond that of extension; think of your elbow going beyond 180 degrees. |
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Term
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Definition
| A dense sheet or broad band of dense irregular connective tissue that lines the body wall and limbs and supports and surrounds muscles and other organs of the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| Dense irregular connective tissue that lines the body wall and limbs and holds muscles with similar functions together. |
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Term
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Definition
| Separates muscle from the skin consists of areolar connective tissue and adipose tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
| The outermost layer; circles the entire muscle. |
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Term
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Definition
| A thin sheath of areolar connective tissue; separates individual muscle fibers from one another. |
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Term
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Definition
| Surrounds Groups of 10 to 100 or more muscle fibers, separating them into bundles called fascicles. |
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Term
| Order from inside to outside of the -mysium's |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Catalyses the conversion of creatine and consumes ATP to create phosphocreatine and ADP. |
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Term
| 6 Causes of Muscle Fatigue |
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Definition
| Inadequate release of Ca2+, Depletion of Creatine Phosphate, Isufficient O2, Depletion of glycogen or other nutrients, Build up of lactic acid and ADP, Failure of action potential in motor neuron to release enough ACh |
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Term
| 3 Ways Energy (ATP) is Produced |
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Definition
ATP from creatine phosphate
ATP from anaerobic glycolysis
ATP from aerobic cellular respiration. |
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Term
| 3 ways that extra O2 taken in after exercise restores metabolic muscle function |
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Definition
| Converts lactic acid back to the glycogen stores in liver, Resynthesizes CP, Replaces oxygen removed from myoglobin. |
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Term
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Definition
| Somatic motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it stimulates (on average, 150) and all contract in unison. |
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Term
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Definition
| Brief contraction of all muscle fibers in a motor unit in response to a single action potential in its motor neuron. |
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Term
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Definition
| Plasma Membrane of a Muscle Cell. |
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Term
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Definition
-Latent Period: AP sweeps over sarcolemma & Ca released from SR
-Contraction Period: Ca is transported back into SR, myosin/actin release
-Relaxation period: return to resting state
-Refractory Period: Period of lost excitability. (2 stimuli at once; response to first, not to the second) |
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Term
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Definition
| The bone's shaft or body; the long, cylindrical, main portion of a long bone. |
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Term
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Definition
| Growth Plate; A layer of thin hyaline cartilage that allows the diaphysis of the bone to grow in length. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Parathyroid Hormone- Secreted by the parathyroid glands;; promotes bone resportion; enhances recovery of calcium from urine, promotes formation of the active form of vitamin D (calcitriol). |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| The hormone given off that builds up bone |
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Definition
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Term
| Muscles that do opposite actions |
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Definition
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Term
| What color Marrow does Spongy Bone have? |
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Definition
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Term
| The salt that makes bone hard |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The Broken ends of the bone protrude through the skin. |
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Term
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Definition
| A partial fracture in which one side of the bone is broken and the other side bends; occurs only in children, whose bones are not yet fully ossified and contain more organic material than inorganic material. |
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Term
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Definition
| One end of the fractured bone is forcefully driven into the interior of the other. |
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Term
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Definition
| The bone is splintered, crushed, or broken into pieces, and smaller bone fragments lie between the two main fragments. The most difficult to treat. |
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Term
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Definition
| A fracture of the distal end of the lateral leg bone, with serious injury of the distal tibial articulation. |
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Term
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Definition
| A fracture of the distal end of the radius in which the distal fragment is displaced posteriorly. |
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Term
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Definition
| A series of microscopic fissures in bone that forms without any evidence of injury to other tissues. |
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Term
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Definition
| Producing Body Movements, Stabilizing Body Position, Storing and Moving Substances within the body, and Thermogenesis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Small amount of tension due to weak, involuntary contraction of motor units; established by neurons in the brain and spinal cord. |
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Term
Isotonic Contraction
vs
Isometric Contraction |
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Definition
Isotonic- Involves movement
vs
Isometric- Involves stationary flexion. |
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Term
| The Two Types of Isotonic Contractions |
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Definition
| Concentric (pulling towards), Eccentric (lowering something slowly or too much weight to handle). |
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Term
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Definition
| Slow Oxidative, Fast Oxidatitive Glycolytic, Fast Glycolytic |
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Term
| Slow Oxidatitve Muscle Fiber |
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Definition
Small and the least powerful, Dark (red) due to myoglobin and many capillaries, Large mitochondria, generate ATP by aerobic cellular respiration, ATPase slowly hydrolyzes ATP, Resistant to fatigue and capable of sustained contractions for many hours
Adapted for posture and aerobic, endurance-type activities. |
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Term
| Fast Oxidatitive Glycolytic Muscle Fiber |
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Definition
Intermediate in diameter, Contain large amounts of myoglobin and many capillaries(dark red), Generate ATP by aerobic cellular respiration, moderately high resistance to fatigue
because intracellular glycogen is high, they generate ATP by anaerobic glycolysis, Fast – ATPase hydrolyzes ATP 3-5x faster than SO.
