Term
epidermis of integumentary system consists of......
Cells (2) of the epidermis consist of...
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Definition
keratinized stratified squamous epithelia
melanocytes and kerinocytes |
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Term
| % of melanocytes in lower epidermis |
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Definition
| 10-25% in lower epidermis |
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Term
| Epidermal Dendritic(Langerhans)cells |
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Definition
| Macrophages that help activate immune system |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| STRATUM CORNEUM(HORNY LAYER) |
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Definition
| the most superficial. consist of 20-30 sheets of dead keratinized cells. Make up 80% of epidermis. Funtions in protecting from abrasion and penetration, waterproofs, serves as a barrier against biological, chemical, and physical assaults |
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Term
| STRATUM LUCIDUM( CLEAR LAYER ) |
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Definition
| thin transparent band only in thick skin. Consists of a few rows of dead Keratinocytes. |
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Term
| STRATUM GRANULOSUM(GRANUAL LAYER) |
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Definition
| Thin. 3-5 layers in which cells flatten, It is where keratohyaline & Lamellated granules accumilate |
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Term
| STRATUM SPINOSUM ( PRICKLY LAYER ) |
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Definition
| Contains abundant melanin granules and dendric cells. Cells contain a weblike system of intermediate prekeratin filaments attatched to Desmosomes |
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Term
| STRATUM BASALE ( BASAL LAYER) |
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Definition
| AKA Stratum Germinativum. Deepest epidermal layer that is attatched to the dermis. Consists of a single row of stem cells that undergo rapid division. Journey from Basal (bottom) to surface of skin (corneum) takes 25-45 days. |
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Term
DESCRIBE DERMIS.........
CELLS IN DERMIS......... |
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Definition
a strong flexible connective tissue.
Cells include fibroblasts, macrophages, and occasionally mast cells & White blood cells. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| DERMIS OCCASIONALLY HAS THESE 2 CELLS |
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Definition
| Mast cells and white blood cells |
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Term
| DERMIS OCCASIONALLY HAS THESE 2 CELLS |
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Definition
| Mast cells and white blood cells |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| PAPILLARY LAYER ( OF DERMIS ) |
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Definition
| . This layer consists of Areolar connective tissue with collagen fibers, elastin fibers, and blood vessels |
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Term
| DERMAL PAPILLAE CONTAIN(3) |
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Definition
| 1. Capillary loops 2. Meissners Corpuscles( they sense touch) 3.Free nerve endings. |
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Term
| RETICULAR LAYER (OF DERMIS) |
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Definition
| 80% of the thickness of dermis. Contains collagen fibers that produce strength and resiliency & Elastin fibers that provide stretch recoil properties. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Friction Ridges(fingertips)
2. Cleavage lines |
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Term
| FRICTION RIDGES ( SKIN MARKINGS) |
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Definition
| When epidermal ridges lie atop deeper dermal papillary ridges to form friction ridges of fingertips. |
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Term
| Cleavage lines ( skin markings) |
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Definition
| AKA Tension Lines. Consist of collagen fibers arranged in bundles to form tension lines. Incisions made parallel to cleavage lines to heal more easily. |
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Term
| (SKIN COLOR) 3 PIGMENTS CONTRIBUTE TO SKIN COLOR |
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Definition
1. Melanin
2. Carotene
3. Hemoglobin |
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Term
| MELANIN (skin color pigment) |
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Definition
Produced in melanocytes and then migrates to keratinocytes where it forms "pigment shields" for nuclei.
