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Anatomy & Physiology Saladin Chapter 10
Anatomy Chapter 10
29
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
04/09/2011

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Term
Myology
Definition
study of muscles
Term
Skeletal Muscles
Definition

striated muscles that are almost all attached to bone

 

important for internal and external movements, stability, and heat production

 

attach to two bones across a joint

Term
Endomysium
Definition
thin layer of areolar connective tissue that surrounds muscle fibers; allows space for blood capillaries and nerve fibers to reach each muscle fiber
Term
Fascicles
Definition
bundle of parallel strands of muscles; visible
Term
Perimysium
Definition
each fascicle (bundle) is separated from other fascicles by this connective tissue sheath
Term
Epimysium
Definition
the whole muscle is held together by this layer of connective tissue
Term
Fasciae
Definition

epimysium grades into connective tissue sheets;

 

deep around adjacent muscles, no adipose tissue; superficial between the muscles and skin, abundant fat cells

Term
Direct or Fleshy Attachment
Definition
type of attachment of collagen fibers of epimysium are continous with periosteum (sheath around a bone)
Term
Indirect Attachment
Definition
type of attachment which collagen fibers of epimysium become a strong tendon that attaches to periosteum
Term
Perforating Fibers
Definition
these collagen fibers actually penetrate the bone matrix to form a very strong attachment
Term
Aponeurosis
Definition

broad sheet-like attachment of tendon

 

example: scalp, abdomen, hands, and feet

Term
Retinaculum
Definition

band of connective tissue that separates groups of tendons from other muscles

 

example: around wrists and ankles

Term
Origin
Definition
head of muscle
Term
Insertion
Definition
mobile end of a muscle
Term
Belly
Definition
mid-region of a muscle
Term
Fusiform Muscle
Definition

tapered ends, thick belly; relatively strong

 

example: biceps brachii and gastrocnemius

Term
Parallel Muscle
Definition

long strap-like muscles which are uniform in width and have parallel fascicles

 

can be long; greater range of contraction but are weaker than fusiform muscles

 

example: rectus abdominis and sartorius

Term
Convergent Muscle
Definition

fan-shaped muscles with a broad origin and taper to a narrow insertion; relatively strong at its point of insertion

 

example: pectoralis major

Term
Pennate Muscle
Definition

feather-like with fascicle obliquely oriented towards a central tendon that extends the length of the muscle;

 

uni, bi, multi

Term
Circular Muscle
Definition

sphincters which form rings around body openings

 

example: orbicularis oris and external anal sphincter

Term
Agonist
Definition

muscle that does the prime movement for a particular joint

 

example: biceps brachii

Term
Synergist
Definition

muscle that aids a prime mover; may stabilize that movement of a joint

 

example: brachialis

Term
Antagonist
Definition

muscle which opposes an agonist; typically in antagonistic pairs

 

example: biceps brachii and triceps brachii

Term
Fixator
Definition

muscle that prevents the movement of a bone

 

example: shoulder

Term
Intrinsic Muscle
Definition
muscle that has its origin and insertion both in one region
Term
Extrinsic Muscle
Definition
muscle that has its origin in one region and act upon another region
Term
Cranial Nerves
Definition

innervate the muscles of the head and neck; and arise from the base of the brain and emerge from cranial foramina

 

numbered I - XII

Term
Spinal Nerves
Definition

innervate all muscles other than head and neck and have their origin in the spinal cord and emerge through the intervertebral foramina and branch subsequently into dorsal/ventral rami

 

identified by letter and number; T6 (6th thoracic nerve)

Term
Facial Nerve (CN VII)
Definition
nerve that is vulnerable to damage by cuts and fractures that can cause paralysis and the face to sag
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