- sagittal

- coronal

- transverse

What plane is this?

[image]

- axial

- appendicular

- girdles

- head

- neck

- trunk

- pectoral (shoulders)

- pelvic (hips)

- the ends of the bones

- contain growth plates

- two bones connected by fibrous tissue

- very little movement

- sutures

- between skull bones

- between the radius and ulna

- between the tibia and fibula

- primary and secondary

- they are different because they have different types of cartilage

- two joints separated by a joint cavity containing synovial fluid

- the synovial fluid is contained in a fibrous capsule which is lined with a synovial membrane

- these joints provide a wide range of movement

Lable the following

[image]

A: synovial fluid

B: synovial membrane

C: joint capsule

- knee

- elbow

- temporomandibular joint

- smooth

- striated (skeletal)

- cardiac

- spindle shaped WITHOUT striation

- walls of organs

- UNconscious control

- long, unbranched cells WITH striations

- limbs, head & neck, body walls

- conscious control

-unique, branched cells WITH striations

- heart

- UNconscious control

-unique, branched cells WITH striations

- heart

- UNconscious control

- parallell

- pennate

- sphincter

- large range of contractile motion

1.) strap

2.) fusiform

3.) fanshaped

What kind of muscle is this?

[image]

- strap

- parallel

What kind of muscle is this?

[image]

- fusiform

-parallel

What kind of muscle is this?

[image]

- fan-shaped (or convergent)

- parallel

- shorter fibers attached along a tendon

- shorter ROM, more powerful

1.) pennate

2.) bipennate

3.) multipennate

What kind of muscle is this?

[image]

What kind of muscle is this?

[image]

What kind of muscle is this?

[image]

- surround body openings

- close the hole when contracting

- circular

What kind of muscle is this?

[image]

- circular

- sphincter

- critical for a healthy muscle

- can become compressed during a contraction

- important for relaxation and stretching following exercise

- carry blood AWAY from heart

- thick walled vessels (provides rigidity)

- most often oxygenated blood

- exceptions that do not carry blood away from the heart:

1.) pulmonary arteries

2.) umbilical arteries

- carry blood TO the heart

- thin walled vessels (flimsy)

- most often DEoxygenated blood

- exceptions that do not carry blood to the heart

1.) pulmonary veins

2.) umbilical veins

- simple endothelial tubes

- gas exchange occurs in the capillaries

- extra body fluid

- drains into venous system

Name the following lables...

[image]

A) dendrites (recieve information)

B) cell body

C) axon 

D) myelin sheath

E) axon terminals (transmits information)

- multipolar

- unipolar

What kind of neuron is this?

[image]

What kind of neuron is this?

[image]

white matter:

- due to myelin (axon portion of neuron)

- myelin is white because of lipids

gray matter:

- due to cell bodies

- absence of myelin

- somatic NS

- autonomic NS

- sensory

- motor

- sympathetic

- parasympathetic

- Afferent

- signals go TO CNS

- somatic and visceral sensory

- sensation of the body (skin)

- "triggered" by pain, temperature, pressure, touch, and vibration

- sensation of the organs

- limited to "triggers" of pain and detension

- Efferent

- signals travel away from the CNS

- somatic and visceral motor

- voluntary contractions

- ex. skeletal muscles

- involuntary

- ex. organs, glands, blood vessels

- cervical (8)

- thoracic (12)

- lumbar (5)

- sacral (5)

- coccygeal (1)

- superior to the respective vertebrate

- meaning that spinal nerve C2 is between vertebrae C1 and C2 (C2 is below)

- inferior to vertebrae

- spinal nerve T2 will be between vertebrae T2 and T3

- inferior to the vertebrae

- spinal nerve L3 will be between vertebrae L3 and L4

- inferior to the vertebrae

- spinal nerve S3 will be between vertebrae S3 and S4

Spinal nerve C2

(innervation, relative location, etc.)

- innervates inferior surface of mandible and posterior/lateral sides of the skull

Spinal nerve C3

(innervation, relative location, etc.)

Spinal nerve C4

(innervation, relative location, etc.)

Spinal nerve C5

(innervation, relative location, etc.)

- innervates some anterior/lateral parts of the upper limbs

- at about the clavicular level and travels down arms and ends near the wrist "joint"

Spinal nerve C6

(innervation, relative location, etc.)

- innervates a band on the back (near the "bending point" of the neck) and down the most lateral portion of the arm

- also innervates the most lateral part of the hand and the thumb

- no anterior innervation

Spinal nerve C7

(innervation, relative location, etc.)

- innervates the band below the C6 nerve on the posterior side of the body and innervates the middle length of the arm (through the elbow)

- innervates the middle part of the hand and the pointer and middle finger

Spinal nerve C8

(innervation, relative location, etc.)