Can be yellow to reddish brown to black(responsible for dark skin colors.) Includes Freckles and Pigmented moles which are local accumilations of melanin. |
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Term
| (skin color pigment) Carotene |
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Definition
| Ranges from yellow to orange. Most obvious in the palms and soles. |
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Term
| (skin color pigment) Hemoglobin |
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Definition
| Responsible for pinkish hue of the skin. |
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Term
| DERIVATIVES OF THE EPIDERMIS(5) |
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Definition
1. Sweat (subdoriferous)Glands
2. Oil ( sebaceuos) Glands
3. Hairs
4. Hair follicles
5. Nails |
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Term
| 2 main types of subodoriferous Glands |
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Definition
1. Eccrine (aka merocrine)
2. Apocrine |
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Term
| ECCRINE(MEROCRINE)GLAND. (SUBODORIFEROUS GLAND) |
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Definition
| aka merocrine glands. Most abundant gland and funtion in thermoregulation. Abundant on palms, soles, and forehead. DUCTS CONNECT TO PORES. Sweat consists of 99% water, NaCl, vitamin C, antibodies, dermcidin, and metabollic wastes. |
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Term
| APOCRINE GLAND (SUBODORIFEROUS SWEAT GLAND) |
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Definition
| Confined to axillary and anogenital areas. Funtional from puberty onward. Sebum consists of sweat+ fatty substances and protiens. EXamples of 2 specialized apocrine glands are --mammary glands-- and --ceruminous glands-- |
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Term
| EXAMPLES OF 2 SPECIALIZED APOCRINE GLANDS |
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Definition
1. Mammary Glands
2. Ceruminous Glands- in external ear canal; secretes cerumen (ear wax) |
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Term
| SPECIALIZED APOCRINE GLAND: CERUMINOUS GLANDS |
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Definition
| located in external ear canal; secrete cerumen(ear wax) |
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Term
| DESCRIBE SEBACEOUS (OIL) GLANDS |
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Definition
| Widely distributed. Most develop from hair follicles & become active at puberty. SEBUM is an oily holocrine secretion; bactericidal; softens hair and skin |
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Term
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Definition
1. alerting the body to presence of insects on the skin
2. Guarding the scalp against physical trauma, heat loss, and sunlight |
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Term
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Definition
| entire surface except palms, soles, lips, nipples, and portions of external genitalia. |
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Term
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Definition
-Consist of dead keratinized cells
-Contains Hard keratin; more durable than soft keratin of skin. Hair pigment melanins are yellow, rust brown, or black. Gray or white hair results from decreased melanin production and increased air bubbles in shaft. |
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Term
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Definition
| extendes from tbe epidermal surface into dermis. 2 layered cell wall with outer connective tissue root sheath& Inner epithelial root sheath. Hair bulb is the expanded deep end. |
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Term
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Definition
consists of a hair follicle receptor(root hair plexus) that has sensory nerve endings around each hair bulb & is stimulated by bending a hair.
Consists of Arrector Pili" which is a smooth muscle attatched to a follicle, responsible for goose bumps. |
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Term
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Definition
1 Vellus( pale, fine body hair of children and adult females)
2 Terminal- (the coarse, long hair of eyebrows, scalp, axillary, and pubic regions) |
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Term
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Definition
Growth Phase(lasts weeks to years)followed by Regressive Stage & Resting Phase (1-3 months)
Growth phase varies (6-10 years in scalp) and (3-4 months in eyebrows) |
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Term
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Definition
| A scalelike modification of the epidermis on the distal, dorsal, surface of fingers and toes |
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Term
| EXAMPLE OF PROTECTION THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM PROVIDES |
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Definition
| The low PH secretions( acid mantle) and defensins retard bacterial activity. |
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Term
| 6 PRIMARY FUNTIONS OF THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM |
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Definition
1.Form Physical/Mechanical/Biological barriers.
2. Body temperature regulation.
3. Cutaneous sensations( temp, touch and pain)
4. Metabolic Funtions.
5. Blood Reservoir
6.Excretion |
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Term
(PRIMARY FUNTION OF INTEG. 1 OF 6)
PHYSICAL/MECHANICAL/ BIOLOGICAL BARRIERS |
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Definition
EX. OF PHYSICAL: keratin and glycolipids block most of water soluble substances.
EX OF MECHANICAl: Limited penetration of the skin by lipid-soluble substances such as plant oleoresins(poison ivy for ex), organic solvents, salts of heavy metals, and some drugs
EX. OF BIOLOGICAL- Dendritic cells, macrophages, and DNA. |
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Term
(FUNCTION OF INTEG. 2 OF 6)
BODY TEMPERATURE REGULATION |
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Definition
500 ml a day of routine insensible perspiration( at normal body temp.)
