Term
| what does the efferent division of the peripheral nervous system consist of? |
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Definition
| -a system motor neurons that is further divided into somatic & autonomic parts |
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Term
| what are the effectors of the somatic part of the efferent division? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the effectors of the autonomic part of the efferent division? |
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Definition
| -smooth & cardiac muscle, glands |
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Term
-what is the pathway for the somatic part of the efferent division?
-autonomic? |
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Definition
-somatic pathway: single neuron
-autonomic pathway: 2 neuron chain with a synapse in between |
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Term
| what are the neurotransmitters for the somatic parts of the efferent division? autonomic? |
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Definition
-somatic neurotransmitters: acetylcholine only
-autonomic: acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine |
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Term
| what is the neurotransmitter effect on target cell for the somatic/autonomic parts of the efferent division? |
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Definition
-somatic: acetylcholine is always excitatory
-autonomic: excitatory or inhibitory |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| refers to something that is associated with acetylcholine (in efferent division of peripheral nervous system) |
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Term
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Definition
| -refers to something that is associated with epinephrine and norephinephrine (in efferent division of peripheral nervous system) |
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Term
| what are cholinergic fibers? |
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Definition
| -neurons that RELEASE acetylcholine (in efferent division of peripheral nervous system) |
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Term
| what are adrenergic fibers? |
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Definition
| -neurons that RELEASE epinephrine & norephinephrine (in efferent division of peripheral nervous system) |
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Term
| what is a cholinergic receptor? |
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Definition
-binds and responds to acetylcholine
-5 subclasses of cholinergic receptors exist
(in efferent division of peripheral nervous system) |
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Term
| what are the 5 subclasses of cholinergic receptors? |
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Definition
-2 are nicotinic (N1 & N2)
-3 are muscarinic (M1, M2, M3) |
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Term
| what is an adrenergic receptor? |
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Definition
-binds and responds to epinephrine and norepinephrine
-4 subclasses exist |
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Term
| what are the 4 subclasses of an adrenergic receptor? |
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Definition
-2 are alpha1 & alpha2
-2 are beta1 & beta2 |
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Term
| what is represented by beta/alpha? M/N? |
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Definition
-beta/alpha = subclasses of cholinergic receptors
-M/N = subclasses of adrenergic receptors |
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Term
| what is a preganglionic fiber? |
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Definition
-neuron whose cell body (soma) lies in the central nervous system (either in the brain or spinal cord)
-these fibers (neurons) release a neurotransmitter that travels across the neuro-neuronal synapse & binds to a second neuron |
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Term
| what cell body (soma) lies in the central nervous system? what part of the central nervous system? |
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Definition
-preganglionic fiber
-either the spinal cord or brain |
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Term
| what do preganglionic fibers release? where do they go? |
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Definition
-neurotransmitter
-they travels across the neuro-neuronal synapse |
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Term
| what is the neuro-neronal synapse concerning the preganglionic fiber? |
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Definition
| -preganglionic fibers release a neurotransmitter that travels across this and binds to a second neuron (postganglionic fibers) |
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Term
| what is a postganglionic fiber? |
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Definition
-neuron whose cell body lies in the peripheral nervous system
-fiber binds to neurotransmitter that is released from preganglionic fiber
-axon extends to the effector organ & the released neurotransmitter binds to receptors on the effector organ |
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Term
| what are the further divisions of the autonomic nervous system? |
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Definition
| -sympathetic & parasympathetic |
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Term
| where do the axons extend in the postganglionic fiber? |
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Definition
| -effector organ (and released neurotransmitter binds to receptors on the effector organ) |
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Term
| are viscera innervated by parasympathetic or sympathetic divisions? what is this referred to as? |
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Definition
-mostly both
-dual innervation |
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Term
| what is dual innervation? |
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Definition
| -when viscera is innervated by both parasympathetic/sympathetic divisions |
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Term
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Definition
-the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions oppose each other in action, and both are active all the time
-one division is usually exhibiting more tone than the other, depending on what the body needs |
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Term
| what does the sympathetic division prepare the body for? |
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Definition
-"fight or flight"
-prepares body to cope with energetic or stressful situations
-uses ATP
ex: increases heart rate, increases blood pressure, decreases digestive functions |
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Term
| what does the parasympathetic division govern? |
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Definition
-"rest and digest"
-controls vegetative or maintanence activities
-conserves ATP
-ex: decreases heart rate, decreases blood pressure, increases digestive functions |
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Term
| where does the preganglionic neuron have an origin? |
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Definition
| -in different sites in the sympathetic and parasympathetic division |
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Term
| where is the origin site for the preganglionic neuron in the sympathetic division? |
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Definition
-thoracic lumbar region of the spinal cord (T1-L2)
-these are spinal nerves |
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Term
| what is important about the thoracic lumbar spinal nerves? (T1-L2) |
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Definition
| -it is the origin site of the preganglionic neuron in the sympathetic division |
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Term
| where is the origin site for preganglionic neuron in the parasympathetic division? |
