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Anatomy & Physiology 1
Bone Tissue & Physiology
216
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
06/20/2011

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Term

1. Support

2. Protection

3. Facilitate Movement

4. Storage

5. Hematopoiesis

Definition
Name the 5 functions of Bones
Term
hematopoiesis
Definition
Blood cell formation
Term
Skeleton
Definition
The _____ acts as a pool for the body's calcium supply. 
Term
Long bones
Definition
These bones are longer than wide.
Term
Long Bones
Definition
These bones consist of a shaft and two extremities
Term
Long Bones
Definition
_____ are composed of three ossification centers (one shaft and two ends)
Term
Long Bones
Definition
_____ are composed primarily of compact bone with considerable spongy bone
Term
Long bones
Definition
All bones of the limbs are _________; except the patella, carpals, and tarsals
Term
Short Bones
Definition
______ are roughly cubelike and mostly spongy bone with a think layer of compact bone on the outside. 
Term
Carpals and Tarsals
Definition
Name the short bones. 
Term
Sesamoid Bones
Definition
____ are short bones embedded within a tendon or joint capsule. 
Term
Flat Bones
Definition
_____ are thin, flattened, and usually curved. 
Term
Flat bones
Definition
_____ consist of two roughly parallel compact bone surfaces with a layer of spongy bone in between. 
Term
Flat bones
Definition
_____ are derived from intramembranous ossification (bone formation through a fibrous collagenous membrane.)
Term
Sternum and most skull bones
Definition
Name some examples of flat bones. 
Term
Irregular Bones
Definition
______ are bones that fit none of the preceding categories including some of the skull bones, the vertebrae, and the hip bones. 
Term
Diaphysis
Definition
This describes the tubular shaft of a bone with a thick collar that surrounds a medullary cavity. 
Term
Fat
Definition
In adults, the medullary cavity contains ____
Term
Yellow Bone Marrow
Definition
The fat in the medullary cavity is called _______. 
Term
Red Bone Marrow
Definition
In youth, the medullary cavity is the ______. 
Term

1. Diaphysis

2. Epiphyses

3. Epiphyseal Line

4. Periosteum

5. Endosteum

6. Articular Cartilage

Definition
Name the 6 structural indicators of a typical long bone
Term
Epiphyses
Definition
_______ is the bone ends/extremities and is expanded from the diaphysis. 
Term
Epiphyses
Definition
________ is composed of a thin layer of compact bone with an internal core of spongy bone. 
Term
Epiphyseal Line
Definition
The _____ is a remnant of the epiphyseal plate. 
Term
Periosteum 
Definition
_______ lies on the outer surface of the diaphysis and is rich in blood and lymph vessels and nerve fibers. 
Term
Nutrient foramen
Definition
In the periosteum, blood vessels penetrate the periosteum and enter the shaft via a ________. 
Term
Periosteum
Definition
The _____ is a glistening white, double layered membrane
Term
Osteogenic Layer & Fibrous Layer
Definition
Name the 2 layers of the periosteum
Term
Osteoblasts
Definition
______ secrete the bone matrix
Term
Osteoclasts
Definition
______ are multinucleate and are the cells that reabsorb the bone matrix
Term
Dense irregular connective tissue
Definition
The fibrous layer of the periosteum is composed of ________. 
Term
Sharpey's Fibers
Definition
The periosteum is secured to underlying bone by tufts of collagen fibers called ______. 
Term
Endosteum
Definition
This is the cellular layer between the medullary cavity and the compact bone of the diaphysis. 
Term
Osteoblasts & Osteoclasts
Definition
The endosteum contains _____ & ______. 
Term
False; one layer
Definition
T or F? The endosteum is composed of 2 layers
Term
Articular Cartilage
Definition
The _____ is composed of a layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the epiphyseal surfaces. This also absorbs mechanical stress during bone movement. 
Term
Compact Bone
Definition
Flat bone consists of two thin layers of _______. 
Term
True
Definition
T or F? Flat bone contains no diaphysis, epiphyses, or medullary cavity. 
Term
Diploe
Definition
In a flat bone, a layer of spongy bone called the ______ is sandwiched between the two compact bone layers. 
Term
True
Definition
T or F? Bone surfaces of a flat bone are covered by a periosteum and endosteum. 
Term

