Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Anatomy Lecture Test 1
Flashcards for any quizzes up until and including test 1
523
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
01/28/2012

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Term: Smallest units of matter divisible by chemical reactions
Definition
Atoms
Term
Term: Part of atom containing positive protons and neutral electrons
Definition
Nucleus
Term
Term: Negatively charged particles surrounding nucleus
Definition
Electrons
Term
Term: Number of protons in nucleus that determines different elements
Definition
Atomic number
Term
Term: Mass of protons + neutrons + electrons
Definition
Mass number/Atomic weight
Term
Term: Atoms of same element with different number of neutrons
Definition
Isotopes
Term
C
Definition
Carbon
Term
H
Definition
Hydrogen
Term
N
Definition
Nitrogen
Term
O
Definition
Oxygen
Term
P
Definition
Phosphorus
Term
S
Definition
Sulfur
Term
Term: Two or more atoms joined together by chemical bonds
Definition
Molecule
Term
Term: Charged atom or molecule formed by transfer of electrons
Definition
Ion
Term
Term: Bond formed between transfer of electrons between atoms; attraction of opposite charges
Definition
Ionic bond
Term
Give an example of an ionic bond
Definition
Sodium chloride
Term
What is the activity of ionic bonds in water?
Definition
Break apart easily
Term
Term: Bond formed in sharing of electrons
Definition
Covalent bond
Term
What is the activity of covalent bonds in water?
Definition
More stable than ionic bonds
Term
Term: Attraction between +/- charges that create polar molecules and form between water and other polar molecules, like sugars
Definition
Hydrogen bond
Term
Why do molecules become polar?
Definition
Electrons are shared unequally
Term
Term: Most important monosaccharide
Definition
Glucose
Term
Term: Most important disaccharide
Definition
Sucrose (table sugar)
Term
Term: Molecules that do not have both carbon and hydrogen
Definition
Inorganic compounds
Term
Give a few examples of inorganic compounds
Definition
Water
Salts
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Term
Term: Molecules that contain both carbon and hydrogen
Definition
Methane (CH4)
Term
Term: One-ringed carbohydrate
Definition
Monosaccharide
Term
Term: Two-ringed carbohydrate
Definition
Disaccharide
Term
Term: Three or more-ringed carbohydrate
Definition
Polysaccharide
Term
Term: Molecules that don't dissolve in H2O
Definition
Lipids
Term
Term: Lipids with no double bonds between carbons
Definition
Saturated fat
Term
Term: Lipid with one or more double bonds between carbons
Definition
Unsaturated fats
Term
Term: Solid triglyceride at room temperature
Definition
Fat
Term
Term: Liquid triglyceride at room temperature
Definition
Oil
Term
Term: Structure used for hormones and membrane structure
Definition
Steroid
Term
Give a few examples of steroids
Definition
Progesterone
Estrogen
Testosterone
Term
Term: Chains of amino acids
Definition
Protein
Term
What are the functions of proteins?
Definition
Enzymes
Structural molecules
Signalling
Motors
Term
Term: Building block of proteins
Definition
Amino acid
Term
How many different amino acids are there?
Definition
20
Term
Why are there 20 different amino acids?
Definition
There are 20 different R groups
Term
Term: Bond between amino acids
Definition
Peptide bond
Term
What are the four levels of protein structure?
Definition
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary
Term
Describe the primary structure of a protein
Definition
Sequence of its amino acids
Term
Describe the secondary structure of an amino acid
Definition
Shape
Term
What are the two types of secondary structures of proteins?
Definition
Alpha helix - coiling structure
Beta sheet/Pleated sheets
Term
Describe the tertiary structure of proteins
Definition
3D shape of protein
Term
What are the two types of tertiary structures of proteins?
Definition
Globule
Fibrous
Term
Describe the Quaternary structure of proteins
Definition
2 chains of amino acids combined
Term
Term: Chains of nucleotides for genetic information, storage and expression
Definition
Nucleic acids
Term
Give an example of a nucleic acid
Definition
DNA
RNA
Term
True/False: Some RNAs are enzymes
Definition
True
Term
Term: Immediate energy source for cellular processes that requre energy
Definition
ATP
Term
Term: Outer most boundry of cell that controls movement of material, energy, and info in and out of cell
Definition
Plasma membrane
Term
What is the plasma membrane made of?
Definition
Phospholipid bilayer
Proteins
Cholesterol
Carbohyhdrates
Term
Term: Organelle responsible for DNA storage and replication, and the first steps of transcription
Definition
Nucleus
Term
Term: Protective barrier around nucleus
Definition
Nuclear envelope
Term
Term: Site of rRNA (part of ribosomes) production inside nucleus
Definition
Nucleolus
Term
Term: Fluidlike space outside of organelles inside cell; solutions of solutes dissolved inside water
Definition
Cytoplasm
Term
What solutes exist inside the cytoplasm of a cell?
Definition
Proteins
Nucleic acids
Electrolytes (ions like K+, Na+, Cl-)
Term
Term: Microtubules, actin filaments and other structural proteins that give shape to cells, allows movement and transport within cells
Definition
Cytoskeleton
Term
Term: Organelles found in the cytoplasm and ER; site of protein synthesis
Definition
Ribosomes
Term
Term: Elaborate network of membranes
Definition
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Term
What is the function of Rough ER?
Definition
Attached ribosomes for protein synthesis
Term
What is the function of Smooth ER?
Definition
Lacks ribosomes, lipid metabolism
Term
Term: Organelle of membrane bound stacks, proteins from Rough ER are packaged, modified, and processed
Definition
Golgi apparatus
Term
Term: Small membrane bound organelles containing mainly liquids
Definition
Vesicles
Term
What are the three types of vesicles?
Definition
Lysosomes
Peroxisomes
Secretory
Term
Term: Vesicle that digests and destroys bacteria
Definition
Lysosomes
Term
Term: Vesicle that contains enzymes to metabolize harmful chemicals
Definition
Peroxisomes
Term
Term: Vesicle that carries material to plasma membrane for exocytosis
Definition
Secretory
Term
Term: Organelle specialized for production of ATP; cell powerhouse
Definition
Mitochondria
Term
Term: Organelles that organize microtubules and form poles of mitotic spindle in mitosis/meiosis
Definition
Centrioles
Term
Term: Area around centriole
Definition
Centrosome
Term
Term: Complex structures for generating movement
Definition
Cilia
Flagella
Term
Term: Shorter, numerous organelles used for moving material over epithelium
Definition
Cilia
Term
Term: Longer, usually single organelle used for movement
Definition
Flagella
Term
True/False: Sperm is the only human flagellated cell
Definition
True
Term
Term: The branch of science concerned with the bodily structure of humans, animals, and other organisms
Definition
Anatomy
Term
Term: The study of the microscopic structure of tissues
Definition
Histology
Term
Name the 12 cranial nerves
Definition
I - Olfactory
II - Optic
III - Occulomotor
IV - Trochlear
V - Trigeminal
VI - Arduces
VII - Facial
VIII - Vestibulocochlear
IX - Glossopharyngeal
X - Vagus
XI - Accessory
XII - Hypoglossal
Term
Name the function of the olfactory nerve
Definition
Smell
Term
What is the function of the optic nerve?
Definition
Vision
Term
What is the function of the occulomotor nerve?
Definition
Controls muscles moving eyeball and iris
Term
What is the function of the trochlear nerve?
Definition
Controls muscles moving eyeball
Term
What is the function of the trigeminal nerve?
Definition
Sensory impulses from cornea, nose, scalp, forehead, nasal mucosa, teeth and gums
Term
What is the function of the abducens nerve?
Definition
Controls muscles moving eyeball
Term
What is the function of the facial nerve?
Definition
Controls muscles of facial expression and muscle that tenses stapes; Controls secretion of tears and saliva; sensory impulses from tongue
Term
What is the function of the vestibulocochlear nerve?
Definition
Sensory impulses for equilibrium and hearing
Term
What is the function of the glossopharyngeal nerve?
Definition
Motor impulses for swallowing, salivation; sensory impulses from tongue and carotid sinus
Term
What is the function of the vagus nerve?
Definition
Motor impulses for swallowing, phonation, and visceral muscles; sensory impulses from tongue and viscera
Term
What is the function of the accessory nerve?
Definition
Motor impulses to larynx, soft palate, muscles of neck and shoulders
Term
What is the function of the hypoglossal nerve?
Definition
Motor impulses to tongue
Term
Name the eight spinal nerves
Definition
Phrenic
Axillary
Radial
Musculocutaneous
Ulnar
Median
Femoral
Obturator
Sciatic: Tibial, fibular
Term
What is the function of the phrenic nerve?
Definition
Motor impulses to diagram
Term
What is the function of the axillary nerve?
Definition
Innervates skin of shoulder and deltoid muscle
Term
What is the function of the radial nerve?
Definition
Innervates skin of parts of upper and lower arm and back of hand
and posterior muscles of brachial and antebrachial regions
Term
What is the function of the Musculocutaneous nerve?
Definition
Innervates skin of part of forearm and anterior muscles of brachial region
Term
What is the function of the ulnar nerve?
Definition
Innervates skin of parts of hand muscles flexing the wrist and fingers
Term
What is the function of the medial nerve?
Definition
Innervates skin of parts of hand and muscles flexing the wrist and fingers
Term
What is the function of the femoral nerve?
Definition
Innervates skin of parts of medial leg and foot and anterior muscles of thigh
Term
What is the function of the obturator nerve?
Definition
Innervates skin of medial aspect of thigh and adductor muscles of lower extremity
Term
What is the function of the sciatic: tibial and fibular nerve?
Definition
Innervates skin of lower leg and hamstring muscles and muscles of the lower leg
Term
Which spinal nerves are in the Cervical Plexus group?
Definition
Phrenic nerve
Term
Which spinal nerves are in the Brachial Plexus group?
Definition
Axillary nerve
Radial nerve
Musculocutaneous nerve
Ulnar nerve
Medial nerve
Term
What is the mnemonic to remember the spinal nerves?
Definition
Parmumfos
Term
What is the mnemonic to remember the cranial nerves?
Definition
Oh, oh, oh, to touch and feel very good velvet, ah hah
Term
Which spinal nerves are in the Lumbar Plexus group?
Definition
Femoral Plexus
Obturator Plexus
Term
Which spinal nerves are in the Sacral Plexus group?
Definition
Sciatic: Tibial and fibular nerves
Term
Name the origin and insertion of the Trapezius
Definition
Occipital bone; Vertebrae

