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Anatomy and Physiology of the Human Brain
UCCS Bio 2010 Lykins Exam 4- VAP 13.1-13.12
204
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
12/07/2013

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Term
Functions of the cerebrum
Definition
conscious thought processes, memory storage, intellectual functions
Term
What is the cerebral cortex?
Definition
superficial layer of the cerebrum that's 2-4 mm thick, made up of gray matter and contains billions of neurons
Term
gyri vs. sulci vs. fissures of the cortex
Definition
gyri - elevated ridges of tissue
sulci - shallow grooves that separate gyri
fissures - deeper grooves that separate sections of the cerebrum
Term
longitudinal fissure
Definition
separates cerebrum into left and right hemispheres
Term
transverse fissure
Definition
separates the cerebrum and cerebellum
Term
central sulcus
Definition
separates frontal and parietal lobes
Term
lateral sulcus
Definition
separates frontal and temporal lobes
Term
Which sulcus separates the parietal and occipital lobes?
Definition
the parieto-occipital sulcus
Term
cerebral medulla
Definition
the white matter of the cerebrum; inner layer or core under the cortex
Term
precentral gyrus
Definition
primary motor cortex, located in the frontal lobe; motor neurons control voluntary movements
Term
postcentral gyrus
Definition
primary sensory cortex, located in the parietal lobe; receives sensory info from body
Term
frontal lobe functions
Definition
voluntary motor activity, speech, being human (planning, logic, reasoning, appropriate behavior), frontal association areas
Term
parietal lobe functions
Definition
general sensory activity, somatic association areas
Term
temporal lobe functions
Definition
auditory and olfactory, auditory association areas
Term
occipital lobe functions
Definition
vision, vision association areas
Term
insula
Definition
5th lobe, deep inside of the lateral sulcus; memory, "island" of cortex
Term
olfactory bulbs
Definition
aka olfactory lobes; sites where axons of olfactory nerve synapse on CNS interneurons

inferior to the frontal lobe of the cerebrum
Term
olfactory tracts
Definition
sensory fibers/bundles of axons that extend posteriorly from olfactory bulbs
Term
Broca's area
Definition
aka speech center or motor speech area; regulates patterns of breathing and vocalization needed for normal speech; only in one hemisphere (in the same as Wernicke's, usually the left)
Term
damage to Broca's area
Definition
reduces or eliminates the ability to articulate words
Term
Wernicke's area
Definition
aka general interpretive area; receives info from all sensory association areas and plays an essential role in personality by integrating sensory info and accessing visual and auditory info; only in one hemisphere (usually the left)
Term
Corpus callosum
Definition
commissural tracts that link the left and right cerebral hemispheres
Term
The deeper area of white matter of the brain is composed of
Definition
fiber tracts (association tracts, projection tracts, and commissures)
Term
association tracts
Definition
fiber tracts that connect areas of neural cortex of the same hemishpere
Term
projection tracts
Definition
fiber tracts that run b/w the cerebral and lower brain structures or the spinal cord; include both sensory and motor fibers
Term
commissures
Definition
fiber tracts that run from one hemisphere to another
Term
septum pellucidum
Definition
membranous fiber tract that separates the lateral ventricles of the cerebral hemispheres
Term
anterior commissure
Definition
bundle of nerve fibers (white matter) connecting the two cerebral hemispheres inferior to the anterior corpus callosum
Term
posterior commissure
Definition
part of the epithalamus; band of nerve fibers (white matter) just superior to the corpora quadrigemina
Term
nuclei
Definition
clusters of neuron cell bodies that are grey matter buried within the white matter of the cerebrum
Term
basal nuclei
Definition
aka basal ganglia; masses of gray matter within each hemisphere deep to the lateral ventricle floor that provide subconscious control of skeletal muscle tone and help coordinate learned movement patterns
Term
neurotransmitter of the basal nuclei
Definition
dopamine
Term
lateral ventricles
Definition
fluid filled chambers within the cerebrum that are lined by ependymal cells and are separated by the septum pellucidum
Term
What produces CSF?
Definition
ependymal cells of the choroid plexus
Term
choroid plexus
Definition
small capillary knots hanging from the roof of the ventricles of the brain that produce CSF
Term
Which of the parts of the brain have the choroid plexus?
Definition
3rd, 4th, and lateral ventricles
Term
interventricular foramina
Definition
channels that allow CSF to circulate from the lateral ventricles to the 3rd ventricle
Term
pineal gland
Definition
aka pineal body or "third eye;" part of the epithalamus; an endocrine structure that produces and secretes serotonin and melatonin
Term
mammillary bodies
Definition
part of the limbic system and hypothalamus; motor nuclei that control feeding reflexes like chewing, licking, and swallowing
Term
pituitary gland
Definition
aka hypophysis; small endocrine gland that helps regualte homeostasis, connected to the hypothalamus by the infundibulum, sitting in the hypophyseal fossa of the sella turcica
Term
anterior pituitary
Definition
aka adenohypophysis; produces and secretes hormones
Term
posterior pituitary
Definition
aka neurohypophysis; stores and secretes hormones
Term
The hypothalamus is part of the _____ system, and it's main function is being the ______.
Definition
limbic