1. Osteoprogenitor Cells

2. Osteoblasts

3. Osteocytes

4. Osteoclasts

Definition
Name the 4 types of bone tissue cells. 
Term
Osteon
Definition
What is the functional unit of compact bone? 
Term
Haversian canal
Definition
The _____, which is in the center of the osteon, contains vessels and nerves.
Term
Volkmann's canal
Definition
These are lateral canals are perpedicular to the haverian canal
Term
Trabeculae
Definition
Spongy bone is composed of _______, instead of osteons
Term
False; irregular
Definition
T or F? Spongy bone is rather regular in appearance. 
Term
True
Definition
T or F? Red bone marrow will be converted to yellow marrow at puberty. 
Term
True
Definition
T or F? Yellow bone marrow can be converted to red marrow during extreme physiological stress
Term
True
Definition
T or F? Skeletal cartilages contain no blood vessels or nerves. 
Term
Appositional Growth
Definition
New chrondroblasts arise from the perichondrium  and deposit new cartilage on the "outside" of the cartilage. 
Term
Interstitial Growth 
Definition
The chondrocytes inside the lacunae divide and secrete new matrix from "within" the cartilage
Term
Hyaline Cartilage
Definition

This type of skeletal cartilage has the following characteristics: 

* Most Abundant; provides support with flexability.

*Chondrocytes normally arranged into isogenous groups.

* Exhibit type 2 collagen fibers and basophilic matrix, and chondronectin. 

Term
Elastic Cartilage
Definition

This skeletal cartilage has the following characteristics: 

*Withstands repeated bending better than hyaline cartilage

* Exhibits elastic fibers in addition to type 2 collagen

* Perichondrium present

*Found in the external ear and the epiglottis

Term
Fibrocartilage
Definition

This type of skeletal cartilage exhibits the following characteristics:

* Highly compressible with great tensile strength

*Contains type 1 collagen fibers in an acidophilic matrix

* Perichondrium absent.

*Found at the intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, and menisci of the knee joint. 

Term
Osteogenesis
Definition
_______ means formation of bone
Term
Intramembranous ossification
Definition
This type of bone development is derived from a membrane (made by mesenchymal cells). This will form the flat and irregular bones
Term
Cartilaginous ossification
Definition
This type of bone development is derived from hyaline cartilage that will eventually form long and short bones
Term

1. Kidneys

2. Intestine

3. Bone

Definition
Name the 3 most important organs for controlling calcium ions
Term
Parathyroid Hormone
Definition
What is the primary regulator for calcium ions? 
Term
400 mg/ day
Definition
What is the minimal recommended daily intake of calcium? 
Term
Active
Definition
Intestinal absorption of calcium is mostly _____(active or passive?). 
Term
99%
Definition
About ___% of the body's calcium is located in the skeleton. 
Term
Deudenum and Jejunum 
Definition
Absorption of calcium from the GI tract occurs in the _______ &________. 
Term
10 mg/ dL
Definition
The total plasma calcium level is normally about _____ mg/dL. 
Term
Hypocalcemia
Definition
A decrease in free plasma calcium is called _______. 
Term
Paresthesias
Definition
This means a sensation of tingling/pricking. 
Term
Hypocalcemic Tetany
Definition
This means muscle spasms-- especially in extremities and the larynx. 
Term
Hypercalcemia
Definition
An increase in free plasm calcium is called _______. 
Term
chief cells
Definition
What produces the parathyroid hormone (PTH)? 
Term
Unregulated
Definition
The reactions in the skin and liver are, for the most part, __________. 
Term
secosteriod
Definition
Vitamin D3 is a __________ (a steroid that has its ring structure opened). 
Term
Calcitonin
Definition
__________ is a 32- amino acid hormone synthesized by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland. 
Term

