Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Anatomy Lecture 1-3
na
137
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
09/12/2011

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Potential Energy
Definition
stored energy
Term
Kinetic Energy
Definition
involves movement
Term
Matter
Definition
anything that occupies space and has mass
Term
Energy
Definition
capacity to do work; potential and kinetic
Term
Element
Definition
cannot be broken down into 2 or more different substances
Term
Atom
Definition
smallest unit of an element
Term
Compound
Definition
substance composed of 2 or more elements
Term
Molecule
Definition
smallest unit of a compound
Term
Chemical symbols
Definition
abbreviations for names of elements
Term
Nucleus
Definition
made of protons and neutrons
Term
Protons
Definition
positively charged particles; weight 1.007 daltons
Term
Neutrons
Definition
electrically neutral particles; weigh 1.008 daltons
Term
Electrons
Definition
surround nucleus; negative particles; move in orbitals or shells; weigh 0.0005 daltons
Term
Atomic weight
Definition
number of protons plus neutrons; atomic number - number of protons, and number of electrons
Term
Isotope
Definition
- atoms with same atomic number but different atomic weight; differ in number of neutrons
Term
Orbitals
Definition
1st orbital- 2 electrons
2nd orbital- 8 electrons
3rd orbital- 8 electrons
4th orbital-
Term
Ionic reactions
Definition
complete giving up or taking on of an electron; when loses or gains electron becomes a charged atom or ion; ions in solution known as electrolytes; unlike charges attract and attraction called ionic bond
Term
Covalent reaction
Definition
sharing of electron pairs; if one pair of electrons is shared, known as single bond; two pairs shared a double bond; and three pairs shared a triple bond
Term
Hydrogen bond
Definition
- between hydrogen and O or N
Term
Synthesis (anabolism)
Definition
combining of 2+ substances to form more complex structures
Term
Decomposition (catabolism)
Definition
- breaking down of substance into two or more simpler structures (Will produce energy)
Term
Exchange reactions
Definition
decomposition of 2 substances and synthesis of new compounds
Term
Reversible reactions
Definition
proceed in both directions (build energy or break it down)
Term
Inorganic Compounds
Definition
lack C or C-H
Term
Excellent solvent
Definition
Things dissolve in water
Term
(hydrolysis
Definition
Can participate in chemical reactions
Term
Water
Definition
Absorbs and releases heat slowly (high heat of vaporization and specific heat)
Serves as lubricant
Very cohesive
Term
Other Inorganic compounds
Definition
Acid - dissociates into one or more H+ and anions
Base (alkaline) - dissociates into one or more OH- and one or more cations
Salt - dissociates into cations and anions neither of which is hydrogen or hydroxyl ions
Term
pH - measure of H+ concentration
Definition
Degree of alkalinity or acidity of a solution
pH scale ranges from 0 - 14 with 7 being neutral, less than 7 acidic and more than 7 basic
pH maintained through buffering system - buffering system converts strong acids and bases into weak acids and bases. Buffers keep the pH relatively constant (to maintain homeostasis)
Term
Carbohydrates
Definition
• Functions
Structural unit, emergency source of energy, food reserves, **provides most immediate source of energy (What we use the most for ATP)
Term
Types of Carbohydrates
Definition
Monosaccharides - simple sugars;
Named by number of carbons they contain: triose, tetrose, pentose, hexose
Hexose sugar glucose primary energy source; pentose sugar ribose and deoxyribose important in nucleic acids
Term
What are the building blocks of carbohydrates?
Definition
Monosaccharides
Term
Disaccharides
Definition
-Two monosaccharides minus molecule of water (dehydration synthesis)
-Main disaccharides are maltose, lactose, and sucrose
Term
Polysaccharides
Definition
Three or more monosaccharides joined through dehydration synthesis
Glycogen is chief polysaccharide in humans-storage for energry
Term
Lipids
Definition
contain H, O, C - most are insoluble in water (polar solvents)
Term
Triglycerides
Definition
Function as energy reservoir
Term
Building blocks of Triglycerides
Definition
Building blocks-Fatty acid and glycerol
Term
Saturated
Definition
all carbon atoms held together by single bonds
Term
unsaturated
Definition
(has one or more double bonds in fatty acids;
Term
Phosphoglycerides
Definition
glycerol with 2 fatty acids and a phosphate
Function as major structural component of cell membrane
Term
Proteins
Definition
Structural, regulatory (hormones), contractile, immunological (antibodies), transport (hemoglobin), catalytic (enzymes)
Term
What are the building blocks of protein?