Al elevated temperature, the dermal blood vessels become dilated and sweat gland activity increases to cool the body (sensible perspiration) |
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Term
(FUNTION OF INTEG. 3 OF 6)
CUTANEOUS SENSATIONS |
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Definition
| Temperature, touch, and pain. |
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Term
(FUNCTION OF INTEG. 4 OF 6)
METABOLIC FUNCTION |
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Definition
chemical conversion of carcinogens and some hormones.
Ex: Synthesis of vitamin D precursur and collagenase |
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Term
(FUNCTION OF INTEG. 5 0F 6)
BLOOD RESERVOIR |
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Definition
| Up to 5% of bodys blood volume in Dermis |
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Term
| 3 MAJOR TYPES OF SKIN CANCER |
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Definition
1.BASAL CELL CARCINOMA- most often found in fair skinned people. Most common but least malignant.
2. SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA- second most common and often seen in darker complexions.
3. MELANOMA- Most dangerous. |
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Term
| PASSIVE PROCESSES-FACILIATED-USING CARRIER OR CHANEL PROTIENS (what do the molecules do) |
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Definition
| large molecules change shape. |
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Term
| (A type of passive process) SIMPLE DIFFUSION |
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Definition
| Very small, nonpolar molecules can simply diffuse |
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Term
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Definition
| Most dangerous. Involves melanocytes. Highly Metastatic(spreadable) and resistant to chemotherapy. Treated by wide surgical excision accompanied by immunotherapy |
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Term
| (skin cancer) SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA |
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Definition
| Involves keratinocytes of stratum spinosum. Most common in scalp, ears, lower lip, and hands. Good prognosis if treated by radiation therapy or removed surgically. |
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Term
| (4) examples of ORGANIC COMPOUNDS.. |
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Definition
| Carbohydrates, lipids, protiens, and nucleic acid.These are all Macromolecules. |
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Term
| RETICULAR LAYER OF DERMIS |
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Definition
| 80% of the thickness of dermis. Consist of collagen fibers and elastin fibers. (collagen fibers provide strength and resilency, and elastin fibers provid stretch and recoil properties) |
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Term
| VEHICULAR TRANSPORT USED WHEN |
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Definition
| used when moving large amounts of material in and out of cells |
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Term
| skin color: 3 PIGMENTS CONTRIBUTE TO SKIN COLOR |
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Definition
1. Melanin
2. Carotene
3. Hemoglobin |
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Term
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Definition
| Responsible for the pinkish hue of skin |
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Term
| DERIVATIVES OF THE EPIDERMIS(5) |
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Definition
1. Subodoriferous (sweat) Glands
2. Sebaceous (oil) Glands
3. Hairs
4. Hair Follicles
5. Nails |
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Term
| (specialized apocrine glands)CERUMINOUS GLANDS: |
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Definition
| Located in the external ear canal; secretes cerumen(ear wax) |
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Term
| 2 MAIN TYPES OF SUBODORIFEROUS GLANDS |
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Definition
1. Eccrine (merocrine)
2. Apocrine |
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Term
| rules to identify melanoma ABCD Rule |
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Definition
A- asymetry
B- border exibits indentations
C- Color is black,brown, tan, and sometimes red or blue
D- Diameter is larger than 6mm( size of pencil eraser) |
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Term
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Definition
| tissue damage, denatured protiens, and cell death |
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Term
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Definition
| Heat, electricity, radiation, and certain chemicals |
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Term
| IMMEDIATE THREAT OF BURN IF... |
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Definition
| Dehydration and electrolyte imbalance leading to renal shutdown and circulatory shock. |
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Term
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Definition
| used to estimate the volume of fluid loss from burns |
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Term
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Definition
1. FIRST DEGREE BURNS- damage only effects epidermis, there will be localized redness, edema( swelling) and pain.
2. SECOND DEGREE- epidermal and upper dermal damage; blisters appear |
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Term
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Definition
| 3RD DEGREE- where the entire thickness of skin is damaged; color is cherry-red, gray-white, or black. No initial edema or pain(because nerve endings have been destroyed). Skin grafting is usually necessary |
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Term
| severity of burns; CRUCIAL IF |
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Definition
25% or more of body has second degree burns.