osteoclasts

GPCR Family

Definition
The receptors for calcitonin are located on the ______ and are members of the ______. 
Term
False; it inhibits osteoCLAST activity
Definition
T or F? Calcitonin inhibits osteoblast activity. 
Term
NO
Definition
Does the removal of the thyroid or thyroid medullary carcinomas alter plasma calcium levels? 
Term
Growth Hormone
Definition
_______ is the primary hormone that brings about longitudinal bone growth. 
Term
Prolactin
Definition
_________ is the hormone responsible for milk production. 
Term
1- hydroxylase
Definition
Prolactin increases the activity of _______. 
Term
False; decrease in skeletal mass
Definition
T or F? an increase in 1- hydroxylase activity leads to an increase in skeletal mass. 
Term
Sex steroids
Definition
________ initially stimulate longitudinal bone growth. 
Term
Estrogen
Definition
What is the main factor involved with sex steroids? 
Term
PTHrP (parathyroid hormone- related peptide)
Definition
This is thought to play a role in cartilage development. 
Term
Rickets
Definition
_________ is a childhood disease that results from inadequate or dysfunction of vitamin D. 
Term
Osteomalacia
Definition
What is the adult form of rickets called? 
Term
Rickets
Definition
Some signs and symptoms of this disorder include: bending or distortion of the bones. 
Term
Vitamin D Intoxication
Definition
This results from too much vitamin D. 
Term
Involutional Osteoporosis
Definition
This means post- menopausal osteoporosis and it is associated with increasing age and menopause. 
Term
Fibers
Definition
_______ means individual muscle cells
Term
Skeletal Muscle Tissue
Definition
This type of muscle tissue typically has the longest fibers and composes 40% of the total body mass. 
Term
H.E. Huxley in 1969
Definition
Who proposed the sliding filament hypothesis? What year? 
Term