master gland of the endocrine system
Term
hypothalamus functions
Definition
important ANS center: regulates homeostasis, cardiovascular system, salt and water balance, thirst and hunger, cycles of sleeping and waking, body temperature, and fat and carbohydrate metabolism
Term
infundibulum
Definition
narrow stalk that extends inferiorly, connecting the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus
Term
thalamus
Definition
two large lobes of gray matter that are a final relay station that projects incoming sensory information to the cerebral cortex; also a pain center
Term
interthalamic adhesion
Definition
aka intermediate mass; slender stalk of thalamic tissue that connects the two thalamic hemispheres (without fibers crossing the midline) and bridges the third ventricle
Term
third ventricle
Definition
chamber enclosed by the thalamus that is filled with CSF that comes from the lateral ventricles via the interventricular foramina and goes to the cerebral aqueduct
Term
epithalamus
Definition
location, not a function; forms the roof of the third ventricle and includes the pineal gland, posterior commissure, and the choroid plexus of the 3rd ventricle
Term
fornix
Definition
arch; tract of white matter that is part of the limbic system and connects the hippocampus to the hypothalamus
Term
optic nerves
Definition
cranial nerve II; carries signals for the retina of the eye to the optic chiasma
Term
optic chiasma
Definition
crossing point of the optic nerves
Term
optic tract
Definition
sensory fibers/tract over which nerve impulses from the retina are transmitted between the optic chiasma and the thalamus
Term
structures making up the brain stem (inferior to superior)
Definition
medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain
Term
corpora quadrigemina
Definition
2 paris of sensory nuclei located in the roof of the midbrain
Term
cerebral peduncles
Definition
projection tracts in the midbrain connecting the pons below with the cerebrum above
Term
cerebral aqueduct
Definition
channel through the midbrain connecting the 3rd and 4th ventricles
Term
What is the pons?
Definition
tracts that link the cerebellum with the brain stem
Term
pons functions
Definition
2 respiratory centers (pneumotaxic and apneustic), eye movement, facial expressions, taste, chewing, and equilibrium
Term
What is the medulla oblongata?
Definition
most primitive part of the brain; most inferior part of the brain stem, connecting it to the spinal cord
Term
centers of the medulla oblongata
Definition
has 2 cardiac centers (cardiac inhibitor center and cardiac accelerator center), vasomotor center/tone (blood pressure), cough center, respiratory center (basic pace of breathing), and has decussation of the pyramids
Term
decussation of the pyramids
Definition
a crossover point on the medulla's surface for the major motor tracts (pyramids) descending from the motor areas of the cerebrum to the spinal cord
Term
functions of the cardiac inhibitor center (CIC)
Definition
utilizes the vagus nerve, decreases heart rate, parasympathetic action involving ACh
Term
functions of the cardiac accelerator center (CAC)
Definition
utilizes the sympathetic cardiac nerve, increases heart rate through release of epinephrine
Term
What is the anatomy of the cerebellum?
Definition
two hemispheres (each with anterior lobe, posterior lobe, and a deep flocculonodular lobe) connected by a midline lobe called the vermis, made up of outer gray cortical area and inner white matter area
Term
What is the cerebellum?
Definition
automatic processing center that monitors proprioceptive, visual, tactile, balance, and auditory sensations
Term
arbor vitae
Definition
"tree of life;" treelike branching of the cerebellar white matter
Term
4th ventricle
Definition
elongated ventricle of the pons and cerebellum lined with ependymal cells and filled with CSF that comes from cerebral aqueduct and enters the subarachnoid space; roof contains a region of choroid plexus
Term
median aperture
Definition
a foramina of the 4th ventricle, right above the lateral aperture, that drains CSF into the subarachnoid space
Term
dura mater
Definition
outermost meninx consisting of the outer periosteal layer (attached to the inner surface of the skull, forming the inner periosteum) and the inner meningeal layer (continuous with the dura mater of the spinal cord)
Term
The layers of the dural mater are fused together except
Definition
in three places where the inner meningeal layer extends inward forming the falx cerebri, tentorium cerebelli, and the falx cerebelli
Term
Where is the falx cerebri located, and what does it form?
Definition
In the longitudinal fissure b/w the cerebral hemispheres, creating the superior sagittal sinus
Term
tentorium cerebelli
Definition
an inward fold of the inner dural membrane that separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum
Term
falx cerebelli
Definition
an inward fold of the inner dural membrane that separates the two cerebral hemispheres
Term
subdural space
Definition
partially separates the dura mater and the arachnoid mater
Term
arachnoid mater
Definition
middle meninx with threadlike projections that project into the subarachnoid space below to connect the arachnoid mater to the pia mater
Term
arachnoid villi
Definition
specialized projections of the arachnoid mater that protrude through the dura mater to allow CSF to drain back into venous circulation via dural sinuses
Term
pia mater
Definition
delicate innermost meninx that is highly vascular and clings firmly to the surface of the brain, following its convolutions
Term
meningitis
Definition
inflammation of the meninges that is a serious threat to the brain because of its intimate association with the meninges
Term
How is meningitis diagnosed?
Definition
by taking a sample of CSF from the subarachnoid space by a lumbar puncture that shows cloudy CSF, high neutrophil and protein counta, and low sugar count (b/c bacteria using it for energy)
Term
What causes meningitis?
Definition
bacteria (more serious) or virus; bacteria replicate and undergo lysis in the CSF, which leads to production of endotoxins and cell fragments that irritate the meninges
Term
signs and symptoms of meningitis
Definition
fever, chills, headache, rash, projectile vomiting, stiff neck, widespread pain, and sometimes seizures
Term
2 specific tests for meningitis
Definition
positive Kernig's sign (back pain with extension of the leg while patient is lying down with hip flexed)