Definition
Amino acids - basic building blocks
Term
Peptide bond
Definition
Bond formed between 2 amino acids
Term
Proteins
Types
Definition
Dipeptides - 2 amino acids
Polypeptides - more than 3 amino acids
Term
Enzymes
Definition
-Speed up chemical reactions without becoming part of the product
Term
Nucleotides
Definition
building blocks; consist of pentose sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen base
Term
3 kinds of RNA
Definition
MRNA, TRNA, RRNA
Term
Single stranded, ribose sugar, bases
Definition
U(uracil), A(Anacin), C(cystocele), G(Gloning)
Term
Roles of proteins
Definition
- transporter, channel, receptor, enzyme, cytoskeleton anchor, and cell identity marker. Functions
-Maintenance of cell’s integrity (flexible boundary)
-Defines the cell
-Defense - facilitates contact with other body cells or foreign cells or substances
-Transportation - some but not all materials are moved through membrane
-Semipermeable membrane
-Communication - provides receptors for chemicals
Term
Plasma Membrane
Definition
-Ion channels - have pore or hole for specific ions to pass through;
-Like olive-hole in center for things to move through. Proteins could move through that channel
Term
Transporters
Definition
selectively move polar substances across membrane by changing shape
Term
Receptors
Definition
cellular recognition sites; recognizes and binds to specific type of molecule (called a ligand)
Term
Enzymes
Definition
catalyze specific chemical reactions; may be integral or peripheral proteins
Term
Cell-identity markers
Definition
- enable cell to recognize other cells of same kind
Term
Linkers
Definition
anchor proteins in plasma membrane of neighboring cells to one another or to protein filaments inside or outside; may be integral or peripheral proteins
Term
Passive transport
Definition
movement from region of greater concentration to lesser concentration
Term
Diffusion
Definition
movement of particles from region of greater conc. to region of lesser conc. until equally distributed
Term
Facilitated diffusion
Definition
diffusion mediated by carriers (specific proteins) in cell membrane; occurs faster than diffusion and depends on
Term
Osmosis
Definition
movement of water molecules through selectively permeable membrane from area of higher water conc. to an area of lower water conc.
Term
Isotonic solution
Definition
- one that has same conc. of water and solute molecules on both sides of plasma membrane
Term
Hypotonic solution
Definition
has lower conc. of solutes thus higher conc. of water; rbc undergo hemolysis
Term
Hypertonic solution
Definition
has higher conc. of solutes and lower conc. of water than normal; rbc under crenation (>.09NaCl) [Crenation-shrivels up]
Term
Filtration
Definition
movement of solvents (water and dissolved substances) across selectively permeable membrane by gravity or mechanical pressure
Term
Dialysis
Definition
diffusion of solute particles across selectively permeable membrane and separates small molecules from large molecules
Term
Active processes
Definition
involve an expenditure of energy; move from low to high concentration
Term
Active transport
Definition
- movement of substances from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration
Term
Primary active transport
Definition
energy is obtained from hydrolysis of ATP; sodium/potassium pump
Term
Endocytosis
Definition
brings substances into cells
Term
Pinocytosis
Definition
(“cell drinking”) - engulfment of liquid particles
Term
Exocytosis
Definition
results in secretion; movement of materials out of a cell; secretory vesicles formed inside cell fuse with plasma membrane and discharge contents
Term
Cytoskeleton
Definition
Functions
Provides framework for cell; helps determine cell’s shape and organize cellular contents
Aids in movement of organelles within cell, of chromosomes during cell division, and whole cells in phagocytosis
Types of proteins
Microfilaments
Microtubules
Term
Centrosome
Definition
Structure
Dense cytoplasmic material containing pair of centrioles and pericentriolar material
are tiny cylinders composed of nine groups of microtubules with three tiny microtubules in each group forms mitotic spindle and microtubules in nondividing cells
Term
Ribosomes
Definition
Protein synthesis
Composition
Tiny granules of rRNA and protein
Function
Protein synthesis
Term
Endoplasmic reticulum
Definition
- network of canals and sacs extending through cytoplasm
Term
Smooth ER
Definition
site of fatty acid, phospholipid, and steroid synthesis and detoxifies some chemicals