Clavicle; Spine of scapula
Term
Name the origin and insertion of the Latissimus Dorsi
Definition
Spines of vertebrae

Humerus
Term
Name the origin and insertion of the Serratus Anterior
Definition
Ribs

Scapula
Term
Name the origin and insertion of the External Abdominal Oblique
Definition
Ribs

Ilium; Linea alba
Term
Name the origin and insertion of the Rectus Abdominus
Definition
Pubis

Costal cartilages; Xiphoid process
Term
Name the origin and insertion of the Pectineus
Definition
Pubis

Femur
Term
Name the origin and insertion of the Adductor Longus
Definition
Pubis

Linea aspera
Term
Name the origin and insertion of the Vastus lateralis
Definition
Linea aspera

Patella
Term
Name the origin and insertion of the Vastus medialis
Definition
Greater trochanter; Linea aspera

Patella
Term
Name the origin and insertion of the rectus femoris
Definition
Ilium

Patella
Term
Name the origin and insertion of the Gracilis
Definition
Pubis

Tibia
Term
Name the origin and insertion of the Sartorius
Definition
Ilium

Tibia
Term
Name the origin and insertion of the Gastrocnemius
Definition
Epicondyles of femur

Calcaneus
Term
Name the origin and insertion of the Soleus
Definition
Fibula; Tibia

Calcaneus
Term
Name the origin and insertion of the Tibialis Anterior
Definition
Tibia

First metatarsal bone
Term
Name the origin and insertion of the Frontalis
Definition
None
Term
Name the origin and insertion of the Orbicularis oculi
Definition
Bones of orbit

Eyelids
Term
Name the origin and insertion of the Zygomaticus
Definition
Zygomatic bone

Corner of orbicularis oris
Term
Name the origin and insertion of the Masseter
Definition
Zygomatic arch

Mandible
Term
Name the origin and insertion of the Orbicularis oris
Definition
Fascia of lips

