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Anatomy & Physiolgy Study Cards
All chapters in Dr. Brannan's class
126
Anatomy
Undergraduate 4
03/03/2013

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Term
Anatomy
Definition
The science of the structure of living organisms
Term
Physiology
Definition
The science of the functioning of living organisms
Term
atom
Definition
the smallest part of an element; indivisible by ordinary chemical means
Term
cell
Definition
the basic biological unit of living organisms, containing a nucleus and a variety of organelles enclosed by a limiting membrane
Term
Molecule
Definition
particle consisting of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds
Term
tissues
Definition
a group of similar cells specialized to perform a specific function; primary tissue types are epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue
Term
organ
Definition
a part of the body formed of two or more tissues that performs a specialized function
Term
organ system
Definition
a group of organs that work together to perform a vital body function; e.g., nervous system
Term
organism
Definition
an individual living thing
Term
homeostasis
Definition
a state of body equilibrium or stable internal environment of the body
Term
effector
Definition
an organ, gland, or muscle capable of being activated by nerve endings
Term
negative feedback
Definition
a corrective mechanism that opposes or negates a variation of normal limits
Term
ventral
Definition
anterior or front
Term
posterior
Definition
toward the back; dorsal
Term
positive feedback
Definition
feedback that tends to cause a variable to change in the same direction as the initial change; enhances the stimulus
Term
inferior
Definition
below; in reference to a particular structure, with the body in the anatomical position
Term
distal
Definition
farthest from the point of attachment of a limb or origin of a structure
Term
cephalic
Definition
pertaining to the head
Term
metabolism
Definition
the sum total of the chemical reactions that occur in the body
Term
receptor
Definition
some type of sensor that monitors and responds to changes in the environment
Term
Which system rids of body of nitrogen-containing waste
Definition
urinary system
Term
Which system provides support and levers on which the muscular system can act
Definition
skeletal system
Term
Which system removes Carbon Dioxide from the blood
Definition
respiratory system
Term
This organ system controls the body with chemicals called hormones
Definition
endocrine system
Term
This plane could pass through both ears
Definition
coronal plane
Term
Where is the umbilical region found?
Definition
on the torso
Term
In which cavity will a needle be inserted for a spinal tap
Definition
dorsal cavity
Term
Which body system would be affected by degenerative cartilage?
Definition
Skeletal system
Term
Glucose, Fructose, and Deoxyribose are?
Definition
monosaccharides
Term
During ionization, water molecules disrupt the ionic bonds of a solute and a mixture of ions is produced. What are these ions called?
Definition
electrolytes
Term
This substance has a high heat capacity, is composed of polar molecules, contains hydrogen bonds, and can be considered a universal solvent.
Definition
water
Term
a pH range between 1 and 6 would be considered...
Definition
acidic
Term
a pH range of 7 would be considered...
Definition
neutral
Term
a pH range of 8 to 14 would be considered...
Definition
basic
Term
Inorganic compounds do not contain what element.
Definition
carbon
Term
Inorganic compounds that are soluble and who ions will conduct and electrical current are called...
Definition
electrolytes
Term
positive ions are called
Definition
cations
Term
negative ions are called
Definition
anions
Term
These are proteins that function as biological catalysts affecting only the activation energy required for a reaction. They do NOT become part of the reactions product.
Definition
enzymes
Term
Energy that is contained in molecular bonds is called
Definition
chemical
Term
This element of a control system detects a change.
Definition
receptor
Term
An atom has 17 protons, 18 neutrons, and 17 electrons. The number of electrons in its valance shell is...
Definition
7 electrons in the valance shell.
Term
sawing wood up into sawdust is an example of this type of change
Definition
Physical-the sawdust still has the original properties of the wood.
Term
Burning wood is an example of this type of change
Definition
chemical-the wood does not retain its original properties
Term
The most abundant element in the human body is..
Definition
oxygen
Term
The antecubital region is in what body landmark.
