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Anatomy & Physiology CH 8 Joints
Joints and Articulations
101
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
02/10/2012

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Term
What is a narrow, cleft like opening between adjacent parts of bones through which blood vessels or nerves pass:
Definition
Fissure
Term
What is a space etween skull bones at birth, filled with dense fibrous connective tissue
Definition
Fontanel
Term
what is a Hole; generally blood vessels or nerves pass through
Definition
Foramen
Term
Depression
Definition
Fossa
Term
A groove that accomodates a soft structure such as blood vessell, nerve or tendon
Definition
Sulcus
Term
Bump or rough area
Definition
Tubercle
Term
Rough area, bigger than a tubercle
Definition
Tuberosity
Term
Even bigger rough area
Definition
Trochanter
Term
Sharp Projection
Definition
Spine
Term
Ridge, but not very prominent
Definition
Line
Term
Prominent ridge
Definition
Crest
Term
Expanded end of bone
Definition
Head
Term
Raised surface or bump
Definition
Chondyle
Term
Bump on a bump
Definition
Epichondyle
Term
Long tunnel
Definition
Canal
Term
Membrane lined tunnel
Definition
Meatus
Term
Name the bones of the hand using the sentence;
Steve left the party to take Cathy home
Definition
Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform, Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate
Term
Name the bones on the foot using the sentence:
Most Individuals Like Cherries N Their Coke
Definition
Medial Cuneiform
Intermediate Cuneiform
Laterial Cuneiform
Cuboid
Navicular
Talus
Calcaneus
Term
What are the three (Anatomical) Structural Classifications of Joints:
Definition
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial
Term
Define: Articulation
Definition
A point of contact between bones, between cartilage and bones or between teeth and bones
Term
Define Arthrology:
Definition
Scientific study of joints
Term
Describe a Fibrous Joint:
Definition
No joint Cavity
Fibrous
Term
Describe a Cartilaginous Joint
Definition
No joint cavity
Cartilage
Term
Describe a Synovial Joint
Definition
Most Numerous
Contains a joint cavity
Ligaments
Surrounded by a capsule
Term
Describe the three (3) Functional (Physiological) characterists of joints:
Definition
Synarthroses
Amphiarthroses
Diarthroses
Term
Describe Synarthroses Joints
Definition
Tight fitting joint
Immoveable
Term
Describe Amphiarthroses Joints
Definition
Slightly moveable
Term
Describe Diarthroses Joints
Definition
Freely Moveable
Term
Define the the four (4) types of Synarthroses type of Joints:
Definition
Suture
Synostosis
Synchondrosis
Gomphosis
Term
Define the two (2) types of Amphiarthroses Joints
Definition
Symphysis
Syndesmosis
Term
Describe a suture;
Definition
Found only between bones of the skull
Fibrous joint
dense fibrous connective tissue
Synarthroses
Term
Describe a Synostosis joint:
Definition
Synarthroses
Bony joint
complete fusion of bone across a suture line
Term
Describe a synchondrosis:
Definition
Synarthroses
Cartilaginous joint
Hyaline Cartilage
Example: Epiphysial plate
Term
Describe a Gomphosis Joint:
Definition
Synarthroses
Fibrous joint in which a cone shape peg fits into a socket
Example: Teeth
Peridontal ligament
Term
Describe a Symphysis Joint:
Definition
Amphiarthroses:
More moveable than synchondrosis
Cartilaginous joint - Fibrous cartilage
Fibers fuse into bone
Example: Intervertebral disc and pubic symphysis
Term
Describe a Syndesmosis Joint:
Definition
Amphiarthroses
Fibrous joint with considerable more fibrous connective tissue than a suture
More flexible and movement
Example: Interosseus membrane of tibia and fibula
Term
Describe the characteristics of a Synovial Joint
Definition
1. Joint Cavity
2. Joint Capsule
3. Synovial Fluid
4. Articular Cartilage
5. Ligaments
6. Bursae
7. Menisci
Term
Describe a Synovial Joint Capsule:
Definition
Fibrous dense irregular CT
Synovial Membrane - simple squamous
Term
What kind of fluid is in Synovial Fluid
Definition
Albumin
Water
Hyaluronic Acid
Term
What is Articular Cartilage made of
Definition
Hyaline Cartilage
Term
What is Ligaments made of
Definition
Dense regular CT
Term
What are the characteristics of Bursae
Definition
Sack containing synovial fluid
Reduces Friction
Resembles joint capsule
Isolated between skin and bone in places where skin rubs over bone
Also found between tendons and bones, muscles and bone and within articular capsule
Term
Describe Menisci
Definition
Fibrocartilage pad
Compressive Shock
Term
What is a Diathroses Joint:
Definition
Synovial Joint - Freely Moveable
Term
Name the Types of Diathroses (Synovial Joint) Movements
Definition
Gliding
Hinge
Joint
Pivot Joint
Ellipsoidal Joint (Condyloid)
Saddle Joint
Ball and Socket
Term
Describe a Gliding Joint
Definition
All Gliding Joints are synovial
Non Axial
2 Flat bones come together
Only side to side and back and forth movement

