Term
| Conduction system of the heart |
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Definition
| innervation is via the autonomic nervous system |
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Term
| parasympathetic does what to heart rate? |
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Definition
| DECREASES heart rate at rest |
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Term
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Definition
| INCREASES heart rate during activity (fight or flight) |
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Term
| Conduction route of Cardiac Action Potential |
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Definition
Sino-atrial node (SA node)
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Term
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Definition
| called the pacemaker because it can alter the heart rate by altering the speed of action potential conduction through the heart |
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Term
SA node impulses cause the to contract
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| impulse is delayed here, giving the atria time to fully contract before the impulse is sent to the ventricles |
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Term
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Definition
- in septum of heart
-separates into right and left branches |
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Term
| Purkinje Fibers (location) |
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Definition
| wind superiorly after they branch from the bundle of His |
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Term
| Purkinje fibers (function) |
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Definition
| sends impulses throughout VENTRICLES, causing them to contract from APEX to BASE |
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Term
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Definition
| ELECTRICAL - depolarizaiton of ATRIA |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs just prior to mechanical event of atrial systole (contraction) |
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Term
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Definition
electrical - depolarization of VENTRICLES
hides wave of atrial repolarization (diastole - relaxation) |
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Term
| QRS complex (when it occurs) |
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Definition
| occurs just prior to mechanical event of ventricular systole |
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Term
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Definition
| electrical REPOLARIZATION of ventricles |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs just prior to ventricular relaxation |
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Term
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Definition
(beats per minute)
calculated by counting the number of QRS complexes in a given time period |
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Term
| Sympathetic discharge (what it is) |
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Definition
| skeletal muscle has increased need for oxygen |
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Term
| Sympathetic discharge (what is going on) |
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Definition
| heart will beat faster for rapid delivery of nutrients via bloodstream |
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Term
| Sympathetic discharge (what is this needed for?) |
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Definition
| needed for rapid removal of metabolic waste products |
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Term
| what Controls Blood Pressure and Respiration in the brain? |
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Definition
| medulla oblongata - controls BOTH (blood pressure and respiration) |
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Term
| What are the two types of receptors? |
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Definition
| baroreceptors and chemoreceptors |
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Term
| What do baroreceptors do? |
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Definition
| sense changes in pressure in vessels (aorta and common carotids) which regulate blood pressure, and send affarent messages to the centers in the medulla |
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Term
| What does the medulla do with the signals? |
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Definition
it sends EFFERENT signals to the peripheral blood vessels and heart which causes vasodilation of blood vessels and a decrease in heart rate to REDUCE blood pressure if it has risen
also causes vasoconstriction of blood vessels and an increase in heart rate to RAISE blood pressure if it has fallen |
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Term
| what do chemoreceptors do? |
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Definition
| Sense changes in CO2, H+, and to a much lesser extent O2 to regulate respiration |
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Term
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Definition
| CO2 is converted to H+ via bicarbonate reaction (changes blood pH) |
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Term
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Definition
CO2 + H2O -> H2CO3 -> H+ + HCO3
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Term
| What is the dominant controlling factor of respiration? |
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Definition
| the H+ derived from CO2 that is the dominant controlling factor of respiration |
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Term
| How does O2 affect respiration? |
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Definition
| large changes in O2 also sensed during SEVERE increases and decreases |
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Term
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Definition
| cardiac output (CO) x Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR) = Blood Pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| Cardiac Output = blood pumped by the heart per minute (stroke volume x heart rate) |
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Term
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Definition
| volume of blood pumped per beat |
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Term
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Definition
| Total Peripheral REsistance = the resistance as blood passes by walls |
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Term
| of blood vessels total peripheral resistance |
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Definition
| CONSTRICTION of blood vessels INCREASES total peripheral resistance |
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Term
| of blood vessels total peripheral resistance |
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Definition
| DILATION of blood vessels DECREASES tpr. |
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Term
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Definition
| the thicker the blood, the greater the TPR |
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Term
| Blood pressure is measure by: |
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Definition
| by using a SPHYGMOMANOMETER |
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Term
| How is Blood Pressure written? |
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Definition
SYSTOLIC (contraction) over DIASTOLIC (relaxation)
120/80 mmHg |
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Term
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Definition
Total Lung Capacity
total amount of air lungs can hold |
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Term
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Definition
Residual Volume