Mucosa of lips
Term
Name the origin and insertion of the Sternocleidomastoid
Definition
Sternum; Clavicle

Mastoid process of temporal bone
Term
Name the origin and insertion of the Deltoid
Definition
Clavicle; Acromion; Scapula

Deltoid tuberosity of humerus
Term
Name the origin and insertion of the Pectoralis Major
Definition
Clavicle; Sternum

Greater tubercle of humerus
Term
Name the origin and insertion of the Brachialis
Definition
Humerus

Coranoid process
Term
Name the origin and insertion of the Biceps Brachii
Definition
Coracoid process; Scapula

Radial tuberosity
Term
Name the origin and insertion of the Brachioradialis
Definition
Humerus

Radius
Term
Name the origin and insertion of the Triceps Brachii
Definition
Scapula; Humerus

Olecranon
Term
Name the origin and insertion of the Gluteus maximus
Definition
Ilium; Sacrum; Coccyx

Gluteal tuberosity
Term
Name the origin and insertion of the biceps femoris
Definition
Ischium; Linea aspera

Fibula; tibia
Term
Name the origin and insertion of the semitendinosus
Definition
Ischium

Tibia
Term
Name the origin and insertion of the semimembranosus
Definition
Ischium

Tibia
Term
Name the origin and insertion of the Temporalis
Definition
Temporal bone

Coranoid process of mandible
Term
Name the origin and insertion of the Pectoralis minor
Definition
Ribs

Scapula
Term
Name the origin and insertion of the Flexor carpi radialis
Definition
Humerus

Metacarpal bones
Term
Name the origin and insertion of the Palmaris longus
Definition
Humerus

Palmar aponeurosis
Term
Name the origin and insertion of the Flexor carpi ulnaris
Definition
Humerus; Olecranon

Carpals; Metacarpals
Term
Name the origin and insertion of the Extensor Carpi Ulnaris
Definition
Humerus; Olecranon

Metacarpals
Term
Name the origin and insertion of the Extensor digitorum communis
Definition
Humerus

Digits 2-5
Term
Name the origin and insertion of the Fibularis longus
Definition
Tibia; Fibula

Tarsals; Metatarsals
Term
Name the origin and insertion of the extensor digitorum longus
Definition
Tibia; Fibula

Toes 2-5
Term
Name the origin and insertion of the Tensor Fasciae Latae
Definition
Ilium

