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Anatomy of the Vocal Mechanism
midterm #2
72
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
11/09/2009

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Recoil Forces
Definition
made up of LUNGS (surface tension and alveolar collapsibility) and CHEST WALL (elastic properties of muscles).

lung recoil forces - always cause lungs to collapse

chest recoil forces - want equilibrium (so there's expansion at low lung volume)
Term
Pressure Relaxation Curve
Definition

- Made up of the recoil forces of the lungs and the chest wall. aka "recoil curve"

- Active Muscle Force = Passive Recoil Force (but in opposite directions)

- When speaking, muscles of exhalation activate because recoil is not enough

Term
Resting Lung Volume
Definition

- When alveolar pressure is the same as outside pressure.

- 38% of total volume.

- resting lung volume is higher when speaking

Term
Inhalation and Exhalation (in terms of pressure and volume)
Definition
Inhalation = higher lung volume, lower air pressure Exhalation = lower lung volume, higher air pressure
Term
Q: How do you stop a relaxation curve at any place other than resting level and without closing the glottis?
Definition

ACTIVE muscle force.

Above resting level, we use inspiratory muscles, below is expiratory.

Term
Speaking (in terms of pressure, volume)
Definition
Subglottal pressure and loudness remain constant while lung volume decreases. lung volume required for speech is much higher than regular breathing. active muscle force is need whenever relaxation curve does not meet subglottal pressure requirement. There's a new, higher resting level where balance occurs.
Term
BONES & CARTLIAGE OF LARYNX: Functions of the Larynx
Definition
1) to protect the airway (glottis) from foreign substances: closes glottis in preparation for swallowing, when something gets into the larynx, clear throat 2) to make sound: converts aerodynamic energy into acoustic energy (myoelastic theory of sound production) 3) allows us to hold our breath: varies the subglottal pressure
Term
Hyoid bone (general)
Definition

- a supportive structure for the root of the tongue

- superior attachment point for extrinsic laryngeal muscles

(good to know: tongue/chin approach hyoid from above and front, temporal muscles approach from above and behind)

Term
Hyoid bone (anatomy)
Definition

- U-shaped Body/corpus

- Greater horns/cornu: articulate with superior horns of thyroid

- Lesser horns/cornu

Term
Cartilages (list the 9)
Definition

- Thyroid

- Epiglottis

- Cricoid

- Arytenoid (2)

- Corniculate (2)

- Cuneiform (2)

Term
Thyroid Cartilage (anatomy)
Definition

- Laminae (2)

- Superior cornu (attached to greater horn of hyoid)

- Inferior cornu (articulate with cricoid)

- Thyroid notch

- Angle of thyroid (where the lamina meet)

- Laryngeal prominence (adam's apple)

- oblique line (surface of lamina, site of muscle attachment)

Term
Myoelastic Aerodynamic Theory of Sound Production
Definition
pressure builds, air pushes vocal folds apart, until pressure decreases and recoil forces bring them back to original state. vocal folds pulled together by interarytenoids.
Term
Cricoid Cartilage
Definition

two parts: anterior arch, posterior quadrate lamina arch

- articulation of inferior horns of thyroid = rocking motion of cricothyroid

- PQL articulates with arytenoids and thyroid

Term
Arytenoid Cartilages
Definition

Body

Apex - process that points vertically

Muscular Process

Vocal Process

Term
Corniculate Cartilages
Definition

"cap" the arytenoids

hornlike

Term
Epiglottis (anatomy)
Definition

leaflike stem (petiolus) originates from angle of thyroid

thin and flexible cartilage that gets broad superiorly

at broadest part it is attached to hyoid bone via a ligament attached to root of tongue

Term
Cuneiform Cartilages
Definition
small cartilages embedded in aryepiglottic fold
Term
Epiglottis (attachment to tongue)
Definition

median glossoepiglottic fold

lateral glossoepiglottic folds

valleculae (pitlike depression between epiglottis and roof of tongue)

Term
Epiglottis (function)
Definition

contributes very little to production of speech

mostly prevents food from entering the larynx during swallowing

can sort of change size and shape of laryngeal cavity

Term
Cricoarytenoid Joint
Definition

rocking motion of arytenoid cartilage produces:

- an upward and outward swinging motion of the vocal process during abduction

- inward and downward swinging motion during adduction

Term
Cricothyroid Joint
Definition
rocking motion places vocal folds under increased tension, causing an increase in vocal pitch
Term

Extrinsic Laryngeal Membranes

 

Hyothyroid membrane

Definition

- larynx is suspended by this membrane

- continuous sheet connecting all of top of thyroid cartilage and entire body of hyoid bone (arch and greater cornu)

