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Anatomy Midterm
Flashcards for Anatomy and Physiology midterm
171
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
03/03/2016

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Term
Definition of Anatomy
Definition
The study of the form and structure of the body.
Term
Definition of Physiology
Definition
The study of the body functions
Term
Anatomical position
Definition
Standing upright
Facing the observer, head level
eyes forward
feet flat on the floor
arms at sides
palms faced forward with thumbs pointing away from the body
Term
Prone position
Definition
lying face up
Term
supine position
Definition
lying face down
Term
definition of a section
Definition
slice or cut to expose internal anatomy
Term
definition of plane
Definition
imaginary flat surface passing through the body
Term
coronal plane
Definition
vertical place dividing body into anterior and posterior
Term
transverse plane
Definition
horizontal plane dividing the body into superior and inferior
Term
midsagittal plane
Definition
vertical plane dividing the body into equal left and right halves
Term
sagittal plane
Definition
divides a structure into left and right structures at any number of sites, parallel to midsagittal plane
Term
oblique plane
Definition
passes through structures at an angle
Term
dorsal
Definition
toward the back
Term
ventral
Definition
toward the belly
Term
proximal
Definition
nearer to the trunk
Term
distal
Definition
farther from the trunk
Term
what is included in the axial region?
Definition
head, neck and trunk
Term
what is included in the appendicular region?
Definition
upper and lower limbs
Term
dorsal body cavity/posterior aspect is made of?
Definition
cranial cavity and vertebral cavity
Term
the ventral body cavity contains?
Definition
the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity
Term
pleural cavity
Definition
surrounds the lungs
Term
pericardial cavity
Definition
surrounds the heart
Term
serous membrane functions
Definition
-lines the body cavities
-protects internal organs
-parietal serosa lines the cavity walls
-visceral serosa covers the organs
-serous fluid secreted by both membranes fills the space between the two membranes to reduce friction
Term
Label
[image]
Definition
A- Right hypochondriac region
B- epigastric region
C- left hypochondriac region
D- Right lumbar region
E- Umbillical region
F- left lumbar region
G- right iliac region
h- hypogastric region
i- left iliac region
Term
Label
[image]
Definition
a- right upper quadrant
b- left upper quadrant
c- right lower quadrant
d- left lower quadrant
Term
Humans have how many organ systems?
Definition
11
ex: skeletal, muscular, nervous
Term
[image]
Definition
memorize trachea, heart, lungs, thymus, diaphragm, liver, gall bladder, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, pancreas, spleen, large intestine, cecum, kidneys, urinary bladder, umbilical vessels
Term
Plasma membrane
Definition
-composed of a double layer of phospholipids
-selectively permeable barrier that allows passage of oxygen, nutrients, and waste
Term
hydrophilic
Definition
having a tendency to mix with, dissolve in, or be wetted by water
Term
hydrophoboic
Definition
having an aversion to water
Term
structure of the nucleus
Definition
-contains the cell's genes
-nuclear envelope encases the nucleus, made of a lipid bilayer
-nucleolus located in the center of the nucleus
-contains nucleoplasm and chromatin
Term
ribosomes
Definition
-made of RNA and protein
-carry out protein synthesis in the cytosol and on the outside of the rough ER
Term
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Definition
-accounts for more than half of the total membrane
- er membrane is continuous with the nuclear envelope
- smooth er lacks ribosomes
-rough er has ribosomes on its surface
Term
functions of smooth er
Definition
-synthesizes lipids
-metabolizes carbohydrates
-detoxifies poison and alcohol
- stores calcium
Term
functions of the rough er
Definition
- distributes transport vehicles
- membrane factory for the cell
Term
golgi apparatus
Definition
- consists of flattened membranous sacs called cisternae
- modifies products of er
- manufactures certain macromolecules
- sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles
Term
lysosome
Definition
- a membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that digest macromolecules
- can hydrolyze proteins, fats, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids
Term
phagocytosis
Definition
- cellular eating
- a lysosome fuses with the food vacuole and digests the molecules
- lysosomes also use enzymes to recycle the cell's own organelles and macromolecules, this is called autophagy
Term
mitochondria
Definition
sites of cellular respiration. generates ATP
Term
peroxisomes
Definition
oxidative organelles
Term
centrioles
Definition
are paired and found in the centrosome. facilitates assembly and disassemble of microtubules