Example: Bones of hand, bones wiggle and slid around where flat surfaces come together
Term
Describe a Hinge Joint
Definition
Uniaxial (1 direction)
Conves surface of 1 bone fits into the concave surface of another bone
Example: Knee, elbow or Ankle
Term
Describe a Pivot Joint
Definition
Rotating Joint
Spinning / Rotating
Rounded or pointed surface of 1 bone articulates within a ring formed partly by another bone and party by a ligament
Example: Atlas & Axis; Ulna & Radius
Term
Describe an Ellipsoidal Joint:
Definition
AKA Condyloid Joint
Biaxial movement
Oval shaped condyle of 1 bone fits into an elliptical cavity of another
bone
Example: Joint at wrist between radius and carpal
Term
Describe Saddle Joint
Definition
Articular surface of one bone is saddle-shaped, and the articular surface of the other bone is shaped like the legs of a rider sitting in the saddle
Modified condylar joint
Example: Joint between trapezium of the carpals and metacarpal of the thumb
Term
Describe a Ball and Socket Joint
Definition
Triaxial Movement - most degree of motion

Consists of a ball like surface of 1 bone fitted into a cup like depression of another bone

Example: Shoulder joint, Hip Joint
Term
What are the three types of Movement of Diarthroses (Synovial Joints):
Definition
Angular
Circiular
Gliding
Special
Term
Name the types of Angular type of Movements:
Definition
Flexion - Decreased angle

Extension - Increases angle only to 180 degree

Hyperextension - increase angle beyond 180 degree

Abduction - move away from the long axis of the body

Adduction - move toward the long axis of the body
Term
Describe Flexion and give an example:
Definition
Decreases the angle

Example: Standing on 1 leg
bowing the head, leaning the body anteriorly forward, bending the head to touch the mandible to the chest
Term
Describe Extension and give an example:
Definition
Increases angle only to 180 degrees

Example: Lowering the elbow to the axial of the body, standing on both feet from a 1 legged stance, look at the stars
Term
Describe hyperextension and give an example:
Definition
Increase angle beyond 180 degrees

Example: Backbending of the spine
Term
Describe Abduction and give an example:
Definition
Move away from the long axis of the body

Example: Spreading the fingers out like a catchers mit. Raising the arm outward parallel to the shoulder like
Term
Describe Adduction and give an example:
Definition
Move toward the long axis of the body

Example: Palm with all of the fingers touching each other (royal wave), Lowering the arm to the side
Term
What are the two Circiular Movements:
Definition
Rotation - bone spins on own axis
Circumduction - cone shaped motion
Term
Describe Rotation and give an example:
Definition
Bone spins on own axis

Example: Raising arm at elbow and moving it in front of the waist close to the body (lateral rotation)
Term
Describe circumduction and give an example:
Definition
Cone Shaped Motion

Example: Movement of arm at the shoulder joint performing a circular movement
Term
Describe a Gliding Motion
Definition
The surface of one bone moves back and forth and from side to side over another surface.