10% or more of body has third degree burns.
Face, hands, or feet bear 3rd degree burns |
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Term
| GLOBULAR (FUNTIONAL) PROTIENS |
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Definition
| they are compact, spherical, water soluble, and sensitive to enviornmental changes. Located in specific funtional regions(active sites) EX: antibodies, hormones, molecular chaperones, and enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
| Ionic compounds that dissosciate in water. Contain cations other that H+ and anions(-) other than OH-. Ions (elecrtolyes) conduct electrical currents in a solution; play special role in body funtions. EX: sodium, potassium, calcium, and iron. |
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Term
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Definition
| Atoms with 1 or 2 valence shell electrons. EX: sodium |
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Term
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Definition
| Atoms with 6 or 7 valence shell electrons. EX: oxygen |
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Term
| HYDROPHILLIC POLAR MOLECULES RESULT FROM... |
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Definition
| unequal sharing by atoms with different elecron-attracting abilities. EX:H2O |
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Term
| HYRDROPHOBIC NONPOLAR MOLECULES RESULT FROM |
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Definition
| Equal sharing of electrons.EX:CO2 |
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Term
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Definition
| Equal in number to protons in atom. 1/2000 the mass of a proton |
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Term
| THORACIC CAVITY SUBDIVISIONS |
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Definition
2 Pleural cavity.
Mediastinum (Contains pericardial cavity and surround thoractic organs)
Pericardial cavity
Abdominopelvic cavity
Pelvic cavity |
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Term
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Definition
| contains the pericardial cavity and surround thoracic organs. |
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Term
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Definition
| thoracic from the abdominopelvic |
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Term
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Definition
| Response enchances or exagerates to original stimulus; usually controls infrequent events. EX: (child birth) Labor. |
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Term
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Definition
| the ECF filling the narrow spaces between cells of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| the response reduces or shuts off the original stimulus. EX: regulation of body temperature; regulation of blood volume. |
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Term
| STRATIFIED COLUMBNAR EPITHELIA |
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Definition
| Rare; provides protection; only superficial cells are columbnar. Occurs at transition areas between 2 other types of epithelia.Located along portions of the pharynx, epiglottis, anus, urethra, and along a few large excretory Ducts. |
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Term
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Definition
| ONE or more cells that makes and secretes an aqueous fluid; range from scattered cells to complex grandular organs/ |
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Term
| GLANDULAR EPITHELIA CLASSIFIED BY (2) |
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Definition
Site of product release -endocrine or exocrine.
Relative number of cell forming the gland(unicellular or multicellular) |
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Term
| 6 FUNTIONS OF MEMBRANE PROTIENS |
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Definition
| Transport, receptors for signal transduction, attatchment to cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix, enzymatic activity, Intracellular joining, and cell-to-cell recognition |
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Term
| MEMBRANE LIPIDS CONTAIN(3) |
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Definition
75% PHOSPHOLIPIDS
5% GLYCOLILPIDS
20% CHOLESTEROL(increases membrane stability and fluidity) |
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Term
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Definition
threadlike strands of 30% DNA, 60% Histone Protiens, and 10% RNA.
Shortens, thickens, condenses, and organizes to form chromosomes. when a cell is dividing, chromatin becomes chromosomes. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Double membrane barrier containing pores with outer layer being continuous with Rough ER and bearing ribosomes.
Pore complex regulates transport of large molecules into and out of cell.
