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Anatomy & Physiology Exam 2
Skeletal System: functions and components
55
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
03/02/2010

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Term
What are the 5 main functions of the skeletal system?
Definition

1) support

2) protection

3) movement

4) storage

5) blood cell production

Term
What are the major supporting tissues of the body?
Definition
bones
Term
What does cartilage in a bone provide?
Definition
flexible but firm support
Term
What attaches to bones to hold them together?
Definition
ligaments
Term
what are the 3 components that support the skeletal system?
Definition
bones, cartilage, ligaments
Term
What components in the skeletal system protect the body? in what way?
Definition

1) skull - protects brain

2) vertebrae - protects spinal cord

3) ribcage - protects organs of the chest

Term
What are 2 things stored in bones?
Definition
phosphorus and calcium
Term
What are the roles of calcium in the body?
Definition
1) help with blood clotting
2) electrical signaling in the heart
Term
What are the roles of phosphorus in the body?
Definition
ATP & DNA synthesis
Term
How are new blood cells produced in bone? where and what are produced?
Definition
within bone marrow: RBCs, WBCs, and platelets are produced
Term
what are chondroblasts?
Definition
specialized cells that produce new cartilage matrix
Term
What makes up bone cartilage?
Definition
chondroblasts
Term
When does a chondroblast mature into a chondrocyte?
Definition
when they secrete new matrix and it surrounds them
Term
What is a lacunae?
Definition
the space that a chondrocyte occupies in the cartilage matrix
Term
what is the perichondrium?
Definition
double-layered connective tissue sheath that covers cartilage
Term
What are the layers of the perichondrium?
Definition
inner and outer layers:
1) INNER layer is made of CHONDROBLASTS
2) OUTER layer is made of dense regular connective tissue with FIBROBLASTS
Term
How does cartilage grow?
Definition
2 ways: appositional growth & interstitial growth
Term
What is appositional growth?
Definition
-cartilage growth from the outside
-chondroblasts lay down new matrix on the outside of the tissue
Term
What is interstitial growth?
Definition
-cartilage growth from the inside
-inner chondrocytes rapidly divide and expand the cartilage from within
Term
How many named bones in the human body are there?
Definition
206
Term
What is each bone considered? what does this mean?
Definition
considered an organ made of living tissue
-means that bones can grow and repair
Term
What is the function of the appendicular skeleton? What parts make it up?
Definition
function is movement:
(upper limbs, lower limbs, shoulder girdle, and pelvic girdle)
Term
What is the function of the axial skeleton? what parts make it up?
Definition
protection & support (made up of skull, vertebral column, and ribcage)
Term
What are the 4 different bone shapes?
Definition
long, short, flat, irregular
Term
What do long bones look like? Where are they found? example?
Definition
-longer than they are wide
-most bones of upper and lower limbs
-ex: humerus and tibia
Term
What do short bones look like? What is an example?
Definition
approximately as wide as they are long
-ex: bones of wrist and ankle
Term
What do flat bones look like? What are examples?
Definition
thin, flat, and usually curved
-ex: sternum, ribs, scapula, and some of the skull bones
Term
What do irregular bones look like? examples?
Definition
odd-shaped
-ex: vertebrae and the patella
Term
What is the patella also known as? what kind of bone shape is it?
Definition
irregular bone shape; known as a sesamoid bone
Term
What does long bone structure consist of? (6)
Definition
diaphysis, epiphysis, epiphyseal plate, medullary cavity, periosteum, endosteum
Term
Where is the diaphysis of a long bone and what is it made of?
Definition
the shaft that forms the long axis of bone
-composed of compact bone
Term
What is the epiphysis of long bone? what is it made of?
Definition
the "knobs" at the end of long bones
-mostly made of cancellous/spongy bone
-covered in compact bone
Term
What is the epiphyseal plate in the compact bone? What is it made of?
Definition
an area of growth between the epiphysis & diaphysis
-made of hyaline cartilage
-someone who is no longer growing doesn't have a plate but a line
Term
What is the epiphyseal plate made out of?
Definition
hyaline cartilage
Term
Where is the medullary cavity located?
Definition
in the diaphysis of long bone
-made of bone marrow
Term
What does the diaphysis contain? what is contained even further?
Definition
medullary cavity
-children's diaphysis contains RED bone marrow
-adult's bone marrow in medullary cavity turns to YELLOW marrow
Term
What is the periosteum? how many layers?
Definition
in long bones
-connective tissue membrane that covers the outer surface of the bone (2 layers)
Term
What is the outermost layer of the periosteum made of? what does it contain?
Definition
dense, irregular connective tissue
-contains blood vessels and nerves
Term
What part of the bone contains blood vessels and nerves?
Definition
the outermost layer of the periosteum of long bone (made of dense irregular connective tissue)
Term
What does the innermost layer of the periosteum contain? what do they do?
Definition
osteoblasts and osteoclasts
-osteoblasts are bone-forming cells
-osteoclasts are bone-resorbing cells
Term
what are bone-forming cells and where are they located?
Definition
osteoblasts, located in innermost layer of periosteum
Term
What are bone resorbing cells?
Definition
osteoclasts
Term
What relationship of cells describes osteoblasts and osteoclasts and why?
Definition
antagonistic cells because they perform opposite functions
Term
What are Sharpey's fibers?
Definition
secure tendons and ligaments to the periosteum
Term
What is the endosteum of long bones?
Definition
connective tissue membrane that lines inner bones surfaces
Term
What bones do not usually have a diaphysis or epiphysis?
Definition
flat bones
Term
what is diploe?
Definition
in flat bones, spongy/cancellous bone between 2 layers of compact bone
Term
What do short and irregular bones have in the center?
Definition
a spongy bone center (also with trabecular bone and bone marrow) that is covered in compact bone
Term
how is compact bone organized microscopically?
Definition
into structural units called osteons
Term
what is an osteon?
Definition
structural unit of compact bone
Term
What are lamellae? where located?
Definition
circular layers of bone matrix
-surround a common center for the Haversian canal
Term
What is the haversian canal?
Definition
passageway for blood vessels and nerves in bone
Term
Where are lacunae found? what are they? what do they contain?
Definition
found at junctions of lamellae
-they are small cavities in the matrix
-contain osteocytes
Term
What contains osteocytes in compact bone?
Definition
lacunae
Term
What are canaliculi, where located? what is the purpose?
Definition
-small canals connecting the lamellae to each other and to the haversian canal
-waste and nutrient exchange for osteocytes occurs via the blood cells
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