Activities include walking and sprinting |
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Term
| Fast Glycolytic Muscle Fiber |
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Definition
Largest and contain the most myofibrils, Can generate more powerful contractions, Low myoglobin content, relatively few capillaries, Contain large amounts of glycogen, Generates ATP by glycolysis, Fibers contract strongly and quickly.
Adapted for intense anaerobic movements of short duration (weight lifting, throwing a ball)
Fatigue quickly
Strength training increases the size, strength and glycogen content – hypertrophy due to synthesis of muscle proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| A response to action potential. (contraction of a muscle) |
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Term
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Definition
| The dark, middle part of the sarcomere that extends the entire length of the thick filaments and also includes those parts of the thin filaments that overlap with the thick filaments. |
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Term
| What are the 5 zones of a muscle fiber? |
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Definition
| A band, I band, Z disc, M line, H zone |
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Term
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Definition
| Motor Units don’t usually act in Unison, but baton pass rather like a relay race. The weakest fire first |
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Term
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Definition
| A contractile protein that makes up the THICK filament. Cosists of a tail and two myosin heads. |
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Term
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Definition
| A contractile protein that is the main component of the THIN filament. On each actin molecule is a myosin binding site where a myosin head of a thick filament binds during muscle contraction. |
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Term
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Definition
| Proteins that help switch the muscle contraction process on and off. |
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Term
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Definition
| A regulatory protein that is a component of the thin filament. When a skeletal muscle fiber is relaxed, tropomyosin covers the myosin-binding sites on actin molecules, thereby preventing myosin from binding to actin. |
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Term
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Definition
| A regulatory protein that is a component of the thin filament. When calcium ions bind to troponin, it undergoes a change in shape; this conformational change moves tropomyosin away from myosin-binding sites on actin molecules, and muscle contraction subsequently begins as myosin binds to actin. |
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Term
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Definition
| Proteins that keep the thick and thin filaments of the myofibrils in proper alignment, give the myofibrils elasticity and extensibility, and link the myofibrils to the sarcolemma and extracellular matrix. |
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Term
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Definition
| A structural protein that connects a Z disc to the M line of the sarcomere, thereby helping to stabilize the position of the thick filament. Because it can stretch and then spring back unharmed, titin accounts for much of the elasticity and extensibility of myofibrils. |
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Term
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Definition
| A structural protein of the Z discs that attaches to actin molecules of thin filaments and to titin molecules. |
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Term
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Definition
| A structural protein that forms the M line of the sarcomere; it binds to titin molecules and connects adjacent thick filaments to one another. |
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Term
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Definition
| A structural protein that wraps around the entire length of each thin filament; it helps anchor the thin filaments to the Z discs and regulates the length of the thin filaments during development. |
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Term
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Definition
| A structural protein that links the thin filaments of the sarcomere to integral membrane proteins in the sarcolemma, which are attached in turn to proteins in the connective tissue matrix that surrounds muscle fibers. It is thought that dystrophin helps reinforce the sarcolemma and that it helps transmit tension generated by sarcomeres to tendons. |
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Term
| The composition of a muscle cell |
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Definition
| Many Sarcomeres make of a Muscle Fiber, Many Muscle Fibers make up a muscle cell (check def of m-cell). |
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Term
| The three progressive symptoms of Calcium Deficiency |
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Definition
| Muscle Spasm, Bone Deficiency, Bleeding |
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Term
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Definition
| Microscopic Unit of compact bone tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
| Flaccid paralysis (atrophy) |
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Term
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Definition
| Spasticity, spastic paralysis, rigidity. |
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Term
| The 4 Parts of the Contraction Cycle |
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Definition
-ATP Hydrolysis
-Attachment of myosin to actin to form crossbridges
-Power Stroke: Crossbridges rotate and release ADP. Crossbridges generate force as it rotates toward the center of the sarcomere.