1. Excitability

2. Contractility

3. Extensibility

4. Elasticity

Definition
Name the 4 functional characteristics of all muscle tissues. 
Term
involuntary
Definition
Is smooth muscle involuntary or voluntary? 
Term
non striated
Definition
Is smooth muscle striated or non-striated? 
Term
unicellular
Definition
Are smooth muscle tissues multicellular or unicellular? 
Term
smooth
Definition
________ muscle tissue composes 5% of the total body mass. 
Term
smooth
Definition
_______ muscle tissue is found in the walls of hollow organs
Term
striated
Definition
Is cardiac muscle tissue striated or non striated? 
Term
intercalated discs
Definition
Cardiac muscle fibers are joined by ________. 
Term
Cardiac
Definition
________ muscle tissue is unicellular. 
Term
5
Definition
Cardiac muscle tissue composes _____% of the total body mass. 
Term
cardiac muscle tissue
Definition
_______ forms the muscular wall of the heart. 
Term
skeletal 
Definition
_______ muscle tissue contains multinucleated cells and striated fibers. 
Term
skeletal 
Definition
______ muscle tissue composes 40% of the total body mass.
Term
skeletal
Definition
_________ muscle tissue typically has the longest fibers. 
Term
myofibrils
Definition
_______ are bundles of myofilaments. 
Term
Fiber
Definition
______ = cell; cylindrical with many nuclei. 
Term
deep fascia
Definition
The ______ is the connective tissue that binds muscle groups and other structures. 
Term
Epimysium
Definition
The gross skeletal muscle is surrounded by a sheath composed of dense fibrous connective tissue called the _________. 
Term
true
Definition
T or F? Mature skeletal muscle fibers do not divide. 
Term
Endomysium 
Definition
Each fiber of skeletal muscles is surrounded by a thin areolar connective tissue wrapping called the _________. 
Term
Actin
Definition
_____ is the primary protein that makes up the filament; it exhibits high- affinity binding sites for myosin. 
Term
Tropomyosin
Definition
__________ is a fibrous protein and binds to the actin chain. 
Term
Myosin 2
Definition
Myofilaments are composed of ________. 
Term
4; 2
Definition
Each myosin filament is composed of ___ light chains and ____ heavy chains. 
Term
True
Definition
T or F? the myosin heads hydrolyze ATP to produce the energy for muscle contraction. 
Term
False; they do NOT
Definition
T or F? Myofilaments change length during contraction. 
Term
Calcium Ions
Definition
The signal that causes the muscle machinery to contract is _______. 
Term
Rigor Mortis
Definition
________ occurs in dead muscle because of the lack of ATP. 
Term
Nervous system
Definition
Skeletal muscle contraction is controlled by the _________. 
Term
Neuromuscular junction
Definition
The point where the motor neuron communicates with a skeletal muscle fiber is the ______. 
Term
Action Potential
Definition
This means nerve impulse
Term
Calcium and ATP
Definition
The most important factors for regulating the muscle contraction are _______ and ______. 
Term
Motor unit
Definition
A _________ is a single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates. 
Term
muscle twitch
Definition
A _______ refers to the contractile response of a muscle due to a single threshold stimulus. 
Term
myogram
Definition
A graphical recording of a muscle's contractile activity is called a ________. 
Term
Incomplete (unfused) tetanus
Definition
__________ occurs when the muscle is allowed to partially relax between successive contractions, giving rise to a "sustained by quivering contraction" 
Term
Complete (fused) tetanus
Definition
_________ occurs when there is a sustained contraction without relaxation. 
Term
Treppe
Definition
________ is the "staircase effect". 
Term
Muscle fatigue
Definition
_______ is defined as the state of physiological inability to contract. 
Term
slow
Definition
Is the speed of contraction of slow oxidative fibers fast or slow?
Term
fast
Definition
Is the speed of contraction in fast glycolytic fibers fast or slow? 
Term
slow
Definition
Is myosin ATPase activity slow or fast in slow oxidative fibers? 
Term
Glycolysis
Definition
________ is the first stage of glucose metabolism. 
Term
Fast
Definition
Is myosin ATPase activity in fast glycolytic fibers fast or slow?  
Term
Aerobic
Definition
What is the primary way of ATP synthesis in slow oxidative fibers? (anerobic or aerobic?)
Term
Anerobic
Definition
What is the primary way of ATP synthesis in fast glycolytic fibers? (Aerobic or anerobic?)
Term
High
Definition
Is the myoglobin content of slow oxidative fibers high or low? 
Term
Low
Definition
Is the myoglobin content high or low in fast glycolytic fibers? 
Term
Low
Definition
Is the glycogen stores of slow oxidative fibers low or high? 
Term
High
Definition
Is the glycogen stores high or low in fast glycolytic fibers? 
Term
Slow
Definition
Is the rate of fatigue fast or slow in slow oxidative fibers? 
Term
Fast
Definition
Is the rate of fatigue fast or slow in fast glycolytic fibers? 
Term
Red
Definition
What color are slow oxidative fibers? 
Term
White
Definition
What color are fast glycolytic fibers? 
Term
Small
Definition
Is the fiber diameter of slow oxidative fibers small or large? 
Term
Large
Definition
Is the fiber diameter large or small in fast glycolytic fibers? 
Term
Many
Definition
Are there many or few mitochondria in slow oxidative fibers? 
Term
Few
Definition
Are there many or few mitochondria in fast glycolytic fibers? 
Term
Many
Definition
Are there many or few capillaries in slow oxidative fibers? 
Term
Few
Definition
Are there many or few capillaries in fast glycolytic fibers? 
Term
Endurance & posture maintenance
Definition
What activities are best suited for slow oxidative fibers? 
Term
Short-term intense/ powerful movements
Definition
What activities are best suited for fast glycolytic fibers? 
Term
long, multinucleate, cylindrical fibers; striated
Definition
What is the cell shape and appearance of skeletal muscles? 
Term
Single fusiform cells; uninucleate; no striations. 
Definition
What is the cell shape and appearance of smooth muscle? 
Term
epimysium, perimysium and endomysium 
Definition
What kind of coverings do skeletal muscles have? 
Term
Endomysium only
Definition
What is the covering of smooth muscle? 
Term
Yes
Definition
Are myofibrils and sacromeres present in skeletal muscle? 
Term
NO
Definition
Are myofibrils and sacromeres present in smooth muscle? 
Term
Yes; at the A-1 junction
Definition
Are T-tubules present in skeletal muscle? 
Term
No
Definition
Are T- tubules present in smooth muscles? 
Term
Yes; elaborate with later cisternae
Definition
Is sarcoplasmic reticulum present in skeletal muscles? 
Term
poorly developed
Definition
Is sarcoplasmic reticulum present in smooth muscle? 
Term
No
Definition
Are gap- junctions present in skeletal muscles? 
Term
yes, in single unit. No in multiunit
Definition
Are gap junctions present in smooth muscle? 
Term
yes. 
Definition
Are neuromuscular junctions present in skeletal muscle? 
Term
Yes, in multiunit. No in single- unit
Definition
Does smooth muscle have neuromuscular junctions? 
Term
voluntary
Definition
What is the regulation of contraction of skeletal muscles? (voluntary or involuntary?)
Term
involuntary
Definition
What is the regulation of contraction of smooth muscle? (voluntary or involuntary?)
Term
sarcoplasmic reticulum
Definition
What is the calcium source for contraction in skeletal muscles? 
Term
SR and extracellular fluid
Definition
What is the calcium source for contraction in smooth muscle? 
Term
Troponin
Definition
What is the site for calcium regulation in skeletal muscle? 
Term
Calmodulin
Definition
What is the site for calcium regulation in smooth muscle? 
Term
fast to slow
Definition
what is the speed of contraction of skeletal muscle? 
Term
Very slow
Definition
What is the speed of contraction of smooth muscle? 
Term
Aerobic or anerobic
Definition
What type of metabolism does skeletal muscle have? 
Term
Mostly anaerobic 
Definition
What type of metabolism does smooth muscle have? 
Term
Articulations
Definition
________ are commonly known as "joints" 
Term
Articulations
Definition
___________ represent the point at which two (or more) bones meet
Term
Secure bones together & allow the rigid skeleton to be mobile
Definition
What are the two fundamental functions of articulations? 
Term