Definition
anterior
Term
A + B -----> AB is an example of what type of reaction
Definition
synthesis
Term
The subatomic particles that are responsible for the chemical behavior of the atoms are the...
Definition
electrons
Term
Hematopoeisis, the cessation of bleeding, is the function of which system.
Definition
Skeletal system
Term
This system picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to the blood.
Definition
Lymphatic system
Term
Highly specialized proteins that recognize, bind with, and inactivate bacteria, toxins, and some viruses.
Definition
Antibodies
Term
Responsiveness is the life function of which system
Definition
Nervous
Term
An atom has 6 protons, 8 neutrons, and 6 electrons. Its atomic mass is...
Definition
14
Term
The system that regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance in the blood
Definition
Urinary
Term
a Survival need required in order to release energy from foods
Definition
oxygen
Term
Your body thermostat is located in the hypothalamus in the brain. Which of the following elements of the control system does this represent?
Definition
The control center
Term
Anterior and Ventral are directional terms that mean the same thing for the human body. True or False
Definition
True
Term
Synthesis reactions form bonds and absorb energy. True or False
Definition
True
Term
The bond formed when a pair of electrons is shared equally between them.
Definition
non-polar bond
Term
The single most abundant inorganic compound in the body.
Definition
water
Term
What is the normal pH range of blood?
Definition
7.35-7.45
Term
The lower the pH, the higher the number of hydrogen ions. True or False
Definition
True
Term
Starch and glycogen are polysaccharides. True or False
Definition
true
Term
Every atom in a molecule has a full outer (valence) shell. True or false
Definition
true
Term
Disruption of the hydrogen bonds in functional proteins leads to their denaturation. True or false
Definition
true
Term
List the 5 survival needs (factors) necessary to sustain life
Definition
nutrients, oxygen, water, body temperature must be maintained around 98 degrees, atmospheric pressure
Term
Element
Definition
any of the building blocks of matter; oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen for example.
Term
compound
Definition
substance composed of two or more different elements, the atoms of which are chemically united
Term
ion
Definition
at atom with a positive or negative electric charge
Term
salt
Definition
an ionic compound that dissociates into charged particles (other than hydrogen or hydroxyl ions) when dissolved in water
Term
catalyst
Definition
a substance that accelerates a specific chemical reaction but that is not altered by the reaction nor becomes part of the product.
Term
inorganic compound
Definition
a compound that lacks carbon; for example, water
Term
organic compound
Definition
a compound containing carbon; examples include proteins, carbohydrates, and fat
Term
solution
Definition
a homogenous mixture of two or more components
Term
proton
Definition
subatomic particle that bears a positive charge; located in the atom nucleus
Term
polar molecules
Definition
nonsymmetrical molecules that contain electrically unbalanced atoms
Term
pH
Definition
the symbol for hydrogen ion concentration; a measure of the relative acidity or alkalinity of a solution
Term
neutron
Definition
a fundamental particle that does not carry a charge, but that counts for part of an atoms atomic mass
Term
neutralization
Definition
1.a chemical reaction that occurs between and acid and a base. 2. blockage of the harmful effects of bacterial exotoxins or viruses by the binding of antibodies to their functional sites.
Term
ionization
Definition
dissociation; the breakdown of a molecule in solution to form ions
Term
matter
Definition
anything that has mass and takes up space
Term
enzyme
Definition
a substance formed by living cells that acts as a catalyst in bodily chemical reactions
Term
hydrogen bond
Definition
a weak bond in which a hydrogen atom forms a bridge between two electron-hungry atoms; an important intra-molecular bond.
