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Anatomy & Physiology II
Endocrine System & Intro to the Nervous System
49
Anatomy
Graduate
05/21/2009

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Term
infundibulum
Definition
the stalk of the pituitary gland
Term
parathyroid glands
Definition
usually 4 in number, are small glands usually situated on the posterior aspect of the thyroid glands
Term
negative feedback
Definition
is a control loop whereby the product or output of a system acts back on the system to repress or stop its own production
Term
paracrine agents
Definition
are chemical messengers--excluding neurotransmitters--which are released into the intercelluar fluid and which exert their influence on nearby cells
Term
neurotransmitters
Definition
are chemical messengers used by neurons to communicate with each other or with effector cells
Term
neurohormones
Definition
are chemical messengers released by neurons which then travel in the blood to their distant target cells
Term
hormones
Definition
are chemical messengers synthesized by endocrine cells in response to certain stimuli and secreted into the blood, which carries them to distant target cells
Term
hypothalamus
Definition
a region of the brain, largely controls the secretion of hormones by the anterior pituitary
Term
anterior pituitary hormone
Definition
regulates the dhormonal functioning of a distant endocrine gland
Term
adrenal cortex
Definition
is the outermost part of the adrenal gland which releases the adrenal steroid hormones
Term
adrenal medulla
Definition
the innermost part of the adrenal gland which releases the sympathetic hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine
Term
follicular cells
Definition
of the thyroid gland are responsible for the production of the thyroid hormones T3 & T4
Term
Iodine
Definition
a chemical element found in the thyroid hormones T3 & T4
Term
What is the connection between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary gland?
Definition
Mainly neural.
Term
Another name for the anterrior pituitary is?
Definition
adenohypophysis
Term
What is the other name for the posterior pituitary?
Definition
neurohypophysis
Term
What is the neural extention of the posterior pituitary?
Definition
hypothalamus
Term
What kind of cells is the anterior pituitary derived from?
Definition
Epithelial cells in the mouth region which migrate upward in the head.
Term
What is the most important of the mineralcorticoids?
Definition
aldosterone
Term
What are the primary steroid hormones that are made and released by the adrenal cortex?
Definition
corticosteroids
Term
What kind of connection is there between the anterior pituitary gland and they hypothalamus?
Definition
vascular
Term
Islets of Langerhans
Definition
comprise the endocrine portion of the pancreas, which is responsible for releasing glucagon and insulin
Term
acinar cells
Definition
and their ducts comprise the exocrine portion of the pancreas, which releases digestive enzymes into the gastrointestinal tract
Term
Steroid hormones are produced by?
Definition
Ovaries & testes and the adrenal cortex.
Term
What hormone/s are released by the adrenal cortex?
Definition
mineralcorticoids (aldosterone) & glucocorticoids (cortisol)
Term
What hormone/s are released by the adrenal medulla?
Definition
epinephrine and norepinephrine
Term
What hormone/s are released by the hypothalamus?
Definition
corticotropic releasing hormone (CRH)& groth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH/GHIH)
Term
What hormone/s are released by the pancreas?
Definition
glucagon and insulin
Term
What hormone/s are released by the parathyroid glands?
Definition
parathyroid hormone
Term
What hormone/s are released by the anterior pituitary?
Definition
growth hormone, prolactin, sex hormones, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH)
Term
What hormone is released by the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary?
Definition
anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)& oxytocin
Term
What hormone is released by the thyroid gland?
Definition
calcitonin
Term
List three categories of corticosteroid hormones?
Definition
mineralcorticoids, glucocorticoids and gonadocorticoids
Term
What hormone increases the plasma levels of calcium?
Definition
parathyroid hormone
Term
What hormone sets the basal metabolic rate of the body?
Definition
tri-iodothyronine (T3 & T4)
Term
What hormone stimulates cells to take up fuels from the blood?
Definition
insulin
Term
What hormone stimulates milk production by the breasts?
Definition
prolactin
Term
What hormone stimulates the adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids?
Definition
ACTH
Term
What hormone is involved in prolonging and reinforcing the sympathetic response?
Definition
epinephrine
Term
What hormone helps the body prepare to cope with stress: at therapeutic levels, depresses the immune system?
Definition
cortisol
Term
What hormone promotes the absorption of calcium by the intestine; this hormone may be obtained in the diet or synthesized from cholesterol when sunlight falls on exposed skin.
Definition
calcitriol (active vitamin D)
Term
Which hormone stimulates contraction of smooth muscle; and my also be involved in invoking the "good feelings" surrounding such activities as cuddling?
Definition
oxytocin
Term
Which hormone causes the body to conserve sodium at the expense of potassium?
Definition
aldosterone
Term
What hormone stimulates growth in the long bones of the body?
Definition
somatomedins
Term
What is a weak androgenic sex hormone?
Definition
DHEA
Term
What hormone/s causes insertion of water channels into kidney tubular epithelial cells, thus promoting water reabsorption from the forming of urine?
Definition
anti-diuretic hormone
Term
What is the thyroid hormone that lowers blood calcium levels?
Definition
calcitonin
Term
What hormone raises blood glucose levels?
Definition
glucagon
Term
Name two ways the parathyroid hormone acts to conserve or elevate blood calcium levels.
Definition
Releases PTH (parathyroid hormone which cause bone cells to absorb the bony matrix & release calcium and it also causes the kidneys to reabsorb more calcium and convert vitamin D into calcitriol which the body need to absorb calcium from food.
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