1. Fibrous

2. Cartilaginous

3. Synovial

Definition
Name the three types of articulations
Term
Immovable
Definition
synarthroses means? 
Term
slightly movable
Definition
Amphiarthroses means? 
Term
Freely movable
Definition
Diarthroses means? 
Term
synarthrotic
Definition
Fibrous joints are generally ________. 
Term
amphiarthrotic
Definition
Cartilaginous joints are generally _______. 
Term
diarthrotic
Definition
Synovial joints are generally ____. 
Term

1. Sutures

2. Syndesmoses

3. Gomphoses

Definition
Name the three types of fibrous joints.
Term
Syndesmoses
Definition
Fibrous joints in which the bones are connected by a cord or sheet of fibrous connective tissue. 
Term
ligament
Definition
cord = ?
Term
interosseous membrane
Definition
sheet = ?
Term
True
Definition
T or F? Movement in syndesmoses is generally prevented; however, these joints are allowed to "give" a little. 
Term
Gomphoses
Definition
These are joints that attach the teeth to the bony alveoli of the jaw bones. 
Term
periodontal ligament
Definition
Fibrous connection = ?
Term
Cartilaginous joints
Definition
This type of joint lacks a joint cavity and the articulations are united by cartilage.
Term
Synchondroses & symphyses
Definition
Name 2 characteristics of cartilaginous joints. 
Term
Synovial Joints
Definition
_____ includes the majority of the joints found in the body. 
Term
diarthrotic
Definition
All synovial joints are _______. 
Term
Bursae and tendon sheaths
Definition
__________ act as "ball bearings." 
Term
Bursae
Definition
_________ are flattened fibrous sacs with an internal synovial membrane. 
Term
Bursae
Definition
______ are found where ligaments, muscles, skin, or tendons overlie and rub against bone. 
Term
Tendon Sheaths
Definition
_______ = essentially elongated bursae that become completely wrapped around a tendon
Term

1. Articular Surfaces

2. Ligaments

3. Muscle Tone

Definition
Name 3 factors that influence the stability of synovial joints. 
Term
True
Definition
T or F? If articular cartilages are large and fit together snuggly, stability is improved. 
Term
Ligaments
Definition
__________ help direct movement by preventing undesirable motion. 
Term
Muscle Tone
Definition
_______ is defined as the low levels of contractile activity that keeps a muscle healthy/ready to react to a stimulus. 
Term
Muscle Tone
Definition
________ is only applicable to muscles whose tendons cross a joint. 
Term

1. Plane Joints

2. Hinge Joints

3. Pivot Joints

4. Condyloid Joints

5. Saddle joints

6. Ball and socket joints

Definition
Name 6 examples of synovial joints. 
Term
Sprains
Definition
_____ occur when reinforcing ligaments become stretched or torn. These don't heal rapidly due to poor vascularization
Term
Dislocations
Definition
______ occur when bones are forced out of their normal alignment
Term
subluxation
Definition
_________  is a partial disclosure
Term
Bursitis
Definition
_______ is inflammation of a bursa; usually caused by friction or by an injury
Term
Tendonitis
Definition
_________ is inflammation of a tendon sheath; usually caused by overuse
Term
Arthritis
Definition
________ is inflammation of the joints
Term
Osteoarthritis
Definition
_______ is "wear and tear" arthritis associated with advancing age. 
Term
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Definition
_______ is an autoimmune disease; flares up then subsides; treatment usually involves anti-inflammatory drugs and immunosuppressants. 
Term
Gouty Arthritis
Definition
_______ is a metabolic dislease that results in a build up of uric acid; crystals of uric acid are deposited in the joint cavities and cause swelling and pain; can be treated with allopurinol; also can be reduced by dietary restrictions. 
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