positive Brudzinski's sign (patient flexing head leads to flexion of the hip and knee)
Term
encephalitis
Definition
meningitis that has spread to the brain
Term
How much CSF is produced daily?
Definition
500 mL
Term
function of CSF
Definition
forms a watery cushion that protects the delicate brain tissue against blows to the head
Term
circulation of CSF
Definition
lateral ventricles -> interventricular foramina -> 3rd ventricle -> cerebral aqueduct -> 4th ventricle -> foramina of 4th ventricle -> subarachnoid space (where it bathes outer surface of brain and spinal cord) -> arachnoid villi -> dural sinuses -> venous circulation
Term
hydrocephalus
Definition
"water on the head;" CSF accumulation, due to obstructed drainage or circulation from tumors or anatomical deviations, that exerts pressure on the brain
Term
cranial nerves: mnemonic, name, and number
Definition
oh once one takes the anatomy final very good vacations are heavenly

I. olfactory, II. optic, III. oculomotor, IV. trochlear, V. trigeminal, VI. abducens, VII. facial, VIII. vestibulocochlear, IX. glossopharyngeal, X. vagus, XI. accessory, XII. hypoglossal
Term
What to know about the cranial nerves:
functional component(s), location(s), cranial exit(s), and actions
Definition
Term
the functional components of the cranial nerves
(in general, not specific to each nerve)
Definition
motor: somatic, branchial, and visceral
sensory: visceral, general, and special
Term
somatic motor
Definition
general somatic efferent; axons innervate the muscles in the orbit and the tongue
Term
branchial motor
Definition
special visceral efferent; axons innervate the muscles of mastication
Term
visceral motor
Definition
general visceral efferent; axons innervate certain smooth muscles and glands
Term
visceral sensory
Definition
general visceral afferent; fibers carry visceral sensation to the parotid gland, middle ear, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, heart, esophagus, stomach, and intestines
Term
general sensory
Definition
general somatic afferent; fibers transmit general sensation from the skin and mucous membranes
Term
special sensory
Definition
special visceral afferent; fibers transmit sensations of taste and smell and serve the special senses of vision, hearing, and balance
Term
cranial nerves' functional components' (and mnemonic)
Definition
some say marry money but my brother says big boobs matter most

