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Chapter 6
Bone tissue
55
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
03/08/2014

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Term
Red bone marrow
Definition
Blood cell production (hematopoeisis)

Occurs in the heads of long bones
Term
Yellow bone marrow
Definition
Triglyceride storage
Term
Epiphysis
Definition
Ends of the bone

Growth plates
Term
Diaphysis
Definition
Shaft of bone

Body of a long bone
Term
Metaphysis
Definition
Where the epiphysis and diaphysis join
Term
Periosteum
Definition

Tough, outer layer of bone

Dense irregular CT 

 

Contains osteoblasts for appositional growth

Term
Medullary cavity
Definition
Contains yellow bone marrow

Space within the diaphysis (of long bones)
Term
Articular cartilage
Definition

Thin layer of hyaline cartilage

 

Covers the epiphysis (of long bones)

Term
Endosteum
Definition

Lines the medullary cavity


Composed of osteoclasts and osteoblasts

Term
Perichondrium
Definition
Surrounds the cartilage

Dense irregular CT membrane
Term
Osteoblast
Definition
Bone-building

Synthesizes and secretes collagen fibres
Term
Osteocyte
Definition
Maintenance

Nourish mature bone tissue
Term
Osteoclasts
Definition

Bone-breaking

 

"Fixed macrophages"

Migrated as WBCs from bone marrow 

Term
Collagen fibres provide what?
Definition
Flexibility and strength
Term
Mineral salts
Definition
Calcium phosphate

Calcium carbonate (marble)

Mg, F, SO42- 
Term
Growth plate
Definition
Hyaline cartilage

Becomes epiphyseal line in adulhood
Term
Osteons
Definition
Units of compact bone

 
Formed from concentric lamellae
Term
Interstitial lamellae
Definition
Leftover fragments of older osteons
Term
Outer circumferential lamellae
Definition
Encircle the periosteum
Term
Inner circumferential lamellae
Definition
Encircle the medullary cavity
Term
Lacunae
Definition

Host osteocytes

 

Small spaces between lamellae

Term
Canaliculi
Definition

Connect the lacunae

 

Small channels filled with ECF

Term
Central canal
Definition
Location of blood vessels in the osteon
Term
Perforating (Volkmann's) canal
Definition

 

Transit of vessels to the outer cortex of the bone

Term
Trabeculae
Definition

Support and protect red bone marrow in spongy bone

 

Contain lacunae

Term
The periosteum is rich in what?
Definition
Sensory nerves 
Term
Intra-membranous ossification
Definition

Produces spongy bone


Forms in mesenchymal cells

 
No cartilage present


Used in forming flat bones

 

May be remodeled to form compact bone

Term
Components of intra-membranous ossification
Definition
1) Development of ossification center
2) Calcification
3) Formation of trabeculae
4) Development of periosteum 
Term
Endochondrial ossification
Definition
Cartilage is replaced with bone

Usually completed by 18-21 years of age
Term
Acromegaly
Definition

Abnormally thick and heavy bones

 

Caused by too much new tissue being formed

 

Excessive amount of hGH after the growth plates close

Term
Osteomalacia (Rickets)
Definition

Bone becomes "too soft"

 

Caused by defective bone mineralization

Term
Vitamin A
Definition
Stimulates activity of osteroblasts
Term
Vitamin C
Definition
Synthesis of collagen
Term
Vitamin D
Definition

Promotes absorption of calcium and phosphate 


Calcitriol (active form)

Term
Vitamins K and B12
Definition
Synthesis of bone proteins
Term
Growth Factors (IGF)
Definition

Produced by the liver

 

Most important hormones in bone growth (along with hGH)

Term
Thyroid hormones and Insulin
Definition
Stimulate osteoblasts and protein synthesis
Term
Estrogen/Testosterone
Definition

"Growth spurt"

 

Widening of pelvis (females)

 

Closing of epiphyseal plates

Term
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Definition
Increases blood calcium levels
Term
Calcitonin
Definition

Deceases blood calcium levels

 

Kidneys retain calcium in the blood

Kidneys excrete phosphate in urine 

Term
Green stick fracture
Definition
Bending

"Breaking a green twig" 
Term
Impact fracture
Definition
Distal part is shoved up into proximal part
Term
Open fracture
Definition
Open to the outside

Through the skin
Term
Compression fracture
Definition
Caused by extreme forces/trauma
Term
Stress
Definition

Repeated strenuous activities (running)

 

Provides no other damage to underlying tissues

Term
Colles' fracture
Definition
Distal radius/ulna
Term
Pott's
Definition
Distal fibula
Term
1st step in fracture repair
Definition

Formation of a hematoma


6-8 hours after injury

Caused by ruptured blood vessels 

Term
2nd step in fracture repair
Definition

Formation of a callus

 

Few weeks - 6 months after injury

 

Phagocytes remove debris and fibroblasts

Term
3rd step in Fracture repair
Definition
Bony callus of spongy bone
Term
4th step of fracture repair
Definition

Remodeling

 

Spongy bone is replaced by compact bone

Term
Osteoporosis
Definition

Bone reabsorption is higher than Bone deposition

 

Caused by depletion of Ca in the body/inadequate intake of Ca

Term
Gigantism
Definition
Excessive amount of hGH before the growth plates close
Term
Problems from aging
Definition

Decrease in bone mass (due to decrease in sex hormones)

 


Decrease in protein synthesis

 

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