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Anatomy of Respiration
N/A
62
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
10/30/2012

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Term
respiration
Definition
exchange of gas between organism and its environment
Term
inspiration
Definition
bring oxygen to cells of body by breathing in
Term
expiration
Definition
eliminate waste products by breathing out
Term
alveoli
Definition
minute air sacs located deep within lungs; where gas exchange happens
Term
air pressure
Definition
force exerted on the walls of chamber by molecules of air
due to molecular charge, air molecules tend to stay apart
Term
air pressure if container is open
Definition
if chamber is open: pressure on inner walls = pressure on outer walls
Term
air pressure if container is closed
Definition
1. closed/compressed: decreasing space between air molecules, leads to increased air pressure
2. closed/retracted: increasing space between air molecules, leads to negative pressure
Term
boyle's law
Definition
1. volume increases, air pressure will decrease
2. volume decreases, air pressure will increase
3. will increase/decrease pressure until the pressure is equalized inside and outside of the container
Term
function of vertebral column
Definition
points of attachment for numerous muscles
protects spinal cord
spinal nerves arise from it
ribs articulate with it to permit small movements
Term
rib cage structures
Definition
composed of 12 ribs
cartilaginous attachment to sternum permits slight rotation during respiration (allows elevation)
at rest ribs slope downward
at inspiration ribs elevate
Term
bronchial passageway
Definition
trachea and main stem bronchi
head posture can affect airflow through the airway
Term
bronchial tree
Definition
branches of the bronchi in the lungs into secondary and tertiary bronchi, creating a tree-like shape
Term
esophagus
Definition
long, collapsed tube running behind/adjacent to trachea
also digestive passageway from mouth to stomach
remains collapsed unless a bolus is traveling through it
bolus is propelled by gravity/peristaltic contractions
Term
terminal bronchiole
Definition
final tube in bronchial tree
small
(1mm in diameter)
Term
alveoli
Definition
have extremely thin membrane that is permeable to both oxygen and carbon dioxide
site of gas exchange
each ___ is covered with a bed of 2000 capillaries +
extremely small (.25mm in diameter)
plentiful (300 million in mature lungs)
Term
surfactant
Definition
produced by some cells
reduces surface tension
keeps alveoli from collapsing during respiration
Term
alveoli function against pollutants
Definition
Pollutants entering respiratory tract are removed through cleansing action of beating epithelia that line bronchial passageway
Term
movement of air through respiratory system (general)
Definition
lungs expand
diaphragm contracts enlarging thoracic cavity vertically
rib cage elevates to enlarge transverse dimensions
Term
pleural lining
Definition
lining that covers the lungs and inner thoracic wall
reduces friction of thoracic structures
mechanism for translating force of thorax enlargement into inspiration (airtight seal --> lungs to follow thorax)
composed of elastic/fibrous tissue
Term
visceral pleurae
Definition
lining that encases lungs
continuous with parietal pleurae
Term
parietal pleurae
Definition
thoracic lining
continuous with visceral pleurae
regions are identified by location:
mediastinal
pericardial
diaphragmatic
costal
apical
Term
costal pleura
Definition
cover inner surface of rib cage/lung
Term
apical pleurae
Definition
cover superior most region of rib cage/lung
Term
pleurisy
Definition
condition in which pleural lining of thoracic cavity are inflamed
dry: extreme pain while breathing due to loss of the lubrication of their lungs by the intrapleural fluid
Term
quiet inspiration requires what muscle(s)
Definition
diaphragm
Term
diaphragm
Definition
primary muscle of inspiration
separates the thoracic and abdominal chamber
striated muscle
Term
diaphragm attachment
Definition
lower margin of rib cage, sternum, and vertebral column
Term
diaphragm contraction
Definition
1.force of contraction directs it downward towards abdominal viscera