- innervates the band below nerve C7 on the back and travels down the most medial portion of the arm

- inervates the most medial portion of the hand and the ring and pinky fingers

T1

(innervation, relative area, etc.)

- innervates upper most band of back

- innervates axillary area

- innervates the middle portion of the anterior arm stopping at the wrist "joint"

T2-T12

(innervation, relative area, etc.)

- innervates back in descending order (ending at the small of the back)

- innervates abdomen in descending order (ending at about the ASIS line)

- T4 is at about the nipple line

- T10 is at about the belly button line

- T12 is the inguinal region

L1

(innervation, relative area, etc.)

- innervates lower back

- innervates the superior most-anterior portion of the lower limbs (about where the hip flexes)

L2

(innervation, relative area, etc.)

- innervates the low back

- innervates the upper anterior thigh (basically inferior where the male genitalia end)

L3

(innervation, relative area, etc.)

- innervates lower back

- innervates the anterior leg (about mid thigh) and travels medially down the leg to about the bottom of the belly of the gastroc

L4

(innervation, relative area, etc.)

- innervates low back

- innervates lateral inferior thigh and travels down the middle of the knee and down to the medial part of the calf and ankle

- innervates medial side of the foot and the big toe

L5

(innervation, relative area, etc.)

- innervates low back

- innervates the lateral potion of the legs (and IT band area) down to the middle shin and ankle

- innervates toes 2-4 along with top and middle sole of the foot

S1

(innervation, relative area, etc.)

- innervates butt

- innervates posterior-lateral leg and lateral mallelous

- innervates lateral side of the foot and the pinky toe

S2

(innervation, relative area, etc.)

- innervates "medial" butt

- innervates the posterior-medial portion of the leg

- innervates the "Achille's tendon" and the medial sole of the foot

- also innervates the genitalia

S3

(innervation, relative area, etc.)

- innervates "inner" butt

- innervates genitalia

S4, S5

(innervation, relative area, etc.)

- innervates very inner butt

- innervates the butt hole

Label the following...

[image]

1) white matter

2) dorsal root gangloin (DRG)

3) gray matter

4) ventral root

5) dorsal root

6) spinal nerve

7) ventral ramus

8) dorsal ramus

9) sensory impulses ([dorsal] meets in DRG)

10) motor impulses ([ventral] separates into ramus)

- 12 pairs

- 1-7 are true ribs (7 ribs)

- 8-10 are flase ribs (3, share rib 7's cartilage)

- 11 & 12 are floating ribs (2, no catrilage)

Label the following...

[image]

A) vertebral arch

B) lamina

C) pedicle

D) spinous process

E) transverse process

F) superior articular process

G) vertebral forame

H) body

Label the following...

[image]

A) body

B) intervertebral disc

C) superior costal facet

D) superior articular facet

E) transverse process articular facet

F) spinous process

G) inferior articular facet

H) inferior costal facet

- manubrium

- body

-xiphoid process

- a trapezoid shaped bone

- has two clavicular notches

- has a jugular notch (at the level of the T3 vert)

- manibriosternal joint

- is the articulation for rib 2

- at the T4/T5 level

- articulation for ribs 3-6

- the T4-T9 level

- smallest part

- thin and elongated

- highly variable in shape

- isn't bone in children (cartilage)

- sternum

- lower ribs

- vertebrae

- the phrenic nerve

- C3-C5 spinal nerves

- internal thoracic

- branches of aorta

- separates thorax and abdomen

- dome shaped

- tendinous central regoin

- when it contracts, it flattens and the thorax gets bigger

- external, internal, and innermost intercostals

- transversus thorasis

External intercostals

(origin, insertion, direction, function, etc)

O: inferior borders of superior ribs

I: superior borders of inferior ribs

D: like putting hands in pockets, "posterior to anterior while inferior"

F: elevates ribcage (for inspiration)

Internal intercostals

(origin, insertion, direction, function, etc)

O: superior border of rib inferior

I: inferior border of rib superior

D: opposite of the externals, runs anterior to posterior while inferior

F: depresses rib cage

Innermost intercostals

(origin, insertion, direction, function, etc.)

O: superior border of inferior rib

I: inferior border of superior rib

D: orientation varies

F: elevate ribs

Transversus thoracis

(origin, insertion, direction, function, etc.)