Iliotibial tract
Term
What is the function of the Trapezius?
Definition
Extend neck; Elevate, depress, adduct scapula
Term
What is the function of the Latissimus Dorsi?
Definition
Extends, adducts shoulder joint
Term
What is the function of the Serratus Anterior?
Definition
Pull scapula forward and down
Term
What is the function of the External abdominal oblique?
Definition
Compress abdomen; rotate lumbar region
Term
What is the function of the Rectus Abdominus?
Definition
Flexes vertebral column
Term
What is the function of the Pectineus?
Definition
Adducts and flexes thigh
Term
What is the function of the Adductor longus?
Definition
Adducts and flexes thigh
Term
What is the function of the Vastus lateralis?
Definition
Extends lower leg
Term
What is the function of the Vastus medialis?
Definition
Extends lower leg
Term
What is the function of the Rectus femoris?
Definition
Extends lower leg
Term
What is the function of the Gracilis?
Definition
Adducts and flexes thigh
Term
What is the function of the Sartorius?
Definition
Flex knee and hip;
Abducts hip;
Rotates knee
Term
What is the function of the Gastrocnemius?
Definition
Plantar flexion
Term
What is the function of the Soleus?
Definition
Plantar flexion
Term
What is the function of the Tibialis anterior?
Definition
Dorsiflexes ankle
Term
What is the function of the Frontalis?
Definition
Elevates eyebrows
Term
What is the function of the Obicularis oculi?
Definition
Closes eyes
Term
What is the function of the Zygomaticus?
Definition
Elevates corner of mouth
Term
What is the function of the Masseter?
Definition
Elevates mandible
Term
What is the function of the Obicularis oris?
Definition
Closes or purses lips
Term
What is the function of the Sternocleidomastoid?
Definition
Rotates head; Flexes neck
Term
What is the function of the Deltoid?
Definition
Abduct humerus
Term
What is the function of the Pectoralis major?
Definition
Adducts arm medially
Term
What is the function of the Brachialis?
Definition
Flexes elbow
Term
What is the function of the Biceps brachii?
Definition
Flexes elbow; Supinates antebrachium
Term
What is the function of the Brachioradialis?
Definition
Flexes elbow
Term
What is the function of the Triceps brachii?
Definition
Extends elbow
Term
What is the function of the gluteus maximus?
Definition
Extends and rotates thigh
Term
What is the function of the Biceps femoris?
Definition
Flexes knee;
Extends and rotates thigh
Term
What is the function of the Semitendinosus?
Definition
Flexes knee;
Extends and rotates thigh
Term
What is the function of the Semimembranosus?
Definition
Flexes knee;
Extends and rotates thigh
Term
What is the function of the Temporalis?
Definition
Elevates mandible
Term
What is the function of the Pectoralis minor?
Definition
Pulls scapula forward and down
Term
What is the function of the Flexor carpi radialis?
Definition
Flexes wrist
Term
What is the function of the Palmaris longus?
Definition
Flexes wrist
Term
What is the function of the Flexor carpi ulnaris?
Definition
Flexes wrist
Term
What is the function of the Extensor Carpi Ulnaris?
Definition
Extends wrist
Term
What is the function of the Extensor Digitorum Communis?
Definition
Extends fingers and wrist
Term
What is the function of the Fibularis longus?
Definition
Plantar flexion
Term
What is the function of the Extensor Digitorum longus?
Definition
Extends toes and dorsiflexes foot
Term
What is the function of the Tensor fasciae latae?
Definition
Abducts thigh
Term
What are the four types of tissue?
Definition
Nervous
Epithelial
Muscle
Connective
Term
Term: Type of tissue specialized to send electrical signals
Definition
Nervous tissue
Term
Term: Type of tissue that covers body surface, line body cavities, and specialize to form glands
Definition
Epithelial tissue
Term
Term: Type of tissue specialized to contract and generate forces for body movement
Definition
Muscle tissue
Term
Term: Type of tissue that exists as cells embedded in a non-living matrix
Definition
Connective tissue
Term
Epithelial cells sit on a __ __
Definition
Basement membrane
Term
Term: Basement membrane of epithelial cells
Definition
Basil lamina
Term
Term: Tissue in which all cells touch basement membrane
Definition
Simple epithelium
Term
Term: Tissue with many layers and only the bottom layer touches the basement membrane
Definition
Stratified epithelium
Term
Term: Tissue that appears stratified but is not
Definition
Pseudostratified epithelium
Term
Term: Tissue that consists of a single layer of flattened cells
Definition
Simple squamous epithelium
Term
Where can simple squamous epithelium be found?
Definition
Alveoli
Inner layer of blood vessels
Serous membranes
Term
What is the function of simple squamous epithelium?
Definition
Allows diffusion through membranes
Term
Term: Tissue of a single layer of square/round cells
Definition
Simple cuboidal epithelium
Term
Where can simple cuboidal epithelium be found?
Definition
Liver
Thyroid
Kidney tubules
Term
What is the function of simple cuboidal epithelium?
Definition
Absorption and secretion
Term
Term: Tissue consisting of a single layer of column-like, rectangular cells
Definition
Simple columnar epithelium
Term
Where can simple columnar epithelium be found?
Definition
Inner layer of stomach and intestines
Term
What is the function of simple columnar epithelium?
Definition
Absorption and secretion
Term
Term: Tissue of columnar cells that looks stratified but isn't
Definition
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Term
Where can pseudostratified columnar epithelium be found?
Definition
Nasal cavity to the bronchi
Term
What is the function of pseudostratified columnar epithelium?
Definition
Secrete and move mucous
Term
Term: Tissue of many layers of flattened cells
Definition
Stratified squamous epithelium
Term
Where can stratified squamous epithelium be found?
Definition
Skin
Oral mucousa
Esophagus
Vagina
Term
What is the function of stratified squamous epithelium?
Definition
Resists abrasion
Barrier to entry/exit
Term
Term: Tissue consisting of layers of cube/round cells
Definition
Stratified cuboidal epithelium
Term
Where can stratified cuboidal epithelium be found?
Definition
Sweat glands
Ovarion follicles
Seminiferous tubules
Term
What is the function of stratified cuboidal epithelium?
Definition
Secretion
Term
What are the three types of glands?
Definition
Unicellular
Endocrine
Exocrine
Term
Give an example of a unicellular gland
Definition
Goblet cells of epithelia
Term
Term: Type of gland that secretes substances into blood stream
Definition
Endocrine gland
Term
Term: Type of gland that secretes material into duct leading somewhere
Definition
Exocrine gland
Term
What are the three types of exocrine glands?
Definition
Merocrine (eccrine)
Holocrine
Apocrine
Term
Term: Exocrine gland that releases material by exocytosis
Definition
Merocrine (eccrine) gland
Term
Give an example of a merocrine gland
Definition
Tear glands
Pancreas
Some sweat glands
Term
Term: Exocrine gland functioning in secretion made of disintegrated cells
Definition
Holocrine gland
Term