amount of air left in lungs after max expiration |
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Term
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Definition
Vital Capacity
amount of air you can maximally expire after a maximal inspiration |
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Term
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Definition
Tidal Volume
air actually breathed in normal breathing |
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Term
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Definition
Inspiratory Reserve Volume
amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inspiration |
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Term
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Definition
Expiratory Reserve Volume
amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after normal tidal volume exhalation |
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Term
| What does Exercise do to your blood pressure? |
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Definition
-effects BP by a change in heart rate
-sympathetic NS increases heart rate and increases cardiac output which increases blood pressure |
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Term
| increases when there is an in CO2 |
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Definition
| RESPIRATION increases when there is an INCREASE in CO2 |
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Term
| chemoreceptors sense changes in concentration, this stimulation causes an . |
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Definition
| chemoreceptors sense changes in H+ concentration, this stimulation causes an INCREASE IN RESPIRATION |
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Term
protein that acts as a catalyst in chemical reactions has a specific substrate, has an optimal temperature and pH, activity can be slowed or stopped if temperature or pH is raised or lowered
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Definition
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Term
| Like all proteins, exposure to extreme heat will cause enzymes to |
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Definition
| like all proteins, exposure to extreme heat will cause enzymes to DENATURE |
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Term
| What is pH? and a log measurement of....? |
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Definition
| the measure of relative acidity or alkalinity of a solution, and a log measurement of the percent of H+ |
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Term
| Changes within the digestive tract....pH |
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Definition
mouth: pH 7 (slightly acidic 6.75)
stomach: pH 2 (acidic)
small intestine: pH 8 (alkaline/basic) |
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Term
| What are the 3 main components of food? |
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Definition
| carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins |
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Term
| Carbohydrates are composed of |
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Definition
C, H, O (1:2:1) ratio
sugars and starches (polysaccharides), which are ultimately digested to glucose |
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Term
| What 2 enzymes break down? |
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Definition
salivary amylase (mouth - begins CHO digestion but is not complete)
pancreatic amylase (small intestine) |
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Term
| What are lipids composed of? |
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Definition
| composed of C, H, O, and other elements (phosphorous) |
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Term
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Definition
| glycerol bound to 3 fatty acids |
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Term
| What is a good storage molecule? |
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Definition
| good storage molecules are light and contain lots of energy |
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Term
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Definition
| need fat for phospholipid membranes and organ structures |
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Term
| What is the digestion process?? |
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Definition
bile salts produced to emulsifiy fats (do not digest, just make fatty droplets on which digestive enzymes work), secreted into small intestine (with pancreatic amylase) acts to make fat water soluble
PANCREATIC LIPASE acts to digest the fat using the increase surface area provided by the bile salts, produces fatty acids and glycerol |
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Term
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Definition
| long chains of a combination of the 20 amino acids |
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Term
| What are proteins essential for? |
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Definition
| muscle tissue, enzymes and many other structures |
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Term
| What are the 2 enzymes used to break down proteins? |
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Definition
PEPSIN (from the stomach) - works in an acidic environment (pH 2)
TRYPSIN (small intestine) works in an alkaline environment (pH 8 -11) |
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Term
| What is the heart muscle depolarizes spontaneously in an abscence of external stimulation? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is a continuous manner of depolarization and repolarization of the heart? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the restarting of the heart called? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| decreases force of heart contraction |
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Term
| pacemakers are in the wrong spot eractically and abnormal spots |
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Definition
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Term
| the amount of blood moving through a body area or the entire cardiovascular sstem in a given amount of time |
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Definition
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Term
| opposition to blood flow resulting from the friction developed as blood streams through blood vessels |
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Definition
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Term
| measure of the "thickness" of the blood, and is caused by the presence of proteins and formed elements in the plasma |
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Definition
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Term
| the volume in the ventricles at the end of diastole |
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Definition
| end diastolic volume (EDV) |
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Term
| amount of blood left in ventricles at the end of systole |
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Definition
| END SYSTOLIC VOLUME (ESV) |
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Term
| amount of blood pumped per contraction of each ventricle |
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Definition
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Term
| organic food molecules broken down by enzymes |
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Definition
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Term
| local constrictions of the organ wall that occur rhythmically |
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Definition
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Term
| major means of propelling fod through most of the digestive viscera |
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Definition
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