Example: 2 Flat bones come together, move side to side or back and forth

Example: Carpal joints, tarsal joint
Term
What are the special Movements;
Definition
Inversion
Eversion
Dorsiflexion
Plantar Flexion
Protraction
Retraction
Supination
Pronation
Elevation
Depression
Term
Describe Inversion and provide example:
Definition
Turning sole of foot inward
Term
Describe Eversion and provide example:
Definition
Turning sole of foot outward
Term
Describe Dorsiflexion
Definition
Pointing toes upward
Term
Describe Plantar Flexion
Definition
Pointing toes downward (like a ballerina)
Term
Describe Protraction
Definition
Moving Forward

Example: Moving the mandible outward, the up phase of doing a push up
Term
Describe Retraction:
Definition
Move Backward

Example: Moving mandible back to the original position
Term
Describe Supination
Definition
Palm turned anteriorly or superiorly
Term
Describe Pronation
Definition
Palm turned posteriorly or inferiorly
Term
Describe Elevation
Definition
Movement upward

Example: Shrugging the shoulders upward or closing the mandible
Term
Describe Depression
Definition
Movement Downward

Moving the shoulders downward or opening the mandible
Term
Describe Opposition:
Definition
Thumb touching the pinky
Term
What type of joint is the Interveterbral Joint
Definition
Fibrous and amphiathrotic
Term
What are the movements of the hip joint
Definition
Abduction / Adduction
Circumduction
Lateral and Medial Rotation
Flexion and Extension
Term
What are the movements of the knee joint
Definition
Extension / Flexion
Rotation
Term
What are the movements of the elbow joint
Definition
Flexion / extension
Term
What is the Acetabular Labrum
Definition
A rim of fibrocartilage around the margin of the acetabulum
Term
What type of joint is the Glenohumeral
Definition
Diathrotic Synovial
Ball and socket
Term
What type of a joint is the Acrominoclavicular (Acromion of Ulna and Clavicle)
Definition
Term
What kind of a joint is the Iliofemoral (Ilium & Femur)
Definition
Synovial, Diathrotic, Ball and Socket
Term
What kind of joint is the Hip (Coxal) Joint
Definition
Ball and socket - synovial, Diathrotic

Head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum

Good ROM but limited by the deep socket and strong ligament
Term
What type of joint are between the vertebrae
Definition
Gliding Joints
Diathrotic and synovial
Between superior and inferior facets
Stabilized by ligaments
Term
What are some of the joints in the hip
Definition
Term
Where is the Ligamentum Teres
Definition
Ligament of femoral head is located at the hip joint
Term
Where is the ischiofemoral ligament
Definition
Hip joint
Term
What type of joint is the Glenohumeral
Definition
Ball and socket - synovial / diathrotic

Head of humerus articulates with the glenoid fossa of the scapula

Stabilized by ligaments

Stability sacrificed for ROM
Term
Where is the Glenohumeral joint:
Definition
Shoulder
Term
Where is the Coracohumeral
Definition
Shoulder
Term
Where is the Coracoacromial
Definition
Shoulder
Term
Where is the Acrominoclavicular ligament
Definition
Shoulder
Term
Where is the Coracoclavicular ligament
Definition
Shoulder
Term
What four (4) tendons encircle the shoulder joint that make up the rotator cuff
Definition
Subscapularis
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres Minor
Term
What type of joint is the Elbow Joint
Definition
Synovial, diathrotic, Hinge

Allows flexion and extension only

Radius and Ulna articulates with the humerus

Strong Ligaments
Term
what is the Largest 3 joints in one Hinge?
Definition
Knee Joint
Term
What does ACL stand for
Definition
Anterior Cruciate Liagment
Term
What is partial dislocation of a joint
Definition
Subluxation
Term
What is Bursitis
Definition
Infammation of bursa, usually caused by a blow or friction

Symptoms are pain and swelling

Treated with anti-flammatory drugs, excessive fluid may be aspirated
Term
What is Tendonitis
Definition
Inflammation of tendon sheaths typically caused by overuse

Symptoms: Pain and swelling, treatment is anti-flammatory druds
Term
What is Arthritis
Definition
Degenerative disease that damages the joint

Acute forms caused by bacteria and are treated with antibotics

chronic Forms are:
Osteoarthritis
Rheumatoic arthritis
Gout

Arthritis is the most wide spread crippling disease in the US
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