I. special sensory, II. special sensory, III. somatic and visceral motor, IV. somatic motor, V. both (V1. general sensory, V2. general sensory, V3. general sensory and branchial motor), VI. somatic motor VII. both (branchial and visceral motor, special and general sensory), VIII. special sensory (both branches), IX. both (branchial and visceral motor; visceral, special, and general sensory), X. both (branchial and visceral motor; visceral, special, and general sensory), XI. somatic and branchial motor, XII. somatic motor
Term
I. Olfactory
functional component(s), location(s), cranial exit(s), and actions
Definition
special sensory
olfactory cells
foramina in cribriform of ethmoid
sense of smell
Term
II. Optic
functional component(s), location(s), cranial exit(s), and actions
Definition
special sensory
ganglion cells of retina
optic canal
vision from retina
Term
III. Oculomotor
functional component(s), location(s), cranial exit(s), and actions
Definition
somatic motor and visceral motor
midbrain
superior orbital fissure
raises upper eyelid, turns eyeball (superiorly, inferiorly, and medially), constricts pupil, accommodates lens
Term
IV. Trochlear
functional component(s), location(s), cranial exit(s), and actions
Definition
somatic motor
midbrain
superior orbital fissure
turns eye inferolaterally
Term
V. Trigeminal
branches
Definition
Three branches: opthalmic, maxillary, mandibular
Term
V1. Trigeminal- Opthalmic
functional component(s), location(s), cranial exit(s), and actions
Definition
general sensory
trigeminal ganglion
superior orbital fissure
sensation from cornea, scalp, forehead, eyelids, and nose
Term

V2. Trigeminal- Maxillary

functional component(s), location(s), cranial exit(s), and actions

Definition

general sensory

trigeminal ganglion

foramen rotundum

sensation from upper lip, maxillary teeth, and sinuses

Term
V3. Trigeminal- Mandibular
functional component(s), location(s), cranial exit(s), and actions
Definition
general sensory and branchial motor
trigeminal ganglion and pons
foramen ovale
sensation from lower lip, mandibular teeth, and temporomandibular joint; muscles of mastication
Term

VI. Abducens

functional component(s), location(s), cranial exit(s), and actions

Definition

somatic motor

pons

superior orbital fissure

turns eye laterally

Term

VII. Facial

functional component(s), location(s), cranial exit(s)

Definition

branchial motor (pons; internal acoustic meatus)

visceral motor (presynaptic: pons, postsynaptic: pterygopalatine and submandibular ganglion; stylomastoid foramen)

special and general sensory (geniculate ganglion; facial canal)

Term

VII. Facial

actions

Definition
muscles of facial expressions and scalp, taste, sensation from skin of external acoustic meatus, parasympatheric innervations to lacrimal glands and submandiblar and sublingual salivary glands
Term

VIII. Vestibulocochlear

branches, functional component(s), location(s), cranial exit(s), and actions

Definition

Vestibular: special sensory; vestibular ganglion; internal acoustic meatus; vestibular sensation from semicircular ducts, utricle, and saccule (equilibrium)

Cochlear: special sensory, spiral ganglion, internal acoustic meatus, hearing from spiral organ

Term

IX. Glossopharyngeal

functional component(s), location(s), actions

Definition

branchial motor (medulla, swallowing)

visceral motor (presynaptic: medulla, postsynaptic: otic ganglion; parasympathetic innervations to parotid gland) visceral sensory (superior ganglion; sensation from parotid gland, pharynx, and middle ear)

special and general sensory (inferior ganglion, cutaneous sensation from middle ear)

