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Anatomy & Physiology Test 3
Test 3 Cards HACC A&P
141
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
03/22/2010

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Term
Endo
vs
Intra
Definition
Inside
vs
Within
Term
The The 6 Functions of Bone and the Skeletal System
Definition
Support, Protection, Assistance in movement, Mineral homeostasis (storage and release), Blood Cell Production (red bone marrow), Triglyceride Storage (yellow bone marrow)
Term
Three types of Joints classified by Structure
Definition
Fibrous, Cartilaginous, Synovial
Term
Three types of Joints classified by Function
Definition
Synathrosis, Amphiarthrosis, Diarthrosis
Term
Fibrous Joint
Definition
Bones are held together by dense irregular connective tissue that is rich in collagen fibers.
Term
Cartilaginous Joint
Definition
Bones are held together by cartilage.
Term
Synovial Joint
Definition
Bones forming the joint have a synovial cavity and are united by the dense irregular connective tissue of an articular capsule, and often by accessory ligaments.
Term
Synarthrosis Joint
Definition
An immovable joint.
Term
Amphiarthrosis Joint
Definition
A slightly movable joint.
Term
Diarthrosis Joint
Definition
Freely movable joint, all of which are synovial, and have a variety of shapes and permit several different types of movements. Covered by a layer of hyaline cartilage called articular cartilage.
Term
Snyostosis
Definition
A bony Joint in which there is complete fusion into one bone. (synarthrosis joint, fibrous joint, and suture)
Term
The 7 types of Bone Fractures
Definition
Open, Greenstick, Comminuted, Impacted, Potts, Colles’, Stress fracture
Term
Circumduction
Definition
The movement of a joint in a full circle. Usually associated with a ball & socket joint.
Term
The 6 Types of Synovial Joints
Definition
Planar, Hinge, Pivot, Condyloid, Saddle, Ball-and-Socket
Term
The 2 Types of Cartilaginous Joints
Definition
Synchondrosis- Connecting material is hyaline cartilage; becomes synostosis when bone elongation ceases.

Symphysis- Connecting material is a broad, flat disc of fibrocartilage.
Term
3 Types of Fibrous Joints
Definition
Suture, Syndesmosis, Interosseous Membrane
Term
The 6 Things That Can Affect Range of Motion (ROM) in a Joint
Definition
Structure or Shape of the articulating bones, Strength and tension (tautness) of joint ligaments, arrangement and tension of muscles, contact of soft parts, hormones, disuse.
Term
Ligament
Definition
Connects Bone to Bone
Term
Tendon
Definition
Connects Muscle to Bone
Term
Bursa
Definition
Pillow between tendon or muscle and bone.
Term
The 4 Properties of Muscles
Definition
Electrical Excitability, Contractility, Extensibility, Elasticity
Term
2 Types of Muscle Attachments/ 2 Things that muscles attach to
Definition
Aponeurosis, Tendon
Term
Aponeurosis
Definition
Broad Sheet of Muscle Connection
Term
Flexion
Definition
Decreasing the angle of a joint. Think Elbow.
Term
Extension
Definition
Increasing the Angle of a Joint. Think Elbow.
Term
Hyperextension
Definition
Increasing the Angle of a Joint beyond that of extension; think of your elbow going beyond 180 degrees.
Term
Fascia
Definition
A dense sheet or broad band of dense irregular connective tissue that lines the body wall and limbs and supports and surrounds muscles and other organs of the body.
Term
Deep Fascia
Definition
Dense irregular connective tissue that lines the body wall and limbs and holds muscles with similar functions together.
Term
Superficial Fascia
Definition
Separates muscle from the skin consists of areolar connective tissue and adipose tissue.
Term
Epimysium
Definition
The outermost layer; circles the entire muscle.
Term
Endomysium
Definition
A thin sheath of areolar connective tissue; separates individual muscle fibers from one another.
Term
Perimysium
Definition
Surrounds Groups of 10 to 100 or more muscle fibers, separating them into bundles called fascicles.
Term
Order from inside to outside of the -mysium's
Definition
Endo-, Peri-, Epi-
Term
Creatine Kinase
Definition
Catalyses the conversion of creatine and consumes ATP to create phosphocreatine and ADP.
Term
6 Causes of Muscle Fatigue
Definition
Inadequate release of Ca2+, Depletion of Creatine Phosphate, Isufficient O2, Depletion of glycogen or other nutrients, Build up of lactic acid and ADP, Failure of action potential in motor neuron to release enough ACh
Term
3 Ways Energy (ATP) is Produced
Definition
ATP from creatine phosphate

ATP from anaerobic glycolysis

ATP from aerobic cellular respiration.
Term
3 ways that extra O2 taken in after exercise restores metabolic muscle function
Definition
Converts lactic acid back to the glycogen stores in liver, Resynthesizes CP, Replaces oxygen removed from myoglobin.