O: posterior surface of the sternum

I: deep surfaces of the cartilage of ribs 2-6

D: vary in direction but splay out from the sternum

F: depresses the thorax during forced expiration

- vein, artery, and nerve run together

- in the costal groove

- between the internal and innermost intercostals

- when using a needle in the thoracic region, avoid the inferior costal border

- ventral rami of T1-T12

- segmental (T1=armpit, T4=nipples, T10=umbilicus)

- supply the intercostal muscles with feeling

- the azygous system

- asymetrical (it is only continous on the right side)

- left

- right

- mediastinum

- heart

- big vessels (aorta, superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, pulmonary vein, etc)

- trachea

- esophagus

- pleura (pleuron) means from side of body

- it's a membrane that secretes fluid

- architecture due to the embryonic development of the lungs

Label the following colors...

[image]

yellow: cervical pleura

blue: costal pleura

red: mediastinal pleura

green: diaphragmatic pleura

- space between parietal and visceral pleura

- normally there's not physical space

- lungs are under negative pressure

- collapsed lung

- chest tube and vacuum are used to restore the pressure

nasal/oral cavity --> pharynx --> larynx --> trachea --> bronchi --> bronchioles --> alveoli --> lungs

- starts at the end of the larynx (C6)

- ends at the bronchi (T4)

- anterior to the esophagus

- posterior to aorta, vena cava

- C-shaped rings of cartilage

- carina at the bifurcation (where it splits)

- bronchi are asymetric

- trachea wilol "depress" for tsophagus expansion

- the split

- has lots of nerves

- generates cough for blocked trachea

- they're asymmetric (like the lings)

- left bronchi is more horizonal and narrow

- right bronchi is more verticle and wider 

- foreign objects are more likely to fall into the right bronchi

- lower inferior border is at the level of rib 6

- lower inferior posterior border is at the level of rib 10

- has 2 lobes (superior & inferior)

- oblique fissure divides

- has a cardiac notch and lingula

- 2 impressions on medial side (for the aorta and the heart)

Label the following...

[image]

A) superior lobe of the R lung

B) horizontal fissure

C) middle lobe

D) oblique fissure of the R lung

E) inferior lobe of the R lung

2nd E) superior lobe of the L lung

F) oblique fissure of the L lung

G) inferior lobe of the L lung

H) cardiac notch

I) lingula

- 3 lobes (superior, middle & inferior)

- 2 fissures (horizontal (superior/middle) & oblique (middle/inferior))

- impressions on the medial side: azygous vein, SVC, shallow heart impression

- bronchus

- pulmonary artery (1)

-pulmonary veins (2)

- lymphatics

- autonomic nerve

- bronchial arteries and veins

Label the following...

[image]

A) superior vena cava

B) pulmonary artery (blue because the blood is not oxygenated yet)

C) pulmonary veins (reb because the blood is not DEoxygenated yet)

D) brochus

E) bronchial arteries

F) bronchus

G) hilum

H) esophagus

I) azygous vein

- bronchus are posterior and cartilaginous

- pulmonary artery is superior and has a thick wall

- pulmonary vein is inferior and has thin muscular walls

- phrenic nerve runs anterior to the hilum

- vagus nerve runs posterior to the hilum

- bronchial arteries (which branch from the aorta)

- takes oxygenated blood to the lung

- NOT pulmonary circulation

- pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood to the lung

- blood goes to alveoli of the lung for gas exchange

- Afferent

- pain

- detension (definition: enlargment or dilation)

- Efferent

- divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic

- from T1 or above and through the sympathetic chain

- bronchodilation

- vasoconstriction

- vagus nerve

- bronchoconstriction

- vasodilation

- changing of the volum of the thoracis cavity

- diaphragmatic breathing (verticle size change)

- sternocostal breathing (horizontal size change)

- flattening of the diaphragm

- there is passive and active inspiration

- intercostals

trapezius

- pectoralis major and minor

- increase side to side demention of thoracic cavity

- bucket handle movement

- increase anterior to posterior dismesion of thoracic cavity

- pump handle movement

- relax all muscles

- there is active and passive expiration

- superior

- middle

- anterior

- posterior

- thymus (most superior)

- brachiocephalic veins

- superior vena cava

- aorta & its branches

- trachea

- esophagus

- thoracic duct

Label the following...

[image]

A) R common carotid

B) R brachiocephalic trunk

C) L common carotid

D) R subclavian artery

E) L subclavian artery

F) ascending aorta

G) descending aorta

H) R coronary artery

I) L coronary artery

J) intercostal arteries

Label the following...