Nuclear Lamina( inner lining) maintains the shape of nucleus. |
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Term
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Definition
| exists in Skeletal Muscle Cells, Bone Destruction Cells, and some Liver Cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Inner lining of nuclear envelope, maintains shape of nucleus |
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Term
| CELLULAR EXTENSIONS: CILIA AND FLAGELLA |
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Definition
| Only on the surfaces of certain cells. Contain Microtubules and Motor Molecules. Cilia move substances across cell surfaces. Longer flagella propel whole cells(ex: tail of sperm) |
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Term
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Definition
| Dynamic actin strands attatched to cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane. Involved in cell motility, change in shape, endocytosis and exocytosis. EX: Actin and Myosin |
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Term
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Definition
| They are tough, insoluble, ropelike protien fibers that resist pulling forces on the cell and attatch to desmosomes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of GLANDULAR EPITHELIA; DUCTLESS GLANDS; secrete hormones directly into interstitial fluid. |
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Term
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Definition
| it is a GLANDULAR EPITHELIA; IT HAS DUCTS; secretes products into ducts which are released onto body surfaces or into body cavities. More numerous than endocrine. EX: Mucous, Sweat, Oil, and Salivary Glands |
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Term
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Definition
| most abundant and widely distributed |
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Term
| 4 CLASSES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE |
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Definition
1. connective tissue proper
2. Cartilage
3. Bone Tissue
4. Blood |
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Term
| THE MOST DISTINGUISHED CHARACTERISTIC OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE |
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Definition
| Cells are separated by nonliving extracellular matrix(fibers and ground substance) |
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Term
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Definition
Mesenchyme as their common tissue of origin
Varying degrees of vascularity( blood vessels)
Cells separated by nonliving extracellular matrix(ground substance and fibers) |
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Term
| EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX CONSISTS OF 2 THINGS |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| also known as the "glue" that joins all connective tissue together. Medium through which solutes diffuse between blood capillaries and cells. |
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Term
| (connective tissue) 3 TYPES OF FIBERS |
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Definition
1. Collagen ( white fibers )- makes it strong; most abundant and provides high tensile strength.
2. Elastic- stretches and recoil
3. Reticular- Short, fine, highly branched collagenous fibers; make up some major organs like liver and spleen. |
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Term
| (connective tissue) RETICULAR FIBER |
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Definition
| Short, fine, highly-branched collagenous fibers; make up some major organs like liver and spleen |
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Term
| CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER TYPES.. |
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Definition
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Term
| (Structural elements of connective tissue-cells) "BLASTS" |
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Definition
| means mitotically active and secretory cells |
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Term
| (structural elements of connective tissue) "CYTES" |
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Definition
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Term
| FIBROBLASTS IN CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER |
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Definition
| produce fibers and serve as a structural element of connective tissue. |
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Term
| HEMATOPHOIETIC STEM CELLS IN BONE MARROW |
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Definition
| produce red blood cells and serve as a structural element of connective tissue. |
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Term
| STRUCTUAL ELEMENTS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE(cells) |
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Definition
| "blasts" , "cytes," fibroblasts, chrondoblasts and chrondocytes in cartilage, osteoblasts and osteocytes, hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow, fat cells, white blood cells, mast cells, and macrophages |
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Term
| CHRONDOBLASTS PRODUCES... |
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Definition
| chrondocytes in cartilage. |
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Term
| (connective tissue proper type) LOOSE-3 TYPES OF (LOOSE) |
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Definition
1. AREOLAR: holds water, fills space, and wraps and cusions organs
2. ADIPOSE: fat cells
3. RETICULAR:(branched)connective tissue that forms inner framework |
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Term
| (connective tissue type) DENSE-3 TYPES OF DENSE-> |
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Definition
1. DENSE REGULAR- when fibers run parallel
2.DENSE IRREGULAR: Fibers run in different directions
3.ELASIC
Example of Dense: tendons and ligaments |
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Term
| CONECTIVE TISSUE: CARILAGE (3 TYPES) |
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Definition
HYALINE- most common ex: nasal cartilage
ELASTIC- Ex: outer ear
FIBROCARTILAGE: Extremely durable and tough. Ex: Between the vertebrae |
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Term
| NERVOUS TISSUE CONSIST OF 2 THINGS( :):):) the two "N"s:):):) ) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
LINES a body cavity that does not open directly to the exterior and COVERS organs within the cavity
EX: Mesothelium & Areolar tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| Lines Joints. Contain only connective tissue no epithelium. Secretes a lubricating synovial fluid. |
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Term
| MICROVILLI ABUNDANT ON EPITHELIAL SURFACES WHERE.... |