Term
Cranial nerves IX, X, and XI all exit through the
Definition
jugular foramen
Term

X. Vagus

functional component(s), location(s), actions

Definition

branchial motor (medulla; muscles of larynx, trachea, and esophagus)

visceral motor (presynaptic: medulla, postsynaptic: neurons near viscera; parasympathetic innervations to smooth muscle of trachea, bronchi, digestive tract, heart) special/general sensory (inferior/superior ganglion; taste from epiglottis and palate/sensation from auricle)

Term

XI. Accessory

functional component(s), location(s), and actions

Definition

Somatic motor: medulla, muscles of soft palate and larynx

branchial motor: spinal cord, muscles of trapezius and sternocleidomastiod

Term

XII. Hypoglossal

functional component(s), location(s), cranial exit(s), and actions

Definition

somatic motor

medulla

hypoglossal canal

tongue movements

Term
CNS
Definition
consists of the brain and spinal cord, which primarily interpret incoming sensory info and issue instructions based on that and on past experience
Term
PNS
Definition
consists of the cranial and spinal nerves, ganglia, and sensory receptors; serve as communication lines as they carry impulses to/from CNS and to/from effector organs/sensory receptors
Term
two major divisions of the PNS and their functions
Definition
sensory portion: nerve fibers that conduct impulses to the CNS
motor portion: contains nerve fibers that conduct impulses away from the CNS
Term
motor divisions of the PNS and their functions
Definition
somatic: controls skeletal muscles
ANS: controls smooth/cardiac muscles and gland
Term
divisions of the ANS and their function
Definition
sympathetic and parasympathetic - help maintain homeostasis
Term
Which cranial nerves exit through the superior orbital fissure?
Definition
III. oculomotor, IV. trochlear, V1. trigeminal-opthalmic, VI. abducens
Term
Which cranial nerves are located in the midbrain?
Definition
III. Oculomotor
IV. Trochlear
Term
Which cranial nerves are located in the pons?
Definition
motor part of V3. Trigeminal- Mandibular
VI. Abducens
most motor of VII. Facial
Term
Which cranial nerves are located in the medulla?
Definition
most motor of IX. glossopharyngeal
most motor of X. vagus
somatic motor of XI. accessory
XII. hypoglossal
Term
The adult brain contains ______% of the body's neural tissue.
Definition
97
Term
What is the weight and volume of the adult human brain?
Definition
~1.4 kg (3 lb.)
1200 mL (71 in.^3)
Term
What is the outer layer of the dura mater fused to, and what do this create?
Definition
the periosteum of cranial bone
no epidural space
Term
arachnoid granulations
Definition
another name for arachnoid villi
Term
How often is the entire volume of CSF replaced?
Definition
every 8 hrs.
Term
What is the total volume of CSF at any moment?
Definition
150 mL
Term
What are the relay stations of the medulla oblongata?
Definition
olivary nucleus, nucleus cuneatus, and nucleus gracilis
Term
What does the olivary nucleus do?
Definition
relays info from red nucleus, other nuclei of the midbrain, and the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum
Term
What do the nucleus cuneatus and nucleus gracilis do?
Definition
relay somatic sensory info to the thalamus
Term
olive
Definition
prominent, olive-shaped bulge on each side of the anterolateral surface of the medulla oblongata
Term
reticular formation
Definition
loosely organized mass of gray matter in the brain stem that contains embedded nuclei and centers that regulate vital autonomic functions
Term
The reticular formation extends from the _____ to the _____.
Definition
medulla oblongata
mesencephalon
Term
What are the two main functions of the cerebellum?
Definition
1. adjusting the postural muscles of the body
2. programming and fine-tuning movements controlled at the conscious and subconscious levels
Term
Purkinje cells
Definition
huge, highly-branched cells in the cortex of the cerebellum that receive motor command info issued at the conscious and subconscious levels from the nuclei in the pons or by the cerebellar nuclei
Term
cerebellar peduncles
Definition
superior, middle, and inferior tracts on each side that link the cerebellum with the brainstem, cerebrum, and spinal cord
Term
Where is there a nucleus in the cerebellum?
Definition
in the middle of the arbor vitae
Term
ataxia
Definition
lack of order; a disturbance in muscular coordination either by trauma or stroke that leads to permanent damage, or by drugs that leads to temporary damage
Term
parts of the corpora quadrigemina
Definition
superior colliculi: visual reflex center that receives input from the thalamus
inferior colliculi: auditory reflex center that receives input from the nuclei in the medulla and pons
