Term
| what are the 3 pathways that produce ATP? |
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Definition
1) direct phosphorylation of ADP by creatine phosphate (CP)
2) anaerobic respiration/glycolysis
3) aerobic respiration/oxidative phosphorylation |
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Term
what is direct phosphorylation of ADP by creatine phosphate (CP)?
-what is the yield?
-what is CP?
-what is CK? |
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Definition
-one of 3 pathways that produce ATP
- 1 ATP molecule
-an extremely high energy molecule STORED in muscle (1st source of energy)
-creatine kinase, enzyme that adds a phosphate group to ADP |
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Term
_____ + ______ --> ______ + ______
___ |
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Definition
creatine phosphate + ADP --> creatine + ADP
CK |
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Term
| what enzyme adds a phosphate group to ADP? |
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Definition
| creatine kinase (in direct phosphorylation of ADP by CP) |
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Term
what is anaerobic respiration (glycolysis)?
-what is the yield?
-what occurs?
-from where is glucose obtained?
-where is pyruvic acid transferred? |
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Definition
-one of 3 pathways that produce ATP
-2 ATP molecules
-catabolism of glucose into ATP and pyruvic acid
-blood stream OR from breakdown of glycogen stores in muscle (within glycosomes)
-into Kreb's cycle during aerobic respiration |
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Term
| what is found within glycosomes? |
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Definition
-glycogen that is used in anaerobic resp./glycolysis
-it is broken into pyruvic acid |
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Term
what is aerobic respiration (oxidative phosphorylation)?
-what is the yield?
-what occurs? |
|
Definition
-one of 3 pathways that produce ATP
-34 ATP molecules plus the original 2 molecules from glycolysis
-pyruvic acid from glycolysis is transferred into the Kreb's cycle. With mitochondria, high energy bonds are broken and ATP is released |
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Term
| which pathway require oxygen? |
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Definition
| -aerobic/oxidative phosphorylation |
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Term
| What is the Kreb's cycle? |
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Definition
| -in aerobic respiration, when pyruvic acid from glycolysis is transferred and high energy bonds are broken within mitochondria |
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Term
| what breaks down glucose into ATP and pyruvic acid? |
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Definition
| anaerobic respiration/glycolysis |
|
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Term
what do METABOLIC CHARACTERISTICS reveal about muscle fiber?
-what do most muscles contain? |
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Definition
-3 types of skeletal muscle fiber exist:
1) slow oxidative fibers
2) fast glycolytic fibers
3) fast oxidative fibers
-most muscles contain a mixture of fiber types, & predominant type can change based on need |
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Term
explain slow oxidative fibers
-speed of contraction? why?
-what pathway is used?
-what color?
-describe fibers? what stores? |
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Definition
-myosin ATPases work slowly
-slow speed of contraction
-use oxidative phosphorylation (aerobic respiration) for ATP production
-red due to stores of myoglobin (which store oxygen)
-fatigue-resistant & have high endurance |
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Term
| which pathways yield 1, 34, 2 ATP molecules? |
|
Definition
-1 = direct phosphorylation of ADP by creatine phosphate
-2 = glycolysis (anaerobic resp)
-34 =aerobic resp (oxidative phosphorylation) + 2 molecules from glycolysis |
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Term
explain fast glycolytic fibers
-speed of contraction? why?
-which pathway is used?
-color?
-description?
-used for what type of movements? |
|
Definition
-myosin ATPases work quickly
-fast speed of contraction
-glycolysis (no need for oxygen)
-white because they lack myoglobin
-susceptible to fatigue bc of their limited glycogen stores
-used for short term/intense movements |
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Term
explain fast oxidative fibers
-speed of contraction? why?
-which pathway is used?
-what stores do they include? |
|
Definition
-intermediate between slow oxidative fibers & fast glycolytic fibers
-fast speed of contraction
-oxidative phosphorylation & glycolysis
-have glycogen stores within glycosomes & oxygen stores within myoglobin
-pink
-moderately fatigue-resistant |
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Term
| what colors match up with each type of skeletal muscle fiber type? |
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Definition
-slow oxidative-red
-fast glycolytic-white
-fast oxidative-pink |
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Term
| which muscle fiber type has glycogen stores? myoglobin stores? oxygen stores? |
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Definition
-glycogen stores (w/in glycosomes) & oxygen stores (w/in myoglobin) = fast oxidative fibers
-myoglobin stores (that store oxygen) = slow oxidative fibers |
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Term
| what is myasthenia gravis? |
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Definition
-autoimmune disease
-body destroys its own Ach receptors on skeletal muscle, so not all can bind to a receptor to stimulate contraction
-more Ach is inactivated by Ach-esterase than used to contribute to muscle function
-treatment is neostigmine (Ach-esterase blocker)
-it allows Ach to stay active in neuromuscular junction longer, increasing stimulation of functioning receptors |
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Term
| what is the treatment for myasthenia gravis? |
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Definition
-treatment is neostigmine (Ach-esterase blocker)
-it allows Ach to stay active in neuromuscular junction longer, increasing stimulation of functioning receptors |
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