Term
Rough ER
Definition
- ribosomes attached synthesize proteins for export
Term
Golgi Apparatus or Complex
Definition
Structure - 4-8 flattened baglike channels or vesicles near nucleus
Functions
Synthesizes large carbohydrate molecules, combines them with proteins, and secretes product (glycoproteins)
Lipids synthesized by SER pass into
_____ complex and are packaged for export [exocytosis]
Term
Mitochondria
Definition
Oval structures
Composed of two membranes; inner membrane highly folded into cristae
Center is called matrix
Function
Powerhouses of cell; involved in cellular respiration (major place of ATP)
Provide about 95% of cell’s energy
Term
Lysosomes
Definition
microscopic membranous sacs
Function
Cell’s own digestive system; contains hydrolytic enzymes to breakdown particles that enter them
Under some conditions digest and destroy cells themselves; “suicide bags”
Term
Peroxisomes
Definition
Function
Contain enzymes involved in breakdown of hydrogen peroxide
Oxidize (remove hydrogen ions) from organic substances--amino acids and fatty acids
Oxidize toxic substances like alcohol
Term
Proteasomes
Definition
continuously destroy unneeded, damaged, or faulty proteins, found in the cytosol and the nucleus
Term
Nucleus
Definition
two layered and has pores for communication with cytoplasm
DNA - chromatin material
Nucleoli are involved in ribosome formation
DNA - determines structure and function of cells and heredity
Term
Transcription
Definition
- genetic information of DNA is copied by a strand of mRNA
Term
Translation
Definition
- information of mRNA specifies amino acid sequence of protein
mRNA travels to ribosome
Term
Cell Division
Definition
Interphase - cell replicates DNA
G1 phase - first growth phase
S phase (synthesis) - DNA replication occurs
G2 phase - second growth phase; preparation made for cell division
Term
Mitosis
Definition
Process of cell division; chromosome number constant
Term
Prophase
Definition
Chromosomes become visible as double-stranded structure
Centrioles migrate to poles and spindle fibers appear
Nuclear membrane and nucleolus disappear
Term
Metaphase
Definition
chromosomes line up on equatorial plate
Term
Anaphase
Definition
- centromeres separate and chromatids move to opposite poles
Term
Telophase
Definition
Chromosomes uncoil and resemble chromatin material
Nuclear membrane and nucleolus re-form
Spindle fibers disappear
Cytokinesis occurs - cytoplasm divides by cleavage furrow
Term
Meiosis
Definition
reproductive cell division that occurs in the gonads (ovaries and testes) that produces gametes with half the number of chromosomes
Term
Haploid cells
Definition
gametes contain a single set of 23 chromosomes
Term
Meiosis I
Definition
begins with a diploid cell and ends with two cells having the haploid number of chromosomes
Term
in Meiosis II,
Definition
each of the two haploid cells divides, the net result is four haploid gametes that are genetically different from the original diploid starting cell
Term
The average adult has nearly
Definition
100 trillion cells
Term
There are about 200 different types of
Definition
cells
Term
Cells come in a variety of
Definition
shapes and sizes
Term
Cellular diversity permits organization of cells into
Definition
more complex tissues and organs
Term
Anatomy
Definition
study of structure and relationship among structures
Term
Surface anatomy
Definition
study of form of body
Term
Gross anatomy
Definition
structures that can be studied without microscope
Term
Systemic anatomy
Definition
covers specific systems of body
Term
Regional anatomy
Definition
- covers specific regions
Term
Histology
Definition
study of tissues
Term
Cytology
Definition
study of cells
Term
Physiology
Definition
how the body works, functions
Term
Pathophysiology
Definition
study of disease; functional changes
Term
Immunology
Definition
study of bodies defense mechanisms
Term
Palpation
Definition
Gently touching body surfaces with hands
Term
Auscultation
Definition
listening to body sounds
Term
Percussion
Definition
Tapping on the body surface with fingertips and listening to echoes
Term
Characteristics of living things
Definition
Metabolism - sum of all chemical processes; includes anabolism and catabolism
Contractility - capacity to generate force and change form for movement
Growth - increase in size
Differentiation - unspecialized cells change to specialized cells
Reproduction - formation of new cells for growth, repair, or replacement; or production of new individual