Term
label
[image]
Definition
a- endoplasmic reticulum (er)
b- flagellum
c- rough er
d- smooth er
e- nuclear envelope
f- nucleolus
g- chromatin
h- nucleus
i- centrosome
j- plasma membrane
k- cytoskeleton
l- ribosomes
m- golgi apparatus
n- lysosome
o- mitochondrion
Term
eyepiece
Definition
houses the ocular lens (10x)
Term
nosepiece
Definition
rotates to allow use of a particular objective lens
Term
objective lenses
Definition
have lenses of varying magnifications
- 4x: scanning objective
- 10x: low power
- 40x: high power
- 100x: oil immersion
Term
stage
Definition
holds microscope slide for viewing
Term
stage manipulator
Definition
allow movement of alide while viewing
Term
light source
Definition
illuminates object of slide
Term
stage clips
Definition
holds the slide in place
Term
diapragm
Definition
regulates the amount of light transmitted through the object
Term
condenser
Definition
focuses the light beam
Term
coarse adjustment knob
Definition
for focusing the image under low magnification
Term
fine adjustment knob
Definition
sharpens the image under high magnification
Term
body tube
Definition
connects the eye piece and the nose piece
Term
base and arm
Definition
the supporting structures of the microscope
Term
label
[image]
Definition
1) body tube
2) nose piece
3) objective lens 4x
4) objective lens 10x
5) objective lens 100x
6) stage clips
7) condenser
8) light source
9) eye piece
10) arm
11) stage
12) coarse adjustment knob
13) fine adjustment knob
14) base
Term
equation for total magnification
Definition
ocular lens * objective lens
Term
the image orientation on the slide seen through the lens
Definition
is reverse of the specimen
Term
is the working distance and the field of view inversely proportional to the length of the objective lens?
Definition
yes
Term
definition of mitosis
Definition
nuclear division
Term
meiosis
Definition
reproduction of sex cells
Term
mitotic (M) phase
Definition
mitosis, nuclear division, cytokinesis, cytoplasmic division
Term
interphase
Definition
cell growth and copying of chromosomes in preparation for mitosis
Term
Interphase
Definition
- 90% of the cell cycle
- g1 phase: organelles and cytoplasmic components duplicate, replication of centrosome begins
- s phase: DNA replication
- g2: continuation of cell growth, completion of centrosome duplication
Term
phases of mitosis
Definition
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
Term
prophase
[image]
Definition
- first stage of mitosis
- chromosomes condense and become visible
- nuclear membrane breaks down
Term
metaphase
[image]
Definition
- spindle fibers line up chromosomes at cell's equator
Term
anaphase
[image]
Definition
- chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of the cell
- microtubules push poles apart
Term
telophase
[image]
Definition
- one set of chromosomes reachees each pole
- nuclear envelopes
- spindle microtubules begin to dissolve
Term
cytokinesis
[image]
Definition
- cell divides into two
- each cell receives a nucleus and half of the cytoplasm
Term
cell cycle control system
Definition
a clock directing the sequential events of the cell cycle
Term
g0 phase
Definition
is a cell does not receive the go-ahead to move onto the next phase of cell division, they switch into a nondividing state
Term
4 primary tissue types
Definition
- epithelial
- connective
- muscle
- nervous
Term
epithelial tissue functions
Definition
- protection
- secretion
- sensory reception
- absorption
- filtration
Term
characteristics of epithelial tissue
Definition
- very little extracellular matrix
- avascular
-high capacity to regenerate
Term
difference between simple and stratified
Definition
simple has one layer of cells, stratified has more than one layer
Term
3 cell shapes, 2 special shapes
Definition
-squamous, cuboidal, columnar
- pseudostratified columnar, transitional
Term
simple squamous epithelium
[image]
Definition
- single layer of flattened cells with a bulge where the nucleus is
- located in the alveoli of the lungs
- lining of all blood vessels
- can be karatinized and non keratinized
Term
simple cuboidal epithelium
[image]
Definition
- single layer of square or round cells
- central spherical nuclei
- located in the salivary glands
Term
simple columnar epithelium
Definition
- single layer of tall, narrow cells
- oval shaped nuclei, located in the bottom half of the cell
- microvilli and cilia occasionally present
- secrete a lubricating mucus
- located in the inner lining of the intestines
Term
stratified squamous epithelium
[image]
Definition
- multiple layers of cells
- nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium lacks layers of dead cells
located in the lining of the esophagus
Term
keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
[image]
Definition
- has layers of dead cells lacking a nuclei and packed with keratin
- located in the epidermis, palms and soles of the feet.