Give an example of a holocrine gland?
Definition
Oil glands in skin of scalp
Term
Term: Type of exocrine gland that was merocrine, but now is determined different
Definition
Apocrine gland
Term
Give an example of an apocrine gland
Definition
Mammory
Some sweat glands
Term
Term: Type of tissue consisting of cells, widely-spaced cells embedded in a non-living matrix
Definition
Connective tissue
Term
What is matrix usually made of?
Definition
Collagen and other large proteins
Term
What is the matrix in blood?
Definition
Liquid (plasma)
Term
What are the different types of connective tissue?
Definition
Fibrous
Cartilage
Bone
Blood
Term
What are the two different types of fibrous connective tissue?
Definition
Loose
Dense
Term
Term: Cells of fibrous connective tissue
Definition
Fibroblasts
Term
What kind of matrix does cartilage have?
Definition
Rubbery matrix
Term
Term: Cells of cartilage
Definition
Chondrocytes/Chondroblasts
Term
What type of matrix does bone tissue have?
Definition
Hardened matrix
Term
What are the three types of bone cells?
Definition
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts
Osteoblasts
Term
What is the function of osteoclasts?
Definition
Breakdown of bone cells
Term
What is the function of osteoblasts?
Definition
Buildup of bone cells
Term
What are the major cells of blood?
Definition
Erthrocytes
Leukocytes
Term
What are the different types of muscle tissue?
Definition
Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth
Term
Describe skeletal muscle
Definition
Striated, multinucleated, and voluntary
Unbranched
Attached to bones
Generates force for body movements
Term
Describe cardiac muscle
Definition
Striated, 1 nucleus, involuntary
Branched
Interculated disks
Generates force to pump blood
Term
Describe smooth muscle
Definition
Unstriated, involuntary, 1 nucleus
Fusiform (spindle) shaped cells
Control diameter of tubes/cavities, peristalsis, blood pressure and childbirth
Term
Where can smooth muscle be found?
Definition
Uterus
Blood vessels
Gut
Airways
Term
Where is nervous tissue found?
Definition
Nerves
Brain
Term
What are the two cell classes of nervous tissue?
Definition
Neurons
Glia
Term
What is the function of neurons?
Definition
Trasmit electrical signals
Term
Where is the nucleus of a neuron found?
Definition
Soma (Cell body)
Term
What is the function of axons?
Definition
Carries signals away
Term
What is the function of dendrites?
Definition
Carries signals towards
Term
What is the function of glia?
Definition
Supports neurons
Term
What are the three types of membranes?
Definition
Mucous membrane (mucousa)
Serous membrane (serosa)
Synovial membrane
Term
What is the function of mucosa?
Definition
Line passageways that open outside
Term
What is the function of serosa?
Definition
Line body cavities and cover organs
Term
What is the function of synovial membranes?
Definition
Surrounds some joints
Term
What are the principle layers of the integument?
Definition
Outer, epidermis
Thick, deep dermis
Hypodermis
Term
What is the function of the hypodermis?
Definition
Connects skin to underlying organs
Term
The dermis consists of what?
Definition
Connective tissue
Blood vessels
Nerve endings
Glands
Hair follicles
Term
True/False: The hypodermis never contains adipose tissue
Definition
False, it often does
Term
What are the five epidermal layers?
Definition
Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale
Term
Describe the stratum corneum
Definition
Dead, keratinized cells
Term
Describe the stratum lucidum
Definition
Clear, featureless zone seen in thick skin
Term
Describe the stratum granulosum
Definition
2-5 layers of cells with speckled, granular appearance
Term
Describe the stratum spinosum
Definition
Many layers of cells
Term
Describe the stratum basale
Definition
Single layer of cells in contact with basement membrane
Term
What does the stratum basale consist of?
Definition
Stem cells
Melanocytes
Tactile cells
Term
What are the two dermal layers?
Definition
Papillary layer
Reticular layer
Term
Describe the papillary layer
Definition
The superficial 1/5; consists of areolar tissue
Term
Describe the reticular layer
Definition
Deeper 4/5; made of dense irregular connective tissue
Term
What are the 6 functions of the skin?
Definition
Physical protection
Hydroregulation
Thermoregulation
Synthesis
Sensory reception
Communication
Term
What does the skin physically protect the body from?
Definition
UV light
Microorganisms
Term
What does the skin synthesize?
Definition
Melanin
Keratin
Vitamin D
Term
What does the skin use for communication?
Definition
Expressions
Odors
Secretion
Term
Term: Location where hair originates
Definition
Hair bulb
Term
What provides the hair bulb with blood?
Definition
Dermal papilla
Term
Term: Location where hair cells divide
Definition
Hair matrix inside hair bulb
Term
Term: Remainder of follicle besides hair bulb
Definition
Hair root
Term
Term: Part of hair extending above the skin
Definition
Hair shaft
Term
Term: Finger nail
Definition
Nail plate
Term
Term: Skin that nail plate is sitting on
Definition
Nail bed
Term
Term: Epithelium of nail bed
Definition
Hyponychium
Term
Term: Site of cell division of the nails
Definition
Nail matrix
Term
Term; Thick stratum basale of nail matrix (white crescent)
Definition
Lunule
Term
Term: Skin around nail
Definition
Nail fold
Term
Term: Space between nail and nail fold
Definition
Nail groove
Term
What are the four types of cutaneous glands?
Definition
Sudoriferous
Sebaceous
Ceruminous
Mammary
Term
What kind of glands are merocrine and apocrine?
Definition
Sudoriferous glands
Term
What is the function of a merocrine sweat gland?
Definition
Cooling and are widely distributed
Term
What is the function of an apocrine sweat gland?
Definition
Scent glands found in axillary pubic regions and male facial hair
Term
What kind of glands are holocrine glands?
Definition
Sebaceous
Term
What is the function of sebaceous glands?
Definition
Secrete skin oils
Term
Where are ceruminous glands found?
Definition
In the ear canal
Term
What is the function of ceruminous glands?
Definition
Produce ear wax
Term
What is the function of mammary glands?
Definition
Milk producing glands in breast
Term
What are the two major parts of the skeleton?
Definition
Axial skeleton
Appendicular skeleton
Term
What parts of the skeleton are the axial skeleton?
Definition
Skull
Vertebrae
Rib cage
Hyoid bone
Auditory ossicles
Term
What parts of the skeleton are the appendicular skeleton?
Definition
Pectoral girdle
Pelvic girdle
Upper limbs
Lower limbs
Term
What are the functions of the skeletal system?
Definition
Support
Protection
Body movement
Hemopoieses
Mineral storage
Term
Term: Production of formed elements of blood
Definition
Hemopoieses
Term
What are the 5 types of bone cells?
Definition
Osteogenic
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts
Bone-lining cells
Term
What is the function of osteogenic cells?
Definition
Line endosteum and periosteum
Term
What is the function of osteocytes?
Definition
Mature bone cells that maintain healthy bone tissue
Term
What is the function of bone-lining cells?
