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2 - Anatomy of the Skull
Ding bats
58
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
03/03/2014

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Cards

Term
What is the most complex part of the skeleton?
Definition
The Skull
Term
Of how many bones is the skeleton comprised?
Definition
37 to 38
Term
How are the bones of the skull connected? What is the one bone not connected in this way?
Definition
By sutures; mandible (lower jaw)
Term
What are sutures and how do they hold skull bones together?
Definition
Sutures are jagged, immovable strips of fibrous joints which interlock
Term
How do joints function, and of what are they composed?
Definition
Joints attach two bones together, and each is made up of connective tissue or cartilage
Term
Why are sutures important?
Definition
Allow growth of skull in young animals through extension of individual bones
Term
How many named openings are there in the skull, and what are the four different types?
Definition
85; foramina, canals, fissures, orbits
Term
What are the three functions of the openings in the skull?
Definition
They act as pathways for blood vessels, spinal cord, and nerves
Term
What is the orbit?
Definition
The bony socket that protects the eye (means "circle")
Term
What is a foramen?
Definition
Simply a hole in a bone
Term
What is a fissure?
Definition
A groove
Term
What are the two major divisions of the skull, and what is the purpose of each?
Definition
1. Cranial part - cranium or brain case - to protect the brain
2. Facial - site of most differences b/w species
Term
What are the functions of the skull?
Definition
Houses brain, and sense organs
Forms passage for Resp. & G.I tract
Term
What are the parts of the pig skull, as defined by the following notations?
C F M N P pmo PP Z ca I mo O PM
Definition
C=mandibular condyle
F=frontal bone
M=mandible
N=nasal bone
P=Parietal bone
pmo=premolar teeth
Z=zygomatic arch
ca=canine teeth
I=incisor teeth
mo=molar teeth
O=occipetal bone
PM=premaxilla
Term
What is the function and composition of the cranium?
Definition
Encases and protects the brain; 11 bones consisting of occipital, interparietal, perietal, temporal, frontal, sphenoid, andethmoid
Term
Which bone forms the base of the skull?
Definition
The Occipital bone (most caudal)
Term
The occipital bone has a ____ magnum (means large hole) where the ___ ___ emerges from the skull.
Definition
foramen
spinal cord
Term
Define condyle (in general)
Definition
A rounded prominence of bone used for articulation with another bone
Term
Where are the interparietal bones located?
Definition
b/w the occipital and parietal bones (only in horse, cat and dog)
Term
What are the temporal bones?
Definition
2 bones ventral to the parietal bones
- form lateral walls of cranium
- contain most of the ear structures
- form tempromandibular joint with mandibles
Term
True or False: Antricular means relating to joint(s).
Definition
False, the word is Articular
Term
The Occipital bone forms a joint with the ____ to form the Atlantooccipital joint
Definition
atlas
Term
What does the atlas enable the animal to do?
Definition
turn their head
Term
The occipital _____ (part of the occipital bone) is what forms the the atlantooccipital joint with the atlas
Definition
Occipital condyle
Term
True or False: Farm animals don't have a well-developed Parietal bone?
Definition
True
Term
How many TMJs are there?
Definition
(Temporomandibular Joints) 2, one on each side
Term
T or F: The articular disk is located directly beside two bones?
Definition
False, located b/w two bones, creating two joints:

bone//articular disk//bone

instead of
bone//bone

where "//" = 1 joint
Term
What are the two joints created by an articular disk, specifically in the TMJ?
Definition
Lower joint: rotational mvment (opening + closing)
Upper Joint: translational (sliding jaw forward or side-to-side)
Term
What are the parts of the bovine skull, as defined by the following letters?
I G F
Definition
I=Occipital bone
G=temporal bone
F=parietal bone
Term
Of what bones is the forehead composed?
Definition
The frontal bones
Term
The frontal bones are _____ to the parietal bones
Definition
Rostral, meaning towards the nose or mouth
Term
The rostrolateral portion of the cranium is formed by what?
Definition
the frontal bones
Term
True or false: The frontal bones form part of the orbit
Definition
True
Term
The frontal sinus is a large ______ sinus, contained in the frontal bones
Definition
paranasal
Term
True or false: Internal bones of the cranium can't be seen unless the skull is disassembled
Definition
True
Term
What are the internal bones of the cranium?
Definition
The sphenoid and the ethmoid
Term
True or false: The ethmoid bone is rostral to the occipital bone, but caudal to the sphenoid bone
Definition
False, rostral to both
Term
Olfactory nerves (sense and smell) pass through which bone in the cranium?
Definition
The Ethmoid
Term
True or false: 2 incisive or "premaxillary" bones are the most rostral bones on an animal
Definition
True
Term
T or F: The premaxillary bones house the upper incisors in all farm animals
Definition
False, not ruminants obvi
Term
The 2 ____ bones form the upper part of the nasal cavity
Definition
nasal bones
Term
What and how many bones make up MOST of the upper jaw?
Definition
2 maxillary bones
Term
What are the bones that make up the upper jaw?
Definition
Maxillary and premaxillary bones
Term
Which bones house the canine and cheek teeth?
Definition
The maxillary bones
Term
The hard palate (roof of the mouth) is made up of which two types of bones
Definition
Maxillary (the rostral portion) and palatine bones (the caudal portion)
Term
What is the lacrimal bone?
Definition
Forms the medial portion of the orbit
Term
The ____ or "_____" bones form the lateral wall of the orbit
Definition
zygomatic/malar
Term
What two bones comprise the zygomatic arch?
Definition
temporal and zygomatic
Term
What is the only movable skull bone?
Definition
The mandible
Term
What are the two regions of the mandible?
Definition
Shaft: horizontal portion that houses teeth
Ramus: caudal, vertical end, where chewing muscles are attached
Term
T or F: The ramus is lateral to the zygomatic arch
Definition
False, tis medial
Term
What is the name of the joint formed b/w the skull and the lower jaw?
Definition
The mandibular condyle
Term
What does the sphenoid bone do?
Definition
Supports the brain, and houses the pituitary
Term
T or F: The madibular condyle in cattle and sheep is round, which allows for considerable movement in horizontal plane for grinding
Definition
False, it's flat, but for the same reason
Term
What is the palatine?
Definition
The caudal portion of the hard palate
Term
What are turbinates?
Definition
Scroll-like bones that allow for twists and turns for inhaled air
- fill up most of nasal cavity
- warm + humidify air
- trap small particles
- role in sense of smell
Term
What bones fall under the category "axial?"
Definition
Bones of the head and trunk
Bones attached to the midline or "axis" of the body (skull, vertebral column, sternum, ribs)
Term
What bones fall under the category "appendicular?"
Definition
Bones of the limbs or appendages of the trunk (thoracic and pelvic limbs)
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