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Definition
| Most abundant in places where absorption and secretions take place, such as long portions of the digestive and urinary tracts |
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Term
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Definition
| They are anchoring juntions, they anchor the cells together. These exist where lots of stress occur such as heart muscle cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| AKA transport protiens, they go all the way through. Firmly inserted into membrane and transport protiens(channels and carriers), enzymes, or receptors |
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Term
| NONCELLULAR BASAL LAMINA OF GLYCOPROTIEN & COLLAGEN LIES ADJACENT |
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Definition
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Term
| EPITHELIAL TISSUE IS COMPOSED OF WHAT KIND OF CELLS? |
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Definition
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Term
| EPITHELIAL TISSUE IS COMPOSED OF CONTINUOS SHEETS HELD TOGETHER BY WHAT 2 JUNTIONS?... |
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Definition
| Tight Juntions and Desmosomes |
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Term
| CONNECTIVE TISSUE IN EPITHELIA LIES UNDER.. |
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Definition
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Term
| EPITHELIAL TISSUE: DOES IT HAVE BLOOD VESSELS OR NERVES? |
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Definition
| epithelial tissue is avascular but innervated which mean that it has no blood vessels but has nerves |
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Term
| DOES EPITHELIAL TISSUE HAVE A HIGH RATE OF REGENERATION? |
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Definition
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Term
| SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIA |
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Definition
| Most delicate and located where absorption and diffusion takes place. Located in slippery places to reduce friction. Located in respiratory exchange (alveoli) of lungs, endothelium and mesothelium. |
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Term
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Definition
| lining of lymphatic vessels, blood vessels, and heart |
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Term
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Definition
| the epithelium of serous membranes in the ventral body cavity. |
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Term
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Definition
| they are dynamic hollow tubes. Most radiate from the centrosome. They determine the overall shape of cell and distribution of organelles. |
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Term
| STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM |
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Definition
| RARE; typically two layers thick. Located along the ducts of sweat glands & in larger ducts of the mammary glands. |
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Term
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Definition
- cells are the basic unit of life
-organismal funtions depend on individual and collective cell funtions
-biochemical activities of cells are dictated by their specific subcellular structures.
-continuity of life has a cellular basis |
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Term
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Definition
Osmosis
Simple diffusion
Carrier-mediated diffusion
Channel-mediated faciliated diffusion |
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Term
| "QUATERNARY" LEVEL IN PROTIEN STRUCTURE |
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Definition
| two or more polypeptide chains, each with its own unique shape combined to form a structure |
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Term
| "TERTIARY" LEVEL IN PROTIEN STRUCTURE |
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Definition
| When the folding of a peptide chain happens |
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Term
| "SECONDARY" LEVEL IN PROTIEN STRUCTURE |
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Definition
| Structure forms spirals or pleats formed by a hydrogen bond |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of lipid. These are waxes like cholesterol. From cholesterols nucleus we can make things like estadiol, estrogen, and testosterone |
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Term
| (neutral fats) UNSATURATED FATS |
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Definition
| Considered an oil. (plant fat) These have one or more double bonds and fewer hydrogens. EX: peanuts, and plants storing oil in their seeds |
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Term
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Definition
| (type of lipid) Can be oils or solids depending on if they are saturated or unsaturated. |
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Term
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Definition
| consist of FATS, OILS, AND WAXES. Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen( but less than in carbs). They are nonsoluble and nonpolar. FATS ARE MADE UP OF glycerol and a fatty acid. different types of lipids are neutral fats, phospholipids, and steroids. |
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Term
| (type of muscle tissue) SMOOTH (VISCERAL) |
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Definition
| It is found in walls of hollow internal structures(blood vessels and viscera);Nonstriated; usually involuntary. Provides motion (Ex: constriction of blood vessels and airways) |
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Term
| (types of muscle tissue) CARDIAC |
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Definition
| Forms most of heart wall; striated and usually involuntary |
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Term
| (types of muscle tissue) SKELETAL |
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Definition
| attatched to bones; striated and voluntary. |
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Term
| 3 CLASSES OF MUSCLE TISSUE |
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Definition
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Term
| Neuralglia_____ and _________ Neurons |
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Definition
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Term
| Neuroglia are often the sites of.. |
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Definition
| tumors in the nervous system |
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Term
| EXTRACELLULAR FLUID found in |
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Definition
Blood plasma, lymph, and cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid.