Definition
Regulate movement of calcium and phosphate
Term
Term: Long body of bone
Definition
Diaphysis
Term
What lines the medullary cavity?
Definition
Endosteum
Term
What is the medullary cavity filled with?
Definition
Yellow marrow
Term
Term: Connective tissue surrounding bone
Definition
Periosteum
Term
Term: Ends of long bone
Definition
Epiphysis
Term
What are the three major structures inside the epiphysis?
Definition
Red marrow
Articular cartilage
Epiphyseal line/plate
Term
What are the two types of bone?
Definition
Spongy
Compact
Term
What functions does spongy bone have?
Definition
Strength
Hemopoeises
Term
Where is compact bone found?
Definition
At hard ends of bone
Surrounding cavity
Term
Term: Sideways canals in bone for blood supply
Definition
Perforating canals
Term
What are the several ways to classify bones?
Definition
Shape
Markings -
Articulating surfaces
Depressions/openings
Term
What are the different shapes that bones can be classified into?
Definition
Long
Short
Flat
Irregular
Sesamoid
Term
Give an example of a long bone
Definition
Femur
Humerus
Term
Give an example of a short bone
Definition
Carpals
Tarsals
Term
Give an example of a flat bone
Definition
Scapula
Ilium
Term
Give an example of a irregular bone
Definition
Vertebrae
Sphenoid
Term
Give an example of a sesamoid bone
Definition
Patella
Term
Term: Bone suspended by ligaments
Definition
Sesamoid bone
Term
What are the three types of articulating surfaces?
Definition
Condyle
Facet
Head
Term
Term: Rounded articulating knob
Definition
Condyle
Term
Term: Shallow or flattened surface
Definition
Facet
Term
Term: Prominent rounded surface at end of long bone
Definition
Head
Term
Give an example of a condyle
Definition
Occiptal condyle
Femoral condyle
Term
Give an example of a facet
Definition
Costal facet
Term
Give an example of a head
Definition
Femoral head
Head of humerus
Term
What are the several types of depressions or openings?
Definition
Fissure
Foramen
Fossa
Sinus
Sulcus
Alveolus
Term
Term: Narrow slit-like opening
Definition
Fissure
Term
Term: Round opening through a bone
Definition
Foramen
Term
Term: Flattened shallow depression
Definition
Fossa
Term
Term: Cavity inside bone
Definition
Sinus
Term
Term: Grooves to accommodate nerves/tendons
Definition
Sulcus
Term
Term: Sockets for teeth
Definition
Alveolus
Term
Give an example of a fissure
Definition
Superior orbital fissure
Term
Give an example of a foramen
Definition
Foramen magnum
Term
Give an example of a fossa
Definition
Mandibular fossa
Iliac fossa
Term
Give an example of a sinus
Definition
Air sinus
Term
Term: Fibrous union which permits changes to skull shape and growth of brain
Definition
Fontanels
Term
Where can fontanels be found?
Definition
Infants and young children
Term
Name the fontanels
Definition
Anterior (most prominent)
Posterior
Anterolateral
Posterolateral (paired and irregularly shaped)
Term
Name the cranial bones of the skull
Definition
Frontal
Parietal (2)
Temporal (2)
Occipital
Sphenoid
Ethmoid
Term
Name the facial bones of the skull
Definition
Maxilla (2)
Palatine (2)
Zygomatic (2)
Lacrimal (2)
Nasal (2)
Inferior chonchae (2)
Vomer
Mandible
Term
How many cranial bones are there?
Definition
8
Term
How many facial bones are there?
Definition
14
Term
What are the functions of the vertebral column?
Definition
Supports head and extremities
Attachments of ribs, muscles and organs
Protection of spinal cord
Term
How many individual vertebrae exist?
Definition
33
Term
Name all the types and how many of each vertebrae that exist
Definition
Cervical (7)
Thoracic (12)
Lumbar (5)
Sacral (4-5 fused)
Coccygeal (3-5 fused)
Term
Vertebra are separated by __ __
Definition
Intervertebral disks made of fibrocartilage
Term
__ __ permit the passage of spinal nerves
Definition
Intervertebral foramina
Term
How many curves exist in the spine?
Definition
4
Term
What is the function of the curves in the spine?
Definition
Increase strength and maintain balance
Term
What are the general structures of a vertebrae?
Definition
Body
Vertebral arch
Pedicles
Laminae
Spinous process
Transverse process
Articular facets
Vertebral foramen
Term
__ __ allows the passage of the spinal cord
Definition
Vertebral foramen
Term
What are the characteristics of cervical vertebra?
Definition
Small, dense bones
Transverse foramen protects vertebral vessels
Must have bifid spines
Unique atlas and axis
Term
What are the characteristics of thoracic vertebra?
Definition
Forms posterior anchor of rib cage
Long spinous processes which slope downward
Facets or fovea for articulation with head and tubercle of the ribs
Term
What are the characteristics of lumbar vertebra?
Definition
Heavy bodies
Thick, blunt spinous processes
Articular facet (superior face medially, inferior face laterally)
Term
What are the characteristics of the sacrum and coccyx?
Definition
Foundation of pelvic girdle
Articular surface forms sacroiliac joint
Sacral foramina for spinal nerves
Fusion of spinal processes form median sacral crest
"tailbone" or coccyx is 3-5 fused vertebra, which flexes anteriorly when sitting
Term
How many pairs of ribs exist?
Definition
12
Term
Of the 12 ribs that exist, how many of them are true and how many are false?
Definition
7 true
5 false (2 are floating)
Term
Term: Rib with costal cartilage that connects it directly to the sternum
Definition
True rib
Term
Term: Rib whose costal cartilage connects to another costal cartilage, not directly to sternum
Definition
False rib
Term
Term: Rib with no connection to sternum
Definition
Floating ribs
Term
Describe a typical rib
Definition
Articular surfaces on head and tubercle
Costal groove protects intercostal blood vessels and nerves
Angle projects anterior/inferior
Term
What are the three parts of the sternum?
Definition
Manubrium
Body
Xiphoid process
Term
What are the notches of the sternum?
Definition
Jugular
Clavicular
Term
Costal cartilages 8-10 form __ __
Definition
Costal margin
Term
Which ribs attach directly to the sternum?
Definition
2-7
Term
Describe the pectoral girdle and upper extremity
Definition
Incomplete girdle
Attaches to sternum anteriorly but lacks posterior attachment
Non-weight bearing
Provides muscle attachment and mobility of shoulder
Term
The upper extremity consists of...?
Definition
3 long bones and several small bones of wrist and hand
Term
Where does the clavicle connect to the axial skeleton?
Definition
Sternoclavicular joint
Term
Which part of the clavicle articulates with the scapula?
Definition
Lateral acromial extremity
Term
Which parts of the scapula serve as sites of muscle attachments?
Definition
Prominent spine and fossa
Tubercles
Term
What are the three articulating surfaces and ligament attachments to the shoulder from the scapula?
Definition
Glenoid cavity
Acromion process
Coracoid process
Term
The proximal head of the humerus articulates with what?
Definition
Glenoid
Term
What are the tubercles of the humerus separated by?
Definition
Intertubercular groove
Term
The ulna contributes to the __
Definition
Elbow
Term
The radius contributes to the __