Term
Motor Unit
Definition
Somatic motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it stimulates (on average, 150) and all contract in unison.
Term
Twitch Contraction
Definition
Brief contraction of all muscle fibers in a motor unit in response to a single action potential in its motor neuron.
Term
Sarcolemma
Definition
Plasma Membrane of a Muscle Cell.
Term
4 Periods of a Myogram
Definition
-Latent Period: AP sweeps over sarcolemma & Ca released from SR
-Contraction Period: Ca is transported back into SR, myosin/actin release
-Relaxation period: return to resting state
-Refractory Period: Period of lost excitability. (2 stimuli at once; response to first, not to the second)
Term
Diaphysis
Definition
The bone's shaft or body; the long, cylindrical, main portion of a long bone.
Term
Epiphyseal Plate
Definition
Growth Plate; A layer of thin hyaline cartilage that allows the diaphysis of the bone to grow in length.
Term
Other name for Osteon
Definition
Haversian System
Term
PTH
Definition
Parathyroid Hormone- Secreted by the parathyroid glands;; promotes bone resportion; enhances recovery of calcium from urine, promotes formation of the active form of vitamin D (calcitriol).
Term
-clast
Definition
To break down
Term
The hormone given off that builds up bone
Definition
Calcitonin
Term
Muscles that do opposite actions
Definition
Antagonists
Term
What color Marrow does Spongy Bone have?
Definition
Red
Term
The salt that makes bone hard
Definition
Calcium Phosphate
Term
Open Bone Fracture
Definition
The Broken ends of the bone protrude through the skin.
Term
Greenstick Bone Fracture
Definition
A partial fracture in which one side of the bone is broken and the other side bends; occurs only in children, whose bones are not yet fully ossified and contain more organic material than inorganic material.
Term
Impacted Bone Fracture
Definition
One end of the fractured bone is forcefully driven into the interior of the other.
Term
Comminuted Bone Fracture
Definition
The bone is splintered, crushed, or broken into pieces, and smaller bone fragments lie between the two main fragments. The most difficult to treat.
Term
Potts Bone Fracture
Definition
A fracture of the distal end of the lateral leg bone, with serious injury of the distal tibial articulation.
Term
Colles' Bone Fracture
Definition
A fracture of the distal end of the radius in which the distal fragment is displaced posteriorly.
Term
Stress Fracture
Definition
A series of microscopic fissures in bone that forms without any evidence of injury to other tissues.
Term
4 Muscle Functions
Definition
Producing Body Movements, Stabilizing Body Position, Storing and Moving Substances within the body, and Thermogenesis.
Term
Muscle Tone
Definition
Small amount of tension due to weak, involuntary contraction of motor units; established by neurons in the brain and spinal cord.
Term
Isotonic Contraction
vs
Isometric Contraction
Definition
Isotonic- Involves movement
vs
Isometric- Involves stationary flexion.
Term
The Two Types of Isotonic Contractions
Definition
Concentric (pulling towards), Eccentric (lowering something slowly or too much weight to handle).
Term
3 Types of Muscle Fibers
Definition
Slow Oxidative, Fast Oxidatitive Glycolytic, Fast Glycolytic
Term
Slow Oxidatitve Muscle Fiber
Definition
Small and the least powerful, Dark (red) due to myoglobin and many capillaries, Large mitochondria, generate ATP by aerobic cellular respiration, ATPase slowly hydrolyzes ATP, Resistant to fatigue and capable of sustained contractions for many hours
Adapted for posture and aerobic, endurance-type activities.
Term
Fast Oxidatitive Glycolytic Muscle Fiber
Definition
Intermediate in diameter, Contain large amounts of myoglobin and many capillaries(dark red), Generate ATP by aerobic cellular respiration, moderately high resistance to fatigue
because intracellular glycogen is high, they generate ATP by anaerobic glycolysis, Fast – ATPase hydrolyzes ATP 3-5x faster than SO.
Activities include walking and sprinting
Term
Fast Glycolytic Muscle Fiber
Definition
Largest and contain the most myofibrils, Can generate more powerful contractions, Low myoglobin content, relatively few capillaries, Contain large amounts of glycogen, Generates ATP by glycolysis, Fibers contract strongly and quickly.
Adapted for intense anaerobic movements of short duration (weight lifting, throwing a ball)
Fatigue quickly
Strength training increases the size, strength and glycogen content – hypertrophy due to synthesis of muscle proteins
Term
Tetanus
Definition
A response to action potential. (contraction of a muscle)
Term
A Band (type of band)
Definition
The dark, middle part of the sarcomere that extends the entire length of the thick filaments and also includes those parts of the thin filaments that overlap with the thick filaments.
Term
What are the 5 zones of a muscle fiber?