2. contraction results in elongation of thoracic cavity so that lungs can expand as air enters the respiratory passageway
3. all fibers contract together as a unit
4. pulls central tendon down and forward
Term
central tendon
Definition
part of diaphragm
intermediate region which is made up of large, leafy aponeurosis
muscle fibers radiate out from it
Term
aponeurosis
Definition
sheet-like tendon
Term
esophageal hiatus
Definition
part of diaphragm
where the esophagus passes through
Term
hiatus
Definition
opening
Term
crura (definition)
Definition
crosses
Term
crura (diaphragm)
Definition
vertebral attachment is accomplished by means of two crura
Term
three diaphragmatic hiatuses
Definition
abdominal aorta hiatus
esophageal hiatus
foramen vena cava (inferior vena
Term
muscles used in forced inspiration
Definition
diaphragm + accessory muscles of inspiration
to elevate entire rib cage as a unit (external intercostal muscles)
Term
inspiration vs quiet expiration
Definition
i: active process
qe: natural process, gravity returns ribs to its original position, ab. visceral push the diaphragm into its resting position
Term
muscles of inspiration
Definition
diaphragm
accessory muscles of thorax
muscles of neck
muscles of thorax, back, and upper limb
Term
clavicular breathing
Definition
form of respiration
thorax expansion arises from elevation of rib cage via contraction of neck accessory muscles of inspiration, most notably sternocleidomastoid
Term
passive expiration
Definition
diaphragme returns to its resting position
Term
forced expiration
Definition
requires musculature to act on lungs indirectly to squeeze air out of lungs
Term
forced expiration occurs in two ways
Definition
1. by decreasing front-back dimension by pulling down the rib cage
2. by decreasing front-back dimension by squeezing abdominal viscera
Term
muscles of forced expiration
Definition
muscles of thorax, back, and upper limbs
abdominal muscles (support)
Term
thoracic fixation
Definition
to "fix" thorax, inhale and close vocal folds
grunt due to air escaping past vocal folds
ex) skilled tennis player, lifting heavy object
Term
summary of inspiration
Definition
to inflate lungs: expand thoracic cavity
to increase vertical dimension: contract diaphragm, elevate ribcage
Term
summary of forced expiration
Definition
deflate lungs: pulling thorax down
decreases vertical dimension: forcing the diaphragm to its resting position
Term
air will always flow from an area of __ pressure to __ pressure
Definition
high to low
Term
positive pressure
Definition
when air molecules are close together causes an increase in pressure
Term
negative pressure
Definition
when air molecules are far away from eachother causing a decrease in pressure
Term
pelvic girdle
Definition
strong structure for the attachment of the legs
made up of: ilium, sactum, pubic bone, and ischium (FYI)
Term
pectoral girdle
Definition
aka shoulder girdle
bones that support the upper extremities
Term
pectoal girdle is composed of which bones?
Definition
scapula, clavicle, sternum
Term
carina
Definition
point where the trachea divides (bifurcates) to become the left and right mainstem bronchi
Term
cilia
Definition
hair-like processes of trachea
"beat" to drive pollutants upward from the trachea
Term
mucus
Definition
dense fluid product of mucous membrane tissue
Term
vertical dimension
Definition
the superior-inferior dimension of the dimension
contraction of the diaphragm enlarges the vertical dimension
Term
transverse dimension
Definition
anterior, posterior, and lateral dimensions of the diaphragm
elevation of the rib cage enlarges the transverse dimension
Term
hyperventilation
Definition
breathing at an abnormally rapid rate
Term
hypoxia
Definition
oxygen deficiency
Term
passive expiration
Definition
normal expiration that occurs without direct muscular effort
Term
active expiration
Definition
requires the musculature to act on the lungs indirectly to "squeeze" air out of them
Term
heimlich maneuver
Definition
1.someone else squeezes abdomen (can't do it yourself)
2.this pushes diaphragm higher into thorax
3.pushing air from lungs
4.the more air you push out of lung = more likely of knocking the blockage out of place
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