- in midline it's thicker and is called the middle hyothyroid ligament

- at ends (between superior cornu and great cornu) thicker; lateral hyothyroid ligament

 

Term
Hyoepiglottic Ligament
Definition

- an unpaired, midline, elastic ligament extending from anterior surface of the epigottis to the upper body of the hyoid bone

Term
Cricotracheal Membrane
Definition

- connects lower border of cricoid cartilage with the upper bornder of the first tracheal ring

Term

Intrinsic Laryngeal Membranes and Ligaments

 

Conus Elasticus

 


Definition

- located in cavity below vocal folds

- continuous sheet of membrane that connects the thyroid, cricoid, and arytenoid cartilages (three biggest)

- extends from superior border of the cricoid cartilage to upper limits of true vocal folds

- medial cricothyroid ligament (cricoid to thyroid)

- lateral cricothyroid ligament (thinner than medial, cricoid to vocal ligaments)

Term
Quadrangular Membrane
Definition

- connects epiglottis with thyroid and arytenoids

- from lateral margins of the epiglottis and thyroid cartilage (near angle)

- attach to corniculate cartilages and medial surface of arytenoids

- at bottom, terminates as false vocal folds, aka ventricular ligaments

- at top, becomes aryepiglottic folds

 

Term
Mucous Membrane
Definition

- continuous lining of entire larynx

Term

Interior of the Larynx

 

Aditus Laryngis

Definition

- triangular opening (wider in front than behind)

- shape depends on position of arytenoids

- entry way into the laryngal cavity from the pharynx

- restricted by aryepiglottic folds

Term
Vestibule
Definition

- cavity above false vocal folds and below the aditus

Term
Glottis
Definition

- space between aryepigottic folds

- basically, the airway

- anterior (bounded by vocal ligament) is membraneous gottis

- posterior (bounded by arytenoids) is cartiliginous glottis

Term
Ventricle
Definition

- below vestibule

- between false vocal folds and true vocal folds

- extends entire length of the vocal folds

Term

Ventricular Folds

(False Vocal Folds)

Definition

- incapable of becoming tense

- space in between is called false glottis

 

Term
Vocal Folds
Definition

- origin: near angle of thyroid cartilage (anterior)

- insertion: arytenoids (posterior)

- medial borders are free

- consists of bundle of muscle tissue (thyroarytenoid) and a vocal ligament (part of conus elasticus)

- anterior part vibrates more than posterior

Term

Extrinsic Muscles


(one attachment to structure outside larynx)

 

 

Definition

- function: support and fixation of the larynx

 

Term

Infrahyoid muscles

 

Sternothryoid

Definition

- origin: posterior surface of manubrium

- insertion: oblique line

- draws thyroid downward, so lowers pitch

 

Term
Thyrohyoid muscle
Definition

- origin: oblique

- insertion: greater cornu

- function: decreases distance between thyroid and hyoid. depresses hyoid and elevates thyroid. FIXES the hyoid. AND opening upper esophageal sphincter.

- main muscle for influencing vocal folds; stretches them

- raises/lowers frequency

Term
Sternohyoid
Definition

- above the ST and TH

- origin: posterior surface of the manubrium

- insertion: body of the hyoid

- function: fixes the hyoid, pulls it down (depressor), lowers pitch

Term
Omohyoid
Definition

- two bellies

- inferior belly: scapula to intermediate tendon

- superior belly: intermediate tendon to greater horn

- function: neck doesn't collapse during inspiration, prevents blood vessels from being compressed

Term

Suprahyoid Muscles

 

Digastric

Definition

- has two bellies

- anterior: mandible to intermediate tendon

- posterior: mastoid process of temporal to intermediate tendon

- function: raises hyoid bone and depresses lower jaw

Term
Stylohyoid
Definition

- origin: styloid process of temporal bone

- insertion: body of the hyoid

- function: hyoid goes up and backward

Term
Geniohyoid
Definition

- origin:inferior mental spine of the mandible

- insertion: body of the hyoid

- function: pulls hyoid up and forward

Term
Mylohyoid
Definition

origin: mylohyoid line of the mandible

insertion: median raphe (and body of hyoid)

function: elevates hyoid, floor of mouth, and tongue. important for SWALLOWING

Term

Intrinsic Muscles

(produce speech)

(always act in pairs)

 

 

Definition
adductors, abductors, tensors, and relaxers
Term
Thyroarytenoid
Definition

- main mass of vocal folds, adductor

vocalis: medial, flanks vocal ligament, vibrating mass, when it relaxes the folds are thinner for vibration

thyromuscularis: lateral, rotates the arytenoids together

Term

Cricoarytenoids

 

Lateral Cricoarytenoid

Definition

- adductor

- rotates arytenoid cartilage to bring vocal processes towards the midline (medial compression)

- lateral arch of cricoid to muscular process of arytenoid

Term
Posterior Cricoarytenoid
Definition

- origin: PQL of cricoid

- insertion: muscular process of arytenoid

- function: ABductor. ONLY ONE.