Definition
A band, I band, Z disc, M line, H zone
Term
How do Motor Units Act?
Definition
Motor Units don’t usually act in Unison, but baton pass rather like a relay race. The weakest fire first
Term
Myosin Fiber
Definition
A contractile protein that makes up the THICK filament. Cosists of a tail and two myosin heads.
Term
Actin Fiber
Definition
A contractile protein that is the main component of the THIN filament. On each actin molecule is a myosin binding site where a myosin head of a thick filament binds during muscle contraction.
Term
Regulatory Proteins
Definition
Proteins that help switch the muscle contraction process on and off.
Term
Tropomyosin
Definition
A regulatory protein that is a component of the thin filament. When a skeletal muscle fiber is relaxed, tropomyosin covers the myosin-binding sites on actin molecules, thereby preventing myosin from binding to actin.
Term
Troponin
Definition
A regulatory protein that is a component of the thin filament. When calcium ions bind to troponin, it undergoes a change in shape; this conformational change moves tropomyosin away from myosin-binding sites on actin molecules, and muscle contraction subsequently begins as myosin binds to actin.
Term
Structural Proteins
Definition
Proteins that keep the thick and thin filaments of the myofibrils in proper alignment, give the myofibrils elasticity and extensibility, and link the myofibrils to the sarcolemma and extracellular matrix.
Term
Titin
Definition
A structural protein that connects a Z disc to the M line of the sarcomere, thereby helping to stabilize the position of the thick filament. Because it can stretch and then spring back unharmed, titin accounts for much of the elasticity and extensibility of myofibrils.
Term
Alpha-actinin
Definition
A structural protein of the Z discs that attaches to actin molecules of thin filaments and to titin molecules.
Term
Myomesin
Definition
A structural protein that forms the M line of the sarcomere; it binds to titin molecules and connects adjacent thick filaments to one another.
Term
Nebulin
Definition
A structural protein that wraps around the entire length of each thin filament; it helps anchor the thin filaments to the Z discs and regulates the length of the thin filaments during development.
Term
Dystrophin
Definition
A structural protein that links the thin filaments of the sarcomere to integral membrane proteins in the sarcolemma, which are attached in turn to proteins in the connective tissue matrix that surrounds muscle fibers. It is thought that dystrophin helps reinforce the sarcolemma and that it helps transmit tension generated by sarcomeres to tendons.
Term
The composition of a muscle cell
Definition
Many Sarcomeres make of a Muscle Fiber, Many Muscle Fibers make up a muscle cell (check def of m-cell).
Term
The three progressive symptoms of Calcium Deficiency
Definition
Muscle Spasm, Bone Deficiency, Bleeding
Term
Osteon
Definition
Microscopic Unit of compact bone tissue.
Term
Hypotonia
Definition
Flaccid paralysis (atrophy)
Term
Hypertonia
Definition
Spasticity, spastic paralysis, rigidity.
Term
The 4 Parts of the Contraction Cycle
Definition
-ATP Hydrolysis

-Attachment of myosin to actin to form crossbridges

-Power Stroke: Crossbridges rotate and release ADP. Crossbridges generate force as it rotates toward the center of the sarcomere.
-Detachment of myosin from actin: As ATP binds to ATP binding sites on myosin, the myosin detaches from actin.
Term
Z Disc
Definition
Narrow, plate-shaped region of dense material that separate one sarcomere from the next.
Term
M Line
Definition
A region in the center of the H zone that contains proteins that hold the thick filaments together at the center of the sarcomere.
Term
I Band
Definition
The lighter, less dense area of the sarcomere that contains the rest of the thin filaments but no thick filaments.
Term
H zone
Definition
A narrow region in the center of each A band that contains thick filaments but no thin filaments.
Term
The other name for bone
Definition
Osseous Tissue
Term
Hemopoiesis
Definition
Production of Blood Cells
Term
Calcification
Definition
The buildup and hardening of bone by osteoblasts using hydroxyapitite, calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate, and Mg, F, K, SO4 Ions.
Term
The 7 Parts of a long bone
Definition
Diaphysis, Epiphyses, Metaphyses, Articular Cartilage, Periosteum, Medullary Cavity, Endosteum
Term
Epiphyses
Definition
The proximal and distal ends of a long bone.
Term
Epiphyseal Line
Definition
When a bone ceases growth and the cartilage of the epiphyseal plate becomes bone.
Term
Periosteum
Definition
Surrounds long bone where it isn't covered by cartilage. Protects bone, assists in fracture repair, helps nourish bone tissue, and serves as the attachment point for ligaments.
Term
Perforating Fibers
Definition
Connect the periosteum to the bone; consists of thick bundles of collagen fibers that extend into the extracellular bone matrix.
Term
Medullary Cavity Or Marrow Cavity
Definition
A hollow cylindrical space within the diaphysis that contains fatty yellow bone marrow in adults.