[image]

A) R internal jugular vein

B) R brachiocephalic vein

C) L brachiocephalic vein

D) L internal jugular vein

E) R subclavian vein

F) L subclavian vein

G) intercostal veins

H) azygous vein

I) superior vena cava

J) inferior vena cava

- phrenic

- vagus

- trachea

- esophagus

- thoracic duct

- azygous vein

- vena cava

- descending aorta

- thoracic duct

- phrenic nerve

- vagus nerve

- sympathetic chain

- lymphatic drainage from the body

- drain sinto the left brachiohcephalic vein

- lays between the aorta, azygous vein, and esophagus

- from the C3-C5 branches

- anterior to the hilum

- supplies the diaphragm

- from cranial nerve X

- runs posterior to hilum

- forms plexus around esophagus

- passes with esophagus through the diaphragm to innervate abdominal organs

 - send one branch back to the head (recurrent laryngeal nerve)

- sac that surrounds the heart

- membrane similar to the pleura

- heart grows inferiorly and drags the pleura

- there is pericardial activity between the visceral and parietal pleura of the heart

- if fluid builds up in the space, it has no where to go (cardiac tamponade)

- receives oxygenated blood from the IVC (lower body), SVC (upper body), and coronary sinus (heart)

- pectinate muscles (marginal wall)

- fossa ovalis (septal wall)

- crista terminalis (crest, has SA node)

- separates atriua from ventricles

- R atrioventricular valve = tricuspid

- L atroventricular valve = bicuspid (mitral)

- muscles don't open the valve, atrial contraction does

- valves prevent lood reflux

- papillary muscles

- trabeculae carnae

- septomarginal tracecular band (connects septum to anterior papillary muscle)

- separate ventricles from vessels

- pulmonary (beteen R vent and pulmonary arteries)

- aortic (between L vent and aorta)

opens because of ventricular pressure

- R and L coronary arteries

- origin of branching is obscured by auricles of atra

- wrap around the heart in the coronary groove/sulcus

- supply right side of heart, SA and AV nodes, and right purkinje fibers

- right marginal artery

- posterior interventricular artery

- supply the left side of the heart, both bundle branches, and left purkinje fibers

- anterior interventricular artery (LAD)

- circumflex coronary artery

- paired with coronary artery branches

- veins drain in the coronary sinus (it run posterior coronary groove of the right atrium)

- great cardiac vein painred with anterior interventricular and circumflex coronary artery

- middle cardiac vein paired with posterior interventricular artery

- small cardiac vein paired with right marginal artery

I: SA node, AV node, bundle branches/purkinje fibers

E: sympathetic neurons, parasympathetic neurons

- intrinsic

- sinoatrial node

- top of crista terminalis, near SVC opening

- firing rate of 60-100 bpm

- activated by the contraction of the atrium

- impulse travels through muscle, not nerves

- impulses reach AV node

- intrinsic

- atrioventricular node

- located between the atria

- firing rate of 40-60 bpm

- intrinsic

- impulses trave from AV node to ventricules

- firing rate of 15-40 bpm

- extrinsic

- T1-T4 spinal nerves

- uses sympathetic chain

- increase heart rate

- increase contractility

- inhibit constriction of coronary arteries

- extrinsic

- vagus nerve

- decreased heart rate

- decreased contractility

- constict coronary arteries

Label the following...

[image]

A) upper right quadrant

B) upper left quadrant

C) lower right wuadrant

D) lower left quadrant

- liver

- gallbladder

- R kidney

- large intestine

- diaphragm

- spleen

- kidney

- duodenum

- pancreas

- large intestine

- cecum

- appendix

- rectum

- bladder

- anus

Label the following... 

[image]

A) R hypochondriac

B) epigastric

C) L hypochondriac

D) R lumbar

E) umbilical

F) L lumbar

G) R inguinal

H) hypogastric

I) L inguinal

- subcostal plane (superior)

- intertubicular plane (inferior)

Label the following...

[image]

A) skin

B) investing fascia

C) extraperitoneal fat

D)Camper fascia

E) muscle

F) Scarpa's fascia

G) transversalis

External Oblique

(origin, insertion, orientation, etc.)

O: ribs

I: iliac crest & linea alba

O: hands in pockets (posterior to anterior while inferior)

Internal Oblique

(origin, insertion, orientation, etc.)

O: iliac crest

I: ribs and linea alba

O mixed fiber orientation (opposite of the externals)

Transversus Abdominus

(origin, insertion, orientation, etc.)

O: thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, & ribs

I: linea alba

O: horizontal

Rectus Abdominus

(origin, insertion, orientation, etc.)

O: xiphoid process & costal cartilage

I: pubic symphysis and crest

O: verticle

Is this superior or inferior?

Label the following...

[image]

- superior

A) external oblique

B) internal oblique

C) transversus abdominus

D) rectus abdominus

Is this superior or inferior?

Label the following...

[image]

- inferior

A) external oblique

B) internal oblique

C) transversus abdominus

D) rectus abdominus

- trunk rotation

- flexion of the spine

- abdