Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Anatomy-Musculature
Exam 2
21
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
03/23/2014

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Somatic Muscles
Definition
Skeletal Muscles
-voluntary
-each muscle is innervated
-used in body movements
Term
Visceral Muscles
Definition
Cardiac muscles
-heart
-auto rhythmic
-functional syncytium

Smooth Muscle
-walls of organs
-responds to nerves, hormones, local factors, stretch
Term
Skeletal muscle
Definition
in membranes and attachment

Attachment: tendons, aponeurosis and raphes, periosteum
have origin (where its static) and insertion (where it moves)

fascicles: muscle cells are arranged in bundles, helps distinguish one muscle from another
Term
Axial muscles
Definition
-derived from cranial somites and somitomeres
-used for vision, respiration/feeding, movement
-trunk and tail segments
-innervated by cranial nerves and ventral/dorsal rami of spinal nerves

-sensory signals in, motor signals out
Term
Branchiomeric muscles
Definition
Axial muscles
used for respiration and feeding

3 muscle groups
-Mandibular: move tongue and mandible
-Hyoid: move tongue and mandible
-Arch: associated with gills, pharynx, swallowing, necks
Term
Hypobranchial muscles
Definition
axial muscles
-running from coracoid to meckel's cartilage
-help support hyoid, mandible, muscles in back of neck
-assists branchimeric muscles
Term
Epibranchial muscles
Definition
axial muscles
-may assist in elevating cranium during feeding
Term
Epaxial muscles
Definition
axial muscles
-dorsal location
-supports vertebral column, lateral flexion
-locomotion in fish
-act synergistically (in synchrony)
-metameric in fish, sharks, some amphibians
-long straps in amniotes
Term
hypaxial muscles
Definition
axial muscles
-ventral location
-subvertebral
-abdominals
-hip flexors
-diaphragm in mammals (only mammals have diaphragm for inflation)
Term
mammalian diphragm
Definition
-hypaxial muscle
-major respiration muscle in mammals
-divides thoracic and lumbar regions
-anchored to ribs posteriorly
Term
appendicular muscles
Definition
-include muscles on pectoral/pelvic girdles and limbs
-used for support
-innervated by ventral rami of spinal nerves

pectoral girdle and forelimbs
-support forelimb
-shock absorption
-extrinsic muscles (attached to girdle itself for stability)

pelvic girdle and hindlimbs
-pelvic girdle is incapable of movement
-extrinsic muscles on pelvic girdle are used for stability
-intrinsic muscle are used for movement of femurs
Term
integumentary muscles
Definition
associated with skin
allows animals to be able to control skin

-aquatic locomotion: attachment to dermis in fish, sharks, and amphibians
-costocutaneous muscles of snakes move scales
-cutaneous pectoris of bat wings
-facial muscles (over 30 in humans)
-arectores plumarium (feathers) and arrectores pilorum (hair)
-panniculus carnosus allows an armedillo to roll into a ball or a horse to shake off flies
Term
factors affecting the action of muscle
Definition
STRENGTH, ENDURANCE, SPEED

-arrangement of fibers
-cross section of muscle
-length of muscle fibers
-type of muscle fibers
-point of attachment
-position of muscle relative to the point of movement
-elastic components
Term
skeletal muscle shapes
Definition
-pennate: short muscle fibers come together at one tendon (used for force)
-convergent: fibers come together at one point (thick, strong, forceful)
-parallel: fibers run in the same direction (long, contractile, fast)
-fusiform: long muscle, many sarcomeres (long, contractile, fast)
-circular: they open/close (like sphincter muscle)
-multipennate: divided into sections, each controls muscle in a different way
Term
pennate muscles
Definition
-more elastic components
-more fibers in muscle means greater force of contraction
-the greater the cross section the greater the force the muscle can develop
-best for moving heavy loads a short distance
Term
twitch muscle fiber types
Definition
-the type of muscle will determine speed and endurance
-most muscles are a combination of muscle cell types

Slow oxidative fibers
-slow twitch, long endurance

Fast oxidative-glycolitic fibers
-fast twitch, medium endurance

Fast glycolitic fibers
-fast twitch, low endurance
Term
Insertion's relation to speed and strength
Definition
-a muscle inserted near to the point of rotation favors speed and greater excursion
-distal insertion of muscle favors strength

-insert near to where the action is occurring: speed
-insert near to where the load is: strength
Term
conservation of energy
Definition
multiple muscles contributing to same movement allows for:
-conservation of energy
-movement in different ways
-muscles react differently based on the position of the skeleton
Term
active and passive tension
Definition
active tension: tension of contraction in muscle
passive tension: tension needed to stretch the elastic components
-total tension is dependent on the action of the muscle during contraction and the elastic components of the muscle

-elastic energy is stored in the connective tissue in muscles and tendons
-length of muscle and stretch of elastic components are important to how the muscle will act
Term
elastic components of a muscle
Definition
muscle length and force of contraction
-as a muscle increases length, it will increase contraction to an optimal length
-if a muscle is stretched beyond optimal length, force will decrease

elastic components
-for a muscle to move a load it must first stretch the elastic components of the muscle and tendon

joint position
-the position of the joint will affect the stretch on a muscle

conservation of energy
-alternating muscle units during a complex movement like walking will conserve energy
Term
Speed, Strength, Endurance
Definition
speed
-type of muscle (fast/slow twitch)
-load to move
-shape and size of muscle
-muscle insertion position

strength
-shape of muscle
-size of muscle fibers
-number and size of motor units involved
-muscle insertion position

endurance
-type of muscle
-load (weight carried)
-elastic components
Supporting users have an ad free experience!