Term
stratified cuboidal epithelium
[image]
Definition
- 2 or more layers of cuboidal cells
located in the ovarian follicle
Term
stratified columnar epithelium
[image]
Definition
- rare
- often seen where 2 other tissue types
- located in the male urethra
Term
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
[image]
Definition
- appears multi-layered but is not
- cells often have cilia
- located in the respiratory tract
Term
transitional epithelium
[image]
Definition
- some cells are binucleate
- located in the urinary tract, ureters
Term
Functions of connective tissue
Definition
- binding of organs
- support
- physical protection
- immune protection
- movement
- storage
- heat production
- transport
Term
types of ct fibers
Definition
- collagen
- elastin
- reticular
Term
types of ct
Definition
- connective tissue
- cartilage
- blood
- bone
Term
loose connective tissue
Definition
- loose (areolar)
- dense regular collangenous
- dense irregular
- reticular
- adipose tissue
- dense regular elastic
Term
types of dense ct
Definition
- dense regular collangenous
- dense irregular collangenous
- dense regular elastic
Term
dense regular collangenous
[image]
Definition
- densely packed, parallel and wavy collangenous fibers
- little ground substance
- resists pulling forces at attachment points
- few blood vessels
located in the tendons and ligaments
Term
dense irregular collangenous ct
[image]
Definition
- densely packed collagenous fibers running in random directions
- scanty open space
- resist pulling forces from many directions
- located in the reticular layer of the dermis
Term
dense regular elastic ct
[image]
Definition
- slender fibroblast nuclei compressed between bundles of collangenous fibers
- little ground substance
- enable recoiling
- located in the lungs, aorta, and bronchi
Term
types of loose ct
Definition
- loose areolar
- reticular
- adipose
Term
loose areolar ct
[image]
Definition
- loose arrangement of collangenous and elastic fibers
- abundant ground substance
- binds epithelia to underlying tissues
- surrounds blood vessels and nerves
Term
reticular ct
[image]
Definition
- loose network or reticular fibers and reticular cells
- numerous wbc's
-forms support
- lymph nodes, spleen, and bone marrow
Term
adipose ct
[image]
Definition
- dominated by adipocytes
- stores fat for fuel and thermal insulation
- located in the breast, subcutaneous layer beneath the skin and it cushions organs
Term
cartilage
Definition
- supportive and flexible
- cells are called chondroblasts and are trapped in cavities called lacunae
- once in a lacunae, cells are called chondrocytes
- avascular
Term
types of cartilage
Definition
- hyaline
- elastic
- fibrocartilage
Term
hyaline cartilage
[image]
Definition
- clear, glassy, stained light blue or pink
- collagenous fibers not usually visible
- forms thin articular cartilage over the ends of bones at moveable joints
- located in the larynx, trachea, and sternum
Term
elastic cartilage
[image]
Definition
- elastic fibers form a weblike mesh amid lacunae
- always covered by perichondrium
- located in the external ear
Term
fibrocartilage
[image]
Definition
- weight bearing
- parallel collaagenous fibers similar to a tendon
- located in the intervertebral discs and the pubic symphysis
Term
bone
Definition
- supporting connective tissue
- compact and spongy
Term
blood
Definition
- composed of wbc, rbc, platelets, and plasma
Term
muscle
Definition
-highly vascularized
- elongated fibers
- skeletal
- smooth
- cardiac
Term
skeletal
[image]
Definition
- attached to bones
Term
smooth muscle
[image]
Definition
- works to move sustances
- located in the digestive tract, stomach
Term
cardiac muscle
[image]
Definition
- located in the wall of the heart
- cells are connected by intercalated disks which help conduct electric signals
Term
nervous tissue
Definition
- forms the brain, spinal cord and nerves
divided into cns and pns
- neurons
- neuroglia
Term
layers of the skin (integument)
Definition
- epidermis
- dermis
- subcutaneous layer (doesn't necessarily count)
Term
label
[image]
Definition
a) epidermis
b) dermis
c) hypodermis
d) papillary layer
e) reticular layer
f) hair follicle
g) loose areolar connective tissue
h) sensory nerve fiber
I) adipose connective tissue
j) eccrine sweat gland
k) sebaceous gland
l) arrector pili
m) dermal papillae
Term
2 main layers of the skin
Definition
- epidermis, 4-5 layers of epithelial cells