Term
midbrain
Definition
most complex and integrative portion of the brain stem that can direct complex motor patterns at the subconscious level, regulate auditory and visual reflexes, and control alertness
Term
The midbrain can either work alone or with the _____.
Definition
cerebellum
Term
What structure influences the level of activity in the entire nervous system?
Definition
midbrain
Term
red nucleus
Definition
gray matter in the midbrain that receives info from the cerebrum and cerebellum and issues commands that affect upper limb position and background muscle tone
Term
substantia nigra
Definition
gray matter of the midbrain that contains darkly pigmented cells that adjust activity in the basal nuclei of the cerebrum
Term
Where is the reticular formation headquarters, and what does it do?
Definition
in the midbrain
processing center that can initiate involuntary motor responses to stimuli
Term
reticular activating system
Definition
RAS; specialized part of the reticular formation in the midbrain that helps maintain consciousness
Term
What kind of fibers do the cerebral peduncles have, and what do they do?
Definition
descending (white matter) - carry voluntary motor commands issued by the cerebral hemispheres
Term
lateral geniculate nucleus
Definition
one in each hemisphere of the thalamus; receives visual info over the optic tract and sends signals to both the midbrain and the occipital lobe of the hemisphere on its side
Term
medial geniculate nucleus
Definition
one in each hemisphere of thalamus; relays auditory info from specialized receptors of inner ear to appropriate cerebral cortex are
Term
The hypothalamus may be stimulated by
Definition
1. sensory info from the cerebrum, brain stem, and spinal cord
2. changes in the composition of the CSF and interstitial fluid
3. chemical stimuli in the circulating blood that rapidly enter the hypothalamus because this region lacks a blood-brain barrier
Term
Hormonal centers in the hypothalamus do what?
Definition
secrete chemical messengers that control endocrine cells in the anterior pituitary; secrete 2 hormones released by posterior pituitary
Term
functions of nuclei of hypothalamus
Definition
autonomic centers that control the cardiovascular and vasomotor centers of the medulla oblongata
Term
preoptic area
Definition
a nucleus of the hypothalamus that regulates body temperature by coordinated adjustments in blood flow and sweat gland activity
Term
suprachiasmatic nucleus
Definition
in the hypothalamus; coordinates day/night cycles of activity and inactivity
Term
limbic system
Definition
aka motivational system; functional group of tracts and nuclei located in the cerebrum and diencephalon
Term
3 main functions of the limbic system
Definition
1. establishing emotional states
2. linking conscious, intellectual functions of the cerebral cortex with the unconscious and autonomic functions of the brain stem
3. facilitating memory storage and retrieval
Term
limbic lobe
Definition
components of the limbic system that are in the cerebrum; cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, and hippocampus
Term
cingulate gyrus
Definition
superior portion of the limbic lobe
Term
parahippocampal gyrus
Definition
inferior portion of the limbic lobe
Term
hippocampus
Definition
elongate nucleus in the limbic system that is shaped like a sea horse and is important in learning, especially in storage and retrieval of long-term memories
Term
What are the components of the limbic system that are in the diencephalon?
Definition
anterior group of thalamic nuclei, hypothalamus, and mammillary bodies
Term
What do the anterior group of thalamic nuclei do?
Definition
relay info from one mammillary body to cingulate gyrus on the same side
Term
amygdaloid body
Definition
interface between the limbic system and the cerebrum and various sensory systems; plays a role in regulation of heart rate, control of fight or flight response, and linking emotions to specific memories
Term
How do the basal nuclei control movement?
Definition
They don't normally initiate it, instead they provide a general pattern and rhythm to movement that is already underway.
Term
What do the basal nuclei consist of?
Definition
caudate nucleus and lentiform nucleus that is subdivided into a medial globus pallidus and a lateral putamen
Term
internal capsule
Definition
part of cerebrum; axon bundles that connect the cerebral cortex to the diencephalon and brain stem and pass around and between basal nuclei
Term
motor cortex of the cerebrum - neurons
Definition
called pyramidal cells because of their shape
Term
sensory cortex of the cerebrum - neurons
Definition
receive somatic sensory info from receptors for touch, pressure, pain, vibration, taste, or temperature