Term
base
Definition
a substance that accepts hydrogen ions. A proton accepter
Term
acid
Definition
a substance that liberates hydrogen ions when in an aqueous solution
Term
electrolyte
Definition
a substance that breaks down into ions when in solution and is capable of conducting electricity
Term
diffusion
Definition
the spreading of particles in a gas or solution with a movement toward uniform distribution of particles
Term
osmosis
Definition
the diffusion of a solvent through a membrane from a dilute solution into a more concentrated one
Term
facilitated diffusion
Definition
the passive movement of a substance across a cell membrane by means of a protein carrier. No ATP(energy) required.
Term
gland
Definition
an organ specialized to secrete or excrete substances for further use in the body for elimination
Term
active transport
Definition
net movement of a substance across a membrane against a concentration or electrical gradient; requires release and use of cellular energy (ATP)
Term
chromosome
Definition
dense structure, composed of tightly coiled DNA strands and associated histones, that become visible in the nucleus when a cell prepares to undergo mitosis or meiosis; normal human somatic cells contain 46 chromosomes apiece
Term
concentration gradient
Definition
regional differences in the concentration of a particular substance
Term
deoxyribonucleicacid (DNA)
Definition
a nucleic acid consisting of a chain of nucleotides that contain the sugar deoxyribose and the nitrogenous bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine
Term
cytoplasm
Definition
the substance of a cell other than that of the nucleus
Term
hypertonic
Definition
excessive, above normal, tone or tension
Term
hypotonic
Definition
below normal tone or tension
Term
isotonic
Definition
having a uniform tension; of the same tone
Term
membrane
Definition
any sheet or partition; a layer consisting of an epithelium and the underlying connective tissue
Term
mitosis
Definition
the division of the cell nucleus; often followed by division of the cytoplasm of a cell.
Term
organelles
Definition
specialized structures in a cell that perform specific metabolic functions
Term
tissues
Definition
a group of similar cells specialized to perform a specific function; primary tissue types are epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues
Term
integumentary
Definition
the skin and its accessory organs
Term
dermis
Definition
the deep layer of the skin; composed of dense, irregular connective tissue
Term
cutaneous
Definition
pertaining to the skin
Term
appendicular skeleton
Definition
bones of the limbs and limb girdles that are attached to the axial skeleton
Term
ossification
Definition
the formation of bone
Term
calcification
Definition
the deposition of calcium salts within a tissue
Term
tendon
Definition
cord of dense fibrous tissue attaching a muscle to a bone
Term
articulation
Definition
joint; point where two bones meet
Term
axial skeleton
Definition
the bones of the skull, vertebral column, thorax, and sternum
Term
bursa
Definition
a small sac filled with fluid and located at friction points, especially joints
Term
compact bone
Definition
dense bone that contains parellel osteons
Term
congenital
Definition
existing at birth
Term
diaphysis
Definition
the shaft of a bone
Term
epiphysis
Definition
the end of a long bone
Term
gross anatomy
Definition
the study of the structural features of the body without the aid of a microscope
Term
interstitial growth
Definition
a form of cartilage growth through the growth, mitosis, and secretion of chondrocytes in the matrix
Term
osteocyte
Definition
a bone cell responsible for the maintenance and turnover of the mineral content of the surrounding bone
Term
osteon
Definition
a system of interconnecting canals in the microscopic structure of the adult compact bone; unit of bone
Term
pelvic girdle
Definition
incomplete bony basin formed by the two coxal bones that secures the lower limbs to the sacrum of the axial skeleton
Term
suture
Definition
immovable fibrous joint that connects the bones of the adult skull
Term
synovial fluid
Definition
a fluid secreted by the synovial membrane; lubricates joint surfaces and nourishes articular cartilages
Term
thorax
Definition
that portion of the body trunk above the diaphragm and below the neck
Term
ligament
Definition
a cord of fibrous tissue that connects bones
Term
When Calcium ion concentration (in blood) is above normal( >11 mg/dl) the following happens
Definition
Parafollicular cells, or C cells in the thyroid gland secretes calcitonin, which inhibits osteoclast activity (stops the release of Ca+ ions from bone); increase the rate of Ca+ ions at the kidneys
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