Definition
Wrist
Term
What are the articulating surfaces on the ulna?
Definition
Trochlear notch
Coranoid process
Olecranon
Radial notch
Term
Term: Hand
Definition
Manus
Term
Term: Wrist
Definition
Carpus
Term
How many carpal bones are there?
Definition
8 bones in two rows
Term
How many metacarpal bones are there?
Definition
5
Term
Each metacarpal and carpal bone has...?
Definition
Head
Body
Base
Term
How many bones of the phalanges are there?
Definition
14
Term
How are phalanges arranged?
Definition
In proximal, middle, and distal rows
Term
The 1st digit, or thumb, lacks what?
Definition
Middle phalanx
Term
What are the different bones of the pectoral girdle and the upper extremity?
Definition
Clavicle
Scapula
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Manus
Term
What are the different parts of the pelvic girdle and the lower extremity?
Definition
Ischium
Pubis
Ilium
Femur
Term
Which two bones unite at the symphysis and sacrum to form a girdle?
Definition
2 ossa coxae
Term
What is the function of the pelvic girdle?
Definition
Supports weight of body
Protects viscera
Term
The pelvic girdle consists of...?
Definition
3 separate bones which unite at the acetabulum
Term
What are the distinguishing landmarks of the ischium and pubis?
Definition
Spine
Ischial tuberosity
Lesser sciatic notch
Obturator foramen
Term
The pubis is formed by what?
Definition
Two rami
Term
What are the several places for muscle attachment for the ilium?
Definition
Iliac crest
Anterior iliac spine
Inferior iliac spine
Superior iliac spine
Term
What is the function of the large greater sciatic notch?
Definition
Passage of the sciatic nerve
Term
The femur has a large round head with a shallow pit for what?
Definition
The attachment of the ligamentum teres
Term
The body of the femur is curved from what to what?
Definition
Greater trochanter to the epicondyles
Term
The condyles of the femur articulate with what?
Definition
Tibia
Term
What are the three groups of joints by structure?
Definition
Fibrous/synarthrosis
Cartilaginous/Amphiarthrosis
Synovial/Diarthrosis
Term
Term: Joint; any place where two bones meet
Definition
Articulation
Term
Term: Bones connected by collagen fibers with little or no movement
Definition
Fibrous/Synarthrosis joints
Term
Fibrous/Synarthrosis joints include...?
Definition
Sutures
Gomphoses
Syndesmoses
Term
Term: Joint which holds articulating surfaces together with little movement
Definition
Cartilaginous/Amphiarthrosis joints
Term
What is the function of the large greater sciatic notch?
Definition
Passage of the sciatic nerve
Term
What is the large round head with a shallow pit used for?
Definition
Attachment of the ligamentum teres
Term
How is the body of the femur curved?
Definition
From greater trochanter to the epicondyles
Term
Condyles of the femur articulate with what?
Definition
Tibia
Term
Term: Any place where two bones meet; joint
Definition
Articulation
Term
What are the different structural groups of joints?
Definition
Fibrous/Synarthrosis
Cartilaginous/Amphiarthrosis
Synovial/Diarthrosis
Term
Describe fibrous/synarthrosis joints
Definition
Bones connected by collagen fibers
Little or no movement
Term
Fibrous/Synarthrosis joints include...?
Definition
Sutures
Gomphoses
Syndesmoses
Term
Describe cartilaginous/amphiarthrosis joints
Definition
Cartilage holds articulating surfaces together; little movement
Term
What kind of cartilage do synchondroses have?
Definition
Hyaline cartilage
Term
What kind of cartilage do symphysis have?
Definition
Fibrocartilage
Term
Describe synovial/diarthrosis joints
Definition
Fluid-filled joint cavity with ligamentous support and bones capped with hyaline cartilage, often freely movable
Term
Where are sutures found?
Definition
Only in skull
Term
Describe Sutures
Definition
Dense, irregular connective tissue binds bones together; synarthroses
Term
What are the different suture types?
Definition
Serrate
Lap
Plane
Term
Describe Syndesmoses
Definition
Sheets of collagenous fibers called interosseous ligaments hold bones together; bind the long bones of the extremities with slight movement
Term
Describe Gomphoses
Definition
Fibrous attachment by periodental ligament between bony socket and teeth
Term
Describe Symphysis
Definition
Fibrocartilage holds bones together
Term
Give an example of a Symphysis
Definition
Symphysis pubis and IVD
Term
Describe Synchondroses
Definition
Hyaline cartilage holds bones together; some temporary (Epiphyseal plate)
Term
Where can synchondroses be found?
Definition
Between sternum and rib 1
Term
What are some structures of a synovial joint?
Definition
Joint capsule
Synovial membrane
Synovial fluid
Articular cartilage
Ligaments
Term
Term: Freely moveable joint
Definition
Diarthrosis
Term
What are the functions of muscles?
Definition
Movement
Heat production
Posture and body support
Term
What are the characteristics of muscle tissue?
Definition
Irritability (excitability)
Contractility
Extensibility
Elasticity
Term
Term: Plasma membrane of muscle
Definition
Sarcolemma
Term
Term: Projections of the sarcolemma deep into the cell
Definition
Transverse tubules
Term
Term: Bone attached to muscle that doesn't move
Definition
Origin of muscle
Term
Term: Bone attached to muscle that does move
Definition
Insertion of muscle
Term
Term: Z line to Z line
Definition
Sarcomere
Term
Term: Thick filaments of muscle
Definition
Myosin
Term
Term: Thin filaments of muscle
Definition
Actin + Tropomyosin + Troponin
Term
Describe the sequence of events at neuromuscular junction
Definition
1. AP reaches N-M junction
2. Impulse crosses synapse to sarcolemma by neurotransmitter
3. Impulse then travels down transverse tubule
4. Causes calcium release from S.R.
5. Calcium activates sliding filament mechanism
6. Sarcomeres shorten
7. Muscle fibers shorten
8. Muscle contracts
Term
__ binds muscles to bone
Definition
Tendons
Term
Term: Thicker portion of a muscle
Definition
Muscle belly
Term
Term: Muscles which contract together for movement
Definition
Synergists
Term
Term: Muscles performing opposite functions
Definition
Antagonists
Term
Term: Main muscle performing action
Definition
Prime mover
Term
Term: Muscle that holds muscles in place
Definition
Fixator
Term
Term: Contraction when force remains constant through muscle shortening
Definition
Isotonic contraction
Term
Term: Contraction when no movement occurs, when opposing forces are too great
Definition
Isometric contraction
Term
What are the several ways musces can be names?
Definition
Shape
Location
Attachment
Size
Orientation
Relative position
Function
Term
What are the functions of the nervous system?
Definition
Orients body to internal and external environments
Coordinate body activities
Stores experience
Generates patterns of response based on experience
Instinctual behavior
Term
What are the two structural divisions of the nervous system?
Definition
Central Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System
Term
The Central Nervous System consists of...?
Definition
Brain
Spinal cord
Term
The peripheral nervous system consists of...?
Definition