- dermis, fibrous connective tissue, contains blood vessels
Term
skin types
Definition
- epidermis is stratified squamous keratinized epithelium
- keratinocytes (90% of cells)
- melanocytes (8% of cells)
- langerhans cells (immune system)
- merkel cells (deepest layer of cell, touch receptors, pacinian deep pressure and vibration, meissners fine touch)
- think skin
- thick skin
Term
thick skin
Definition
- found in soles of feet and palms of hands
- 5 layers (stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum)
Term
thin skin
Definition
- found everywhere
- 4 layers (lacks stratum lucidum)
Term
stratum basale
Definition
- deepest of epidermal layer
- single row of stem cells
- undergo rapid division to form keratinocytes
- journey from basal layer to surface takes 25-45 days
Term
stratum spinosum
Definition
- keratinization begins here
Term
stratum granulosum
Definition
- 3 - 5 cell layers
- works as the water proofing layer of the skin
Term
stratum lucidum
Definition
- only found in thick skin
- thin, and transparent
- a few rows of flat, dead, keratinocytes
Term
stratum corneum
Definition
-- 20-30 rows of flat keratinized sacs
- protects from abrasion, penetration, waterproofing
Term
dermis
Definition
- strong, flixible fibrous connective tissue
- divided into papillary and reticular layers
- papilary is only 20% of the dermis made of loose areolar connective tissue, contains the dermal papillae, heavy amounts of blood vessels, contains meissners sensory receptors
- reticular layer composed of dense irregular connective tissue, most flexible layer due to the elastin, houses sweat glands and oil glands and pressure receptors (pacinian corpuscles) and blood vessels
Term
appendages of the skin
Definition
- sweat glands
- oil glands
- hair and hair follicles
- nails
Term
two main sweat glands
Definition
- merocrine
- apocrine
Term
merocrine sweat glands
Definition
- abundant of palms and soles, forehead
Term
apocrine sweat glands
Definition
- produce sebum into hair follicles
- ceruminous glands in the external ear canal produce cerumen (ear wax)
mammary glands produce milk
Term
sebaceaous oil glands
Definition
- become active at puberty
- most develop from hair follicles
Term
hair
Definition
- consists of dead keratinized cells
- hair pigments, melanins, gray/white hair formed from lack of melanin production and increases air bubbles in shaft
- two parts: shaft and root
Term
[image]
Definition
Term
hair cross section
Definition
- shaft (projects from skin surface)
- root ( extends into the dermis)

follicle (surrounds hair root and formed in epidermal layers)

bulb (contains papilla and blood vessels)

arrector pili (bundle of smooth muscle, contracts to produce goose bumps)

cuticle (outer layer of hair, flat dead keratinized cells)
medulla (inner layer)

shape of cs indicates : curly - flat in cross section, wzvy - oval, smooth - round
Term
structure of nail
Definition
- nail body (visible part), free edge - extends beyond digit, root - within fold of skin
- lunula, crescent - shaped area of the nail distal to nail root
- cuticle, thickened epithelial tissue along the proximal border of the nail body
- hyponychium (nail bed), deep to the edge and attaches the nail to the finger tip
- nail matrix, epithelial tissue deep to the nail root, divides and produces new cells
Term
[image]
Definition
Term
types of bone
Definition
- long, longer than they are wide
- short, cube-shaped
- flat, thin, flat, slightly curved
- irregular, complicated shapes
Term
compact bone
Definition
- makes up the shaft of long bones and external layer of all bones
- resists stress
- osteon structural unit: - lamellae, central haversian canal
Term
osteon
Definition
concentric rings (lamellae) of calcified matrix surrounding a vertically oriented blood vessel
Term
osteocytes
Definition
found in spaces called lacunae
Term
osteocytes
Definition
communicate through canaliculi filled with extracellular fluid that connect one cell to the next cell

- interstitial lamellae represent older osteons that have been partially removed during tissue remodeling
Term
perforating (volkmann's) canals
[image]
Definition
at right angles to the central canal
- connects blood vessels and nerves of the periosteum and central canal
Term
lacunae
[image]
Definition
small cavities that contain osteocytes
Term
canaliculi
Definition
hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal
Term
microscopic anatomy of bone: spongy bone