-Detachment of myosin from actin: As ATP binds to ATP binding sites on myosin, the myosin detaches from actin. |
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Term
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Definition
| Narrow, plate-shaped region of dense material that separate one sarcomere from the next. |
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Term
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Definition
| A region in the center of the H zone that contains proteins that hold the thick filaments together at the center of the sarcomere. |
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Term
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Definition
| The lighter, less dense area of the sarcomere that contains the rest of the thin filaments but no thick filaments. |
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Term
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Definition
| A narrow region in the center of each A band that contains thick filaments but no thin filaments. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Production of Blood Cells |
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Term
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Definition
| The buildup and hardening of bone by osteoblasts using hydroxyapitite, calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate, and Mg, F, K, SO4 Ions. |
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Term
| The 7 Parts of a long bone |
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Definition
| Diaphysis, Epiphyses, Metaphyses, Articular Cartilage, Periosteum, Medullary Cavity, Endosteum |
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Term
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Definition
| The proximal and distal ends of a long bone. |
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Term
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Definition
| When a bone ceases growth and the cartilage of the epiphyseal plate becomes bone. |
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Term
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Definition
| Surrounds long bone where it isn't covered by cartilage. Protects bone, assists in fracture repair, helps nourish bone tissue, and serves as the attachment point for ligaments. |
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Term
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Definition
| Connect the periosteum to the bone; consists of thick bundles of collagen fibers that extend into the extracellular bone matrix. |
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Term
| Medullary Cavity Or Marrow Cavity |
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Definition
| A hollow cylindrical space within the diaphysis that contains fatty yellow bone marrow in adults. |
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Term
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Definition
| A thin membrane that lines the internal bone surface facing the medullary cavity. It contains a single layer of cells and a small amount of connective tissue. |
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Term
| Progression of Bone Cells |
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Definition
| Osteogenic Cells (origin; come from mesenchyme), Osteoblasts (build up), Osteocytes (exist), Osteoclasts (break down) |
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Term
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Definition
| Rings of calcified extracellular matrix much like the rings of a tree trunk. |
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Term
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Definition
| Small spaces between lamellae that contain osteocytes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Interconnected tiny canals with extracellular fluid. |
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Term
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Definition
| Irregular latticework of thin plates of spongy bone tissue. |
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Term
| Endochondrial Ossification |
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Definition
| The replacement of cartilage by bone. |
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Term
| Primary Ossification Center |
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Definition
| Region where bone will replace most of the cartilage. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Accelerates Calcium deposition in bones. |
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Term
| The 2 other names for a joint |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A fibrous joint in which there is a greater distance between the articulating surfaces and more dense irregular connective tissue than in a suture. (Example: between tibia and fibula) |
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Term
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Definition
| A cartilaginous joint in which the connective material is hyaline cartilage. |
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Term
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Definition
| A cartilaginous joint in which the ends of the articulating bones are covered with hyaline cartilage, but a broad, flat disc of firbrocartilage connects the bones. |
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Term
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Definition
| The hyaline cartilage that covers synovial joints. |
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Term
| Articular (joint) Capsule |
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Definition
| Surrounds a synovial joint, encloses the synovial cavity, and unites the articulating bones. Composed of two layers, outer fibrous membrane and an inner synovial membrane. |
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Term
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Definition
| The outer membrane of an articular capsule in a synovial joint. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pads of fibrocartilage that lie between the articular surfaces of the bones and are attached to the fibrous capsule. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tubelike bursae that wrap around certain tendons that experience considerable friction. |
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Term
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Definition
| Inversion (points sole towards mid sagittal), Eversion, Dorsiflexion (foot up), Plantar Flexion |
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Term
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Definition
| Synovial; Articulated surfaces are flat or slightly curved. |
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Term
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Definition
| Rounded or pointed surface fits into a ring formed partly by bone and partly by a ligament. |
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Term
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Definition
| A cone-shaped peg fits into a socket. (Teeth) |
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Term
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Definition
| Bundle of 10 to 100 muscle fibers. |
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Term
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Definition
| The replacement of muscle fibers by fibrous scar tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tubules that tunnel in from the surface toward the center of each muscle fiber, they are filled with interstitial fluid and action potentials travel through them to excite the entire muscle at essentially the same time. |
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Term
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Definition
| Dilated end sac of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. |
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Term
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Definition
| Two terminal cisterns on either side of a T tubule. |
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Term
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Definition
| The contractile organelles of skeletal muscle. |
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Term
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Definition
| The basic functional unit/compartment of a myofibril. |
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Term
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Definition
| A calcium binding protein. |
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Term
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Definition
| A region where communication occurs between two neurons, or between a neuron and a target cell. A -synaptic cleft- is the region between the two cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| The neurotransmitter released at the neuromuscular junction. |
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Term
| The process of muscle excitation (4) |
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Definition
| Release of actylcholine, activation of ACh receptors, production of muscle action potential, termination of ACh activity. |
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Term
| AcetylCholinesterase (AChE) |
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Definition
| Breaks down ACh into acetyl and choline, products that cannot activate the ACh receptor. |
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Term
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Definition
| An energy-rich molecule that is found only in muscle fibers. It accepts the phosphate groups when muscles produce excess ATP in a resting state. |
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Term
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Definition
| A small, amino acid-like molecule that is synthesized in the liver, kidneys, and pancreas. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stimuli arriving at different times cause larger contractions. |
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Term
| Unfused (incomplete) Tetanus |
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Definition
| When a skeletal muscle fiber is stimulated at a rate of 20 to 30 times per second. |
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Term
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Definition
| A sustained contraction as a result of stimuli firing at a rate of 80 to 100 times per second. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process in which the number of active motor units increases. |
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Term
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Definition
| Small pouchlike invaginations of the plasma membrane of a smooth muscle fiber. |
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