The Efc Filling the narrow spaces between cells of tissues is called interstitial fluid. |
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Term
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Definition
Tubules arranged in a looping network.
ENZYME FUNTIONS:
In the liver- lipid and cholesterol metabolism, breakdown of glycogen
Kidneys- detoxification of drugs, pesticides and carcinogens.
In intestinal cells- absorption, synthesis, and transport of fats
In skeletal and cardiac muscle- Storage and release of calcium.
ALSO Synthesized steroid based hormones |
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Term
| (skin cancer) Basal Cell Carcinoma |
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Definition
happens when stratum basale cells proliferate and slowly invade the dermis and hypodermis.
It is cured by surgical excision in 99% of cases |
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| (Primary funtions of the integ. sytem 6 of 6) EXCRETION example.... |
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Definition
| example are nitrogenous wastes and salt in sweat |
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| A scalelike modification of the epidermis on the distal, dorsal surface of fingers and toes |
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extends from epidermal surface to dermis. 2 layered wall :outer connective root sheath and inner epithelial root sheath
Hair bulb is the expanded deep end. |
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Loosely attatched to integral protiens, include filaments on intracellular surface & Glycoprotiens on extracellular surface.
Only on one side of the protien, they do not go all the way through.
Funtions for enzymes, motor protiens, and cell to cell links.
Provides support on intracellular surface and form part of the glycocalyx |
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Term
| (skin markings) CLEAVAGE(TENSION) LINES |
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Definition
Consists of collagen fibers arranges in bundles to form tension(cleavage) lines
Incisions made parallel to cleavage lines heal more easily |
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Term
| (skin markings) Friction Ridges |
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Definition
| When epidermal ridges lie atop deeper dermal papillary ridges to form friction ridges of fingertips. |
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| example of the PROTECTION OF THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM |
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Definition
| the low PH sectetions ( acid mantle ) and defensins retard bacterial activity |
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| Cosists of dead, keratinized cells that contain HARD keratin unlike the keratin of skin. Hair pigment melanins are yellow, rust brown, or black. Gray or White hair results from decreased melanin production, and increased air bubbles in shaft. |
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Definition
| widely distributed and most develop from hair follicles and become active at puberty. SEBUM is and oily holocrine secretion, it is bacteriacidal, and softens hair and skin |
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Term
| 2 SPECIALIZED APOCRINE GLANDS |
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Definition
| mammary glands and ceruminous(external ear canal; secretes cerumen-ear wax-) |
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Term
| SUBODORIFEROUS SWEAT GLAND: APOCRINE |
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Definition
| confined to the axillary and anogenital areas, become active at puberty. 2 specialized appocrine glands: ceruminous and mammary. SEBUM consists of Sweat+ fatty acid substances and protiens |
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Term
| SUBODORIFEROUS GLAND: ECCRINE |
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Definition
| aka merocrine. most widely distributed in the body. Most abundant on forehead soles, and palms.Ducts connect to pores and funtion in thermoregulation. SWEAT CONSISTS OF 99% WATER, NaCl, vitamin C, antibodies, dermcidin, and metabolic wastes |
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Term
| NEURONS CONSIST OF A ________ AND 2 TYPES OF PROCESSES CALLED _______ AND _______. |
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Definition
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| THE NERVOUS SYSTEM IS COMPOSED OF 2 PRINCIPLE KIND OF CELLS |
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Definition
Neurons(nerve cells)
Neurolglia ( Protectiv and supporting cells) |
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Term
| (skin color pigment) CAROTENE |
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Definition
| Ranges from yellow to orange, most obvious in palms and soles |
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Term
| (skin color pigment) Melanin |
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Definition
| produces in melanocytes and migrate to keratinocytes where it forms "pigment shields" for nuclei. Can be yellow to reddish brown to black. Includes freckles and pigmented moles which are all local accumilations of melanin |
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| PAPILLARY LAYER (OF DERMIS) |
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Definition
| Consists of Areolar connective tissue with collagen fibers, elastic fibers, and blood vessels. Dermal papillae contain free nerve endings, capillary loops, meisners corpuscles |
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Term
DERMIS IS A _________
CELLS IN THE DERMIS______________________ |
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Definition
-is a strong connective tissue
-cells include fibroblasts, macrophages and occasionally mast cells and white blood cells |
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Term
| STRATUM BASALE (BASAL LAYER) |
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Definition
| AKA Stratum GERMINATIVUM. Deepest epidermal layer firmly attatched to dermis. Consists of a SINGLE ROW of STEM cells, cells undergo rapid division. the JOURNEY from the basal layer to the surface (corneum) takes 25-45 days. |
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Definition
| Entire surface except palms, soles, lips, nipples and portions of the external genitalia |
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Term
| Stratum Spinosum (PRICKLY LAYER) |
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Definition
Contain abundant MELANIN GRANULES and DEDRITIC CELLS.