Definition
trabeculae:
- lattice work of thin plates of bone
- no osteons
- contain irregularly arranged lamellae, osteocytes and canaliculi
- spaces in between these sturts are filled with bone marrow where blood develop
- found in ends of long bones and inside flat bones
Term
structure of long bone
Definition
- diaphysis: long axis of bone
- medullary cavity: contains yellow marrow
- epiphyses: bone ends, extremities
- periosteum: double membrane that covers and protects the diaphysis
- endosteum: thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity
- articular cartilage: cushions the bone ends and absorbs stress during movement
Term
label
[image]
Definition
2) spongy bone
4) medullary cavity
5) endosteum
6) periosteum
7) epiphyseal lines
8) proximal epiphysis
9) diaphysis
10) distal epiphysis
Term
bone markings
Definition
- serve as attachment sites for muscles, ligaments, and tendons
Term
bone marking projections
Definition
- tuberosity: rounded projection
- crest: narrow, prominent ridge
- trochander: large, blunt, irregular surface
- line: narrow ridge of bone
- tubercle: small rounded projection
- epicondyle: raised area above a condyle
- spine: sharp slender projection
- process: any bony prominence
Term
[image]
Definition
Term
[image]
Definition
Term
[image]
Definition
Term
the skull's two bone sets
Definition
- cranial bones: 8 bones, enclose the brain in cranial cavity, provide sites of attachment for jaw, neck and facial muscles
- facial bones: framework of face, protection for sense organs for sight taste and smell, openings for air and food passage, sites of attachment for teeth and muscles of facial expression
Term
[image]
Definition
Term
[image]
Definition
Term
crainial bones
Definition
- frontal bone
- parietal bone: 2
- occipital bone
- temporal bone: 2
- sphenoid bone
- ethmoid bone
Term
[image]
Definition
facial bones-
- mandible
- maxillary bones: 2
- zygomatic bones: 2
- nasal bones: 2
- lacrimal bones: 2
- palatines bones: 2
- vomer
- inferior nasal conchae: 2
Term
vertebral column
[image]
Definition
- transmits weight of trunk to lower limbs
- surrounds and protects spinal cord
- contains 26 irregular bones:
- cervical vertebrae: 7, vertebrae of neck
- throacic vertebrae: 12, thracic cage
- lumbar vertebrae: 5, lower back
- sacrum: bone inferior to the lumbar vertebrae
- coccyx: terminus of vertebral column
Term
vertebral column curvatures
Definition
- posteriorly concave: cervical, lumbar
- posteriorly convex: thoracic and sacral
- abnormal: scoliosis, kyphosis, lordosis
Term
intervertebral discs
Definition
- permits movements of the vertebral column
- cushionlike pas composed of:
- nucleus pulposus
- anulus fibrosus
Term
[image]
Definition
Term
thoracic cage
Definition
composed of:
- thoracic vertebrae
- sternum
- ribs and their costal cartilages
functions
- protects vital organs
- supports upper limbs
- provides attachment sites for muscles
Term
sternum
Definition
three fused bones
- manubrium: articulates with clavicles and ribs 1 and 2
- body: articulates with costal cartilages of ribs 2-7
- xiphoid process: site of muscle attachment and not ossified until age 40
Term
ribs
Definition
- 12 pairs
- attach to thoracic vertebrae
- pairs 1-7 are true ribs and attach to the sternum
- pairs 8-10: false ribs and attach indirectly to sternum
- pairs 11-12: false, no attachment to sternum
Term
[image]
Definition
Term
pectoral girdle and upper extremity
Definition
- pectoral girdle attaches to bones of the upper limb to the axial skeleton
- consists of two bones called clavicle and scapula
- upper extremity has bones of the arm, wrist and hand
Term
bones os the upper extremity
Definition
- clavicle
- scapula
- humerus
- radius
- ulna
- carpals (8)
- metacarpals (5)
- phalanges (14)
Term
bones of lower extremity
Definition
- pelvic girdle
- femur
- tibia
- fibula
- patella
- tarsals
- metatarsals
- phalanges
Term
fissure
Definition
narrow slit between bones for passage of blood vessels or nerves
Term
foramen
[image]
Definition
hole for passage of blood vessels. nerves, or ligaments
Term
fossa
Definition
shallow depression
Term
sulcus
Definition
furrow on a bone for passage of blood vessel, nerve or tendon
Term
meatus
Definition
tubelike opening
Term
condyle
Definition
rounded projection with a smooth articular surface
Term
facet
Definition
smooth, flat, slightly concave articular surface
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