Responsiveness - sense and respond to changes within and around us
Conductivity - ability to carry effect of stimulus from one part of cell to another
Term
Homeostasis
Definition
relative constancy of the internal environment, notably with respect to its chemical composition, osmotic pressure, hydrogen ion concentration, and temperature
Term
Physical insults
Intense heat or lack of oxygen
Changes in the internal environment
Drop in blood glucose due to lack of food
Physiological stress
Demands of work or school
Disruptions
Mild and temporary (balance is quickly restored)
Intense and Prolonged (poisoning or severe infections)
Definition
What Homeostasis is constantly being disrupted by
Term
Receptor
Control center
Effector
Definition
Three Basic components of feedback system
Term
Negative Feedback systems
Definition
Reverses a change in a controlled condition
Regulation of blood pressure (force exerted by blood as it presses against the walls of the blood vessels)
Term
Positive Feedback systems
Definition
Strengthen or reinforce a change in one of the body’s controlled conditions
Normal child birth
Term
Homeostasis Imbalances
Definition
Moderate imbalance
Disorder or abnormality of structure and function
Disease specific for an illness with recognizable signs and symptoms
Signs are objective changes such as a fever or swelling
Symptoms are subjective changes such as headache
Severe imbalance
Death
Term
Areas of science
Definition
Epidemiology
Occurrence of diseases
Transmission in a community
Pharmacology
Effects and uses of drugs
Treatment of disease
Term
Contralateral
Definition
Opposite sides-opposite position.
Term
Ipsilateral
Definition
Same side of body
Term
Epigastric
Definition
- upper middle - left lobe and medial part right lobe of liver, pyloric and lesser curvature of stomach, part of duodenum, body and upper part of head of pancreas, adrenal glands
Term
Right hypochondriac
Definition
right lobe of liver, gall bladder, upper 1/3 of right kidney
Term
Left hypochondriac
Definition
body and fundus of stomach, spleen, upper 2/3 of left kidney, tail of pancreas
Term
Umbilical
Definition
middle of transverse colon, inferior part of duodenum, jejunum, ileum, hilar regions of kidneys, branching of abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava
Term
Right lumbar (loin)
Definition
superior part of cecum, ascending colon, lower lateral portion of right kidney, and small intestine
Term
Left lumbar
Definition
descending colon, lower third of left kidney, small intestine
Term
Hypogastric (pubic)
Definition
urinary bladder, small intestine, part of sigmoid colon
Term
Right iliac
Definition
lower end of cecum, appendix, small intestine
Term
Left iliac
Definition
junction of descending and sigmoid parts of colon and small intestine
Term
Radiography (X rays)
Definition
produce image of interior structures
Inexpensive and quick
Hollow structures appear black or gray
Do not pass easily through dense structure (bone)
At low dose, useful for soft tissue (breast)
Mammography (breast)
Bone densitometry (bone density)
Term
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Definition
High energy magnetic field
Protons in body fluid align with field
Color image on a video monitor
2D and 3D blueprint
Relatively safe procedure
Not used on patients containing metal
Used for differentiating normal and abnormal tissues
Tumors, brain abnormalities, blood flow
Term
Computer-Assisted radiography (CT-Scan)
Definition
3-D structures
Visualize soft tissue in more detail than conventional radiography
Tissue intensities show varying degrees of gray
Whole-body CT scan
Lung and kidney cancers, coronary artery disease
Term
Ultrasound
Definition
High frequency sound waves
Sonogram
Noninvasive, painless, no dyes
Pregnancy (fetus)
Term
Radionuclide Scanning
Definition
Radioactive substance (radionuclide) given intravenously
Gamma rays detected by camera
Radionuclide image displays on video monitor
Color intensity represents uptake
Single-photo-emission computerized tomography (SPECT)
Specialized technique used for brain, heart, lungs, and liver
Term
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
Definition
Collision between positrons and negatively charged electron in body tissues
Gamma rays produced
Computer constructed a PET scan image in color
Used to study physiology of body structures (metabolism)
Term
Endoscopy
Definition
Lighted instrument with lens
Image projected onto a monitor
Supporting users have an ad free experience!