Term
Endosteum
Definition
A thin membrane that lines the internal bone surface facing the medullary cavity. It contains a single layer of cells and a small amount of connective tissue.
Term
Progression of Bone Cells
Definition
Osteogenic Cells (origin; come from mesenchyme), Osteoblasts (build up), Osteocytes (exist), Osteoclasts (break down)
Term
Concentric Lamellae
Definition
Rings of calcified extracellular matrix much like the rings of a tree trunk.
Term
Lacunae
Definition
Small spaces between lamellae that contain osteocytes.
Term
Canaliculi
Definition
Interconnected tiny canals with extracellular fluid.
Term
Trabeculae
Definition
Irregular latticework of thin plates of spongy bone tissue.
Term
Endochondrial Ossification
Definition
The replacement of cartilage by bone.
Term
Primary Ossification Center
Definition
Region where bone will replace most of the cartilage.
Term
Calcitriol
Definition
The active form of Vit D
Term
Calcitonin (CT)
Definition
Accelerates Calcium deposition in bones.
Term
The 2 other names for a joint
Definition
Articulation & Arthrosis
Term
Syndesmosis
Definition
A fibrous joint in which there is a greater distance between the articulating surfaces and more dense irregular connective tissue than in a suture. (Example: between tibia and fibula)
Term
Synchondrosis
Definition
A cartilaginous joint in which the connective material is hyaline cartilage.
Term
Symphysis
Definition
A cartilaginous joint in which the ends of the articulating bones are covered with hyaline cartilage, but a broad, flat disc of firbrocartilage connects the bones.
Term
Articular Cartilage
Definition
The hyaline cartilage that covers synovial joints.
Term
Articular (joint) Capsule
Definition
Surrounds a synovial joint, encloses the synovial cavity, and unites the articulating bones. Composed of two layers, outer fibrous membrane and an inner synovial membrane.
Term
Fibrous Membrane
Definition
The outer membrane of an articular capsule in a synovial joint.
Term
Articular Discs/Menisci
Definition
Pads of fibrocartilage that lie between the articular surfaces of the bones and are attached to the fibrous capsule.
Term
Tendon Sheaths
Definition
Tubelike bursae that wrap around certain tendons that experience considerable friction.
Term
The 4 foot movements
Definition
Inversion (points sole towards mid sagittal), Eversion, Dorsiflexion (foot up), Plantar Flexion
Term
Planar Joint
Definition
Synovial; Articulated surfaces are flat or slightly curved.
Term
Pivot Joint
Definition
Rounded or pointed surface fits into a ring formed partly by bone and partly by a ligament.
Term
Gomphosis
Definition
A cone-shaped peg fits into a socket. (Teeth)
Term
Fascicle
Definition
Bundle of 10 to 100 muscle fibers.
Term
Fibrosis
Definition
The replacement of muscle fibers by fibrous scar tissue.
Term
Transverse Tubules
Definition
Tubules that tunnel in from the surface toward the center of each muscle fiber, they are filled with interstitial fluid and action potentials travel through them to excite the entire muscle at essentially the same time.
Term
Terminal Cistern
Definition
Dilated end sac of the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
Term
Triad
Definition
Two terminal cisterns on either side of a T tubule.
Term
Myofibrils
Definition
The contractile organelles of skeletal muscle.
Term
Sarcomere
Definition
The basic functional unit/compartment of a myofibril.
Term
Calsequestrin
Definition
A calcium binding protein.
Term
Synapse
Definition
A region where communication occurs between two neurons, or between a neuron and a target cell. A -synaptic cleft- is the region between the two cells.
Term
Acetylcholine
Definition
The neurotransmitter released at the neuromuscular junction.
Term
The process of muscle excitation (4)
Definition
Release of actylcholine, activation of ACh receptors, production of muscle action potential, termination of ACh activity.
Term
AcetylCholinesterase (AChE)
Definition
Breaks down ACh into acetyl and choline, products that cannot activate the ACh receptor.
Term
Creatine Phosphate
Definition
An energy-rich molecule that is found only in muscle fibers. It accepts the phosphate groups when muscles produce excess ATP in a resting state.
Term
Creatine
Definition
A small, amino acid-like molecule that is synthesized in the liver, kidneys, and pancreas.
Term
Wave Summation
Definition
Stimuli arriving at different times cause larger contractions.
Term
Unfused (incomplete) Tetanus
Definition
When a skeletal muscle fiber is stimulated at a rate of 20 to 30 times per second.
Term
Fused (complete) Tetanus
Definition
A sustained contraction as a result of stimuli firing at a rate of 80 to 100 times per second.
Term
Motor Unit Recruitment
Definition
The process in which the number of active motor units increases.
Term
Caveolae
Definition
Small pouchlike invaginations of the plasma membrane of a smooth muscle fiber.
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