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Definition
-the brain and sacral region of the spinal cord
-these are cranial nerves and spinal nerves |
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Term
| what nerves house the preganglionic neuron in the parasympathetic division? |
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Definition
| -cranial nerves and spinal nerves (brain and sacral region of spinal cord) |
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Term
| what are examples of cranial nerves? |
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Definition
-oculomotor nerve (III)
-facial nerve (VII)
-glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
-vagus nerve (X) |
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Term
| what is the cranial nerve #3 & what does it innervate? |
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Definition
-oculomotor nerve
- innervates (supplies) the smooth muscle of the eye that influences pupil |
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Term
| what is cranial nerve VII? what does it innervate? |
|
Definition
-facial nerve
innervates:
-nasal glands
-lacrimal glands of the eyes
-sublingual and submandibular salivary glands |
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Term
| what is cranial nerve IX? what does it innervate? |
|
Definition
-glossopharyngeal nerve
innervates:
-paratoid salivary glands |
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Term
| what is cranial nerve X? what does it innervate? |
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Definition
-vagus nerve
-branches into 4 plexuses:
1) cardiac plexus: innervates heart
2) pulmonary plexus: innervates the lungs and the bronchi
3) esophageal plexus: innervates the esophagus
4) descending aortic plexus: innervates most of the abdominal viscera |
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Term
| what percent of the parasympathetic supply is controlled by the vagus cranial nerve? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what does the sacral region of the spinal cord innervate? |
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Definition
-the distal half of the large intestine
-the urinary bladder
-the reproductive organs |
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Term
| what origin is different in the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions? |
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Definition
| -the origin of the ganglia (cell body of the postganglionic fiber |
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Term
| where is the origins of the ganglia in the sympathetic division? what is it called? |
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Definition
-close to the spinal cord
-"sympathetic ganglion chain" |
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Term
| what is the collateral ganglion? |
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Definition
-between the spinal cord and effector organ
-in the sympathetic division |
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Term
| where do some preganglionic fibers synapse? what do these fibers release? what does this release cause? what does this initiate? |
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Definition
-synapses on adrenal medulla
-release acetylcholine (which binds to N1 receptors on the adrenal medulla)
-causes release of epinephrine and norepinephrine from the medullary tissue into the blood stream
-initiates a "system wide sympathetic response" |
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Term
| what is system wide sympathetic response? |
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Definition
| -initiated by the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine from the medullary tissue into the blood stream |
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Term
| where is the origin of the ganglia in the parasympathetic division? what is another name for this? |
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Definition
-close to or in the effector organ
-"terminal ganglion" |
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Term
| what is the terminal ganglion? |
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Definition
| -origin of the ganglia is close to or in the effector organ in the parasympathetic division |
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Term
| what are the 2 types of cholinergic receptors? |
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Definition
| - nicotinic and muscarinic |
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Term
| what happens in nicotinic cholinergic receptors? |
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Definition
-receptor stimulation by Ach ALWAYS results in an excitatory response of the effector cell
-the N2 receptor is on the sarcolemma of skeletal muscle cells and is used during depolarization
-the N2 recepor is ALL postganglionic cell bodies (all ganglia) on the adrenal medulla and is used for neurotransmitter release |
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Term
| when does receptor stimulation always result in an excitatory response of the effector cell? |
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Definition
| -in nicotinic cholinergic receptors |
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Term
| where is the N2 receptor in nicotinic cholinergic receptors? when is it used? |
|
Definition
-on the sarcolemma of skeletal muscle cells
-used during depolarization
-the N2 receptor is on all postganglionic cell bodies on the adrenal medulla |
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Term
| what is used for neurotransmitter release in nicotinic cholinergic receptors? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| what happens in muscarinic cholinergic receptors? |
|
Definition
-receptor stimulation by Ach CAN result in an excitatory or inhibitory response (response depends on the receptor type)
-M1 receptor is located on neural tissue & is excitatory
-M2 receptor is located on the heart & is inhibitory
-it decreases cardiac contractility & also decreases heart rate
-M3 is located on smooth muscle & glands & is excitatory
-increases muscle contraction & increases glandular secretions |
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Term
| where is the M1 receptor in muscarinic cholinergic receptors? is it excitatory or inhibitory? |
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Definition
| -on neural tissue (excitatory) |
|
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Term
| where is the M2 receptor located in muscarinic cholinergic receptors? |
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Definition
| -on the heart & is inhibitory |
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Term
| what does the M2 decrease? |
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Definition
| -cardiac contractility & heart rate |
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Term
| where is the M3 receptor is located in muscarinic cholinergic receptors? excitatory or inhibitory? |
|
Definition
| -smooth muscle and glands (excitatory) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| -muscle contraction & increases glandular secretions |
|
|
Term
| -what are the 2 types adrenergic receptors? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what are the alpha receptors? |
|
Definition
-stimulation by epinephrine and/or norepinephrine generally results in excitatory response like muscle contraction & increase glandular secretions
-exception: the alpha2 receptors on the gut muscles are INHIBITORY |
|
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Term
| -what is the exception alpha2 receptors (from adrenergic receptors) ? |
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Definition
| -the aplha2 receptors on the gut muscles are in inhibitory |
|
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Term
| what are the beta receptors? what is the response? exception? |
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Definition
-beta1 & beta2
-stimulation by epinephrine and/or norepinephrine generally results in an inhibitory response
-exception: beta1 receptors on the heart are excitatory |
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