Cranial nerves
Spinal nerves
Term
What are the functional divisions of the nervous system?
Definition
Somatic Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System
Term
What are the two parts of the Autonomic Nervous System?
Definition
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
Term
Term: Controlling center within the nervous system
Definition
Autonomic Nervous System
Term
Term: Part of nervous system we are aware of and have conscious control of
Definition
Somatic Nervous system
Term
What are the two parts of the somatic nervous system?
Definition
Sensory (afferent) division
Motor (efferent) division
Term
What are the three functional classes of neurons?
Definition
Motor (efferent)
Sensory (afferent)
Interneurons (association neurons)
Term
Term: Neuron which carries signals away from the CNS
Definition
Motor neuron
Term
Term: Neuron which carries signals towards the CNS
Definition
Sensory neuron
Term
Term: Neurons that communicate within the CNS
Definition
Interneurons
Term
Term: Insulating layer around neuron
Definition
Myelin
Term
Term: Gaps in myelin sheath
Definition
Nodes of Ranvier
Term
Term: Location where neuron synapses to another cell
Definition
Synaptic nobs
Term
Term: Location where impulse begins; start of axon
Definition
Axon hillock
Term
Term: Conducts impulses away from cell body
Definition
Axon
Term
Term: Conduct impulses toward cell body; usually more numerous and shorter
Definition
Dendrite
Term
Where is myelin produced?
Definition
Schwann cells in PNS
Term
Myelin is made mostly out of what?
Definition
Phospholipids
Term
Term: Outer layer of the myelin sheath
Definition
Neurilemma
Term
What are the three types of neurons (polar-wise)?
Definition
Sudounipolar
Bipolar
Unipolar
Term
Where are bipolar neurons mostly found?
Definition
Brain
Term
Unipolar are mostly __ __
Definition
Motor neurons
Term
Sudounipolar are mostly __ __
Definition
Sensory neurons
Term
Term: Cells that make myelin sheath in the CNS
Definition
Oligodendrocytes
Term
Term: Part of blood-brain barrier; removes neurotransmitters and potassium; make and regulate extracellular fluid; forms support framework
Definition
Astrocyte
Term
Term: Cells that line ventricles and make cerebrospinal fluid
Definition
Ependymal cells
Term
Term: Phagocytose debris and microorganisms
Definition
Microglia
Term
Term: Surround cell bodies in ganglia
Definition
Satellite cells
Term
Term: Place where neuron communicates with another cell
Definition
Synapse
Term
Term: Chemicals that send signals across the synaptic cleft
Definition
Neurotransmitters
Term
Give another name for the patellar reflex
Definition
Stretch reflex
Term
Describe paths A-D in the patellar reflex
Definition
Path A: Stimulates quads to contract
Path B: Inhibit hamstrings
Path C: Synergistic muscles assist quads
Path D: Afferent neuron -> brain stem, synapse, second neuron on to motor control area of cerebrum
Term
Which tendon is tapped in the patellar reflex?
Definition
Patellar tendon
Term
Term: Most basic motor responses, carried out entirely in spinal cord
Definition
Spinal cord reflexes
Term
What are the three spinal cord reflexes?
Definition
Stretch reflex
Inverse Myotactic reflex
Flexor Withdrawal reflex
Term
Describe the stretch reflex
Definition
APs are sent along the muscle spindle, sensory neurons enter the spinal cord, splits and synapses with 2 motor neurons, lactivates extensors and then inhibits flexors
Term
Describe the inverse myotactic reflex
Definition
When weightlifter tries to lift too much, there is a sudden relaxation and the weight is dropped
Term
Why does the inverse myotactic occur?
Definition
Because GTOs detect excess force which might damage muscles
Term
What is the effect of the inverse myotactic reflex?
Definition
Extensors contract, flexors relax so weight is dropped away from body
Term
Describe the flexor withdrawal reflex
Definition
Activated by foot pain receptors (tack) to the spinal cord to the contact flexors (hamstrings), remove foot from tack, extensors that leg inhibited
Term
What happens to the other leg during the flexor withdrawal reflex?
Definition
Extensors are activated, flexors are inhibited to support body weight
Term
Term: Major sub-cortical parts of motor system that receive inputs from motor cortex and send info back to motor cortex via the thalamus
Definition
Cerebellum and basal ganglia
Term
What are the three motor functions of the cerebellum?
Definition
Initiation and planning of movement
Control of limb movement
Maintenance of posture and equillibrium
Term
What do slower EEG waves mean?
Definition
Less responsive behaviors
Term
Term: EEG
Definition
Electroencephalograph
Term
What are EEGs used for?
Definition
Diagnosing brain disease and damage
Term
Term: Most alert, low amplification and high frequency oscillations
Definition
Beta rhythm
Term
Term: Relaxed state, eyes closed yet awake
Definition
Alpha rhythm
Term
Term: Very relaxed state, least alert
Definition
Delta rhythm
Term
Term: Stimulation of respiratory muscles temporarily stops, resulting in oxygen decreases and awakens human repeatedly at night; resulting in excessive sleepiness during the day
Definition
Sleep apnea
Term
Term: Suddenly falling asleep midday because of activation of REM sleep generator
Definition
Narcolepsy
Term
What are the three different motivational systems?
Definition
Hunger
Thirst
Sex drive
Term
Term: Motivational system used to satisfy energy needs for growth, development and maintenance
Definition
Hunger
Term
What is hunger regulated by?
Definition
Mechanisms and eating
Term
Term: Motivational system used to maintain blood osmolarity through fluid retention (ADH) and drinking
Definition
Thirst
Term
Where are osmoreceptors found?
Definition
In supraoptic and supraventricle nucleus of hypothalamus
Term
The development of a certain pattern of sexual behavior is the result of what?
Definition
Presence/absence of steroid hormones and androgens during critical periods of development
Term
Term: Type of learning where one learns one stimulus and adapts to it
Definition
Nonassociation leaning
Term
Term: Development of understanding of relationship either between two stimuli or between a stimulus and a behavior
Definition
Association learning
Term
Term: Relationship between two stimuli
Definition
Classical conditioning
Term
Term: Relationship between a stimulus and behavior
Definition
Operant learning
Term
Term: Decrease in response to repeated stimulus
Definition
Habituation
Term
Term: Increase in response to repeated stimulus
Definition
Sensitization
Term
Language centers are located where?
Definition
In 1 side of brain
Term
Term: Dominant hemisphere with language
Definition
Cerebral hemisphere
Term
In the dominant area __ __ is responsible for interpretation of speech
Definition
Wernicke's area
Term
__ __ is responsible for the motor area of speech
Definition
Broca's area
Term
Term: Damage to either language center
Definition
Aphasia
Term
Term: Congenital reading disability; problem associating letters with sounds
Definition
Dyslexia
Supporting users have an ad free experience!