Term

Interarytenoids

 

Oblique

Definition

- muscular process of one to apex of other

- form an X

- MEDIAL COMPRESSION; bring arytenoids together, closes posterior gap, allows for subglottal pressure, loudness, closes aditus (both IAs)

Term

Interarytenoids

 

Transverse

Definition

- posterior surface to posterior surface

- adducts arytenoids

Term

Cricothyroid

 

Definition

- actively tenses (elongates) vocal folds!!! most important muscle for pitch changes

- arch to inferior thyroid lamina

- rocking motion!

pars oblique: more lateral; arch to inferior cornu

pars rectus: more medial; arch to lamina

 

Term
Thyroepiglottic
Definition

- from lamina of thyroid to epiglottis

- protects the airway and closes the aditus by pushing the epiglottis back

Term
Aryepiglottic
Definition

- apex of arytenoids to epiglottis

- protects airway and closes aditus by pushing epiglottis back

Term
Upper Esophogeal Sphincter
Definition

- keeps epiglottis closed

- important for phonetic reasons (creating consonants)

- GERD: genetic disorder (gastro esophageal reflux disease), where stomach acids come up through esophagus and can enter into larynx; do surgery on UES to reduce effects

Term

Innervation

 

Superior Laryngeal Nerve

Definition

Internal - sensory, cough reflex, innervates epiglottis, larynx, mucous membrane. protects the airway

 

External - motor innervations for cricothyroid muscle ONLY. important for voice ff, pitch control

Term
Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve
Definition

- Motor for all other laryngeal muscles (NOT cricothyroid)

- sensory fibers that innervate from trachea to lower larynx

- easily damaged during thyroid surgery

- can lead to vocal fold paralysis if severed

Term
Fundamental Frequency
Definition

- rate of vibration of the vocal folds

- represented in Hertz

- same as pitch

Term
Factors affecting FF (pitch)
Definition

- length: increase, decrease ff

- thickness: increase, decrease ff (CT muscle)

- mpu: increase, decrease ff (resistance to movement)

- tension: the more tension, the more rapid opening and closing of the vocal folds, increase in pitch

- stiffness: increase, increase ff (CT muscle)

- medial compression: increase, increase ff (LCA)

- subglottal pressure: transglottal difference affects loudness

- airflow

Term
Factors affecting Loudness
Definition

- Transglottal Pressure difference

- Glottal impedance (same thing as stiffness) Thyromuscularis

Term
Onset of Phonation (Attacks)
Definition

- Glottal: forces vocal folds apart, starts with vocal folds closed

- Breathy: starts with vocal folds open, leads to wastage of air

- Simultaneous: begins with adduction of the vocal folds and exhalation

Term
Open Quotient
Definition

- open time/closed time

- decreases when loudness increases

Term
Speed Quotient
Definition

- abduction/adduction

- opening/closing

- increases when loudness increases

Term

Sulcus

Definition

a cyst forms in a cavity then ruptures

Term
Ectasia
Definition

- dilation of a blood vessel

- hemorhage within a polyp

Term
Reinke's Edema
Definition

- smoker's polyps

- swollen and red

Term
Source/Filter Theory of Speech Production
Definition

- air pulse and sound source are triangular

- fourier analysis: any periodic sound can be described as having fundamental and harmonic frequencies (series of sine waves of different frequencies)

Term
Formant Frequency
Definition

- type of resonating frequency; in the vocal tract

- helmhertz cavities (each have their own resonating frequency); we change the shape of these with articulators

- peaks at a certain frequency and then falls away from that frequency; filters out those frequencies so that we only hear the source; creates perception of singular vowel sound

Term
Velum
Definition
soft tissue that makes up soft palate; really important for speech
Term
Palatopharyngeal Muscle
Definition
moves palate and pharynx
Term
Oral Pharyngeal Isthmus
Definition
passageway between oral cavity and pharynx
Term
Sulcus Terminalis
Definition
V shape on back of tongue
Term
Foramen Caecum
Definition
pit of Sulcus Terminalis
Term
Choanu
Definition
Term
Velopharyngeal Port
Definition
passageway between the nasal and oral cavity
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