Term
somatic motor association area
Definition
part of the motor cortex; coordinates learned movements
Term
somatic sensory association area
Definition
part of the sensory cortex; monitors activity in primary sensory cortex
Term
gustatory cortex
Definition
area in the cerebrum, within the insula that receives taste receptor info
Term
olfactory cortex
Definition
area in the cerebrum that receives sensory info from the olfactory receptors
Term
auditory cortex of the cerebrum
Definition
1. primary auditory cortex - monitors auditory info
2. auditory association are - monitors sensory activity in auditory cortex and recognizes sounds (spoken words)
Term
visual cortex of cerebrum
Definition
1. primary visual cortex - receives info from lateral geniculate nucleus
2. visual association area - monitors activity in visual cortex and interprets results
Term
integrative centers of the cerebrum
Definition
concerned with the performance of complex processes such as speech, writing, math, and spatial relationships; restricted to either the right or left hemisphere
Term
What are the 4 integrative centers?
Definition
Wernicke area, Broca area, frontal eye field, prefrontal cortex
Term
frontal eye field
Definition
controls learned eye movements such as scanning text
Term
prefrontal cortex
Definition
coordinates info relayed from association areas and performs abstract intellectual functions such as predicting consequences of events or actions
Term
hemisphere lateralization
Definition
specialized functions of each hemisphere
Term
left hemisphere lateralization
Definition
contains general interpretive and speech areas, responsible for language-based skills, premotor cortex controlling hand movements is larger here for right handers, and important in performing analytical tasks such as math and logic
Term
right hemisphere lateralization
Definition
analyzes sensory info and relates body to sensory environment (recognizing faces, understanding 3D relationships), important in analyzing emotional context of conversation
Term
Where is left-handedness controlled?
Definition
the primary motor cortex in the right hemisphere
Term
What are the demographics of left-handedness?
Definition
9% of our population, but and unusually high % of artists and musicians are it, possibly because the primary motor cortex and association areas on right hemisphere are near spatial visualization and emotion association areas
Term
All of the projection fibers form the _____, and they must pass through the _____.
Definition
internal capsule
diencephalon
Term
What happens to the anterior commissure if the corpus callosum is damaged?
Definition
Its importance increases
Term
How many axons and impulses does the corpus callosum have?
Definition
> 200 million axons; 4 billion impulses/sec.
Term
arcuate fibers
Definition
the shortest association fibers, link one gyrus to another
Term
longitudinal fasciculi
Definition
the longest association fibers; organized into bundles and connect frontal lobe to other lobes of the same hemisphere
Term
Neural function depends on
Definition
electrical impulses
Term
Electrical activity changes as
Definition
certain areas are stimulated or quieted down
Term
Electrical activity generates
Definition
an electrical field
Term
electroencephalogram (EEG)
Definition
the measuring of the electrical field of the brain's electrical activity by placing electrodes on the scalp and printing out the report of the brain waves
Term
alpha waves
Definition
occur in brains of healthy, awake adults that are resting with their eyes closed but not sleeping or concentrating a specific task
Term
beta waves
Definition
higher-frequency waves typical of people concentrating on a task or in a state of psychological tension
Term
theta waves
Definition
most often observed in children and also in intensely frustrated adults; may appear transiently during normal adult sleep
Term
What brain waves may indicate the presence of a brain disorder such as a tumor?
Definition
theta
Term
delta waves
Definition
very large in amplitude and low in frequency, normally seen during sleep in all ages
Term
_____ waves are also seen in infants and awake adults with brain damage form a tumor, vascular blockage, or inflammation.
Definition
Delta
Term
Electrical activity of the brain is generally synchronized by the _____.
Definition
thalamus
Term
seizures
Definition
temporary cerebral activity disorder accompanied by abnormal movement, unusual sensations, or inappropriate behaviors; can start in one area of the brain and spread across the cortical surface
Term
epilepsies
Definition
clinical conditions characterized by seizures
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