Cells contain a weblike of intermediate prekeratin filaments attatched to desmosomes |
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Definition
| urinary bladder, reproductive organs and rectum |
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| ABDOMINAL CAVITY CONTAINS |
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Definition
| Stomach, Intestines, spleen, and liver |
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Definition
| Within the skull just medial to the eardrums, and house the bones that transmut sound vibrations to the internal ears. |
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| VISCERAL SEROSA (membranes in the ventral cavity) |
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Definition
| Covers the outer surfaces of organs, and is names for specific cavities it is associated with. |
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| (membranes in the ventral body cavity) SEROUS MEMBRANES |
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Definition
| Covers the inner walls of the ventral cavity and surfaces of organs |
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Term
MEMBRANES COVER__________________
MEMBRANES LINE___________________ |
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Definition
Surfaces of body and organs
Body Cavities |
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| Chamber with in a bone, normally filled with air |
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| Extension of bone making an angle with the rest of the structure |
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| Smaller, rough projection |
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| smooth, rounded, articular process |
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| Smooth, grooves articular process shaped like a pulley |
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| Small, flat, articular surface |
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| Degrade hydrogen peroxide and detoxify harmful or toxic substances |
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Definition
| Connections between the cells that allow materials to pass through freely. |
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| Excretes waste products from the blood, controls water balance by regulating volume of urine produced, stores urine prior to voluntary eliminaiton, and regulates blood ion concentrations and PH |
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Term
APICAL SURFACES MAY BEAR________
EX________________ |
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Definition
microvilli
lining of trachea |
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Definition
| Involved in cell motility, change in shape, endocytosis and exocytosis |
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Term
| STRATUM GRANULOSUM (GRANUAL LAYER) |
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Definition
| It is thin. Where KERATOHYALINE and lamellated granules accumilate. 3-5 layers in which the cells flatten |
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Definition
Consist of sugars and starches. Examples are bread, potatoes, sugar, and cellulose. Contain C, H, O in a 1:2:1 ratio.
HAVE 3 CLASSES: monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides |
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| what do MONOSACCHARIDES consist of ....? |
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Definition
1. Glucose(blood sugar)
2. Fructose( fruit sugar)
3. Galactose |
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| what do DISACCHARIDES consist of....? |
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Definition
1. Maltose (glucose+ glucose)
2. Sucrose (glucose+ fructose)
3. Lactose (glucos + galactose) |
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| what do POLYSACCHARIDES consist of ... |
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Definition
1. STARCHES. examples are pasta, bread, ect. Digestible and easily convertable into energy.
2. GLYCOGEN- considered an animal starch, Serves as an energy resevor. Stored in the muscles and liver.
3. CELLULOSE- ex: plants and salad. Not digestible and needed in diet for fiber. |
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| Lines cavities that open to tbe exterier, such as gastro intestinal tract; keeps organs moist |
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Definition
Serous membranes
Cutaneous membranes
Synovial membranes
Mucous membranes |
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| PARIETAL SEROSA(membranes in the ventral body cavity) |
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Definition
| lines the body cavity walls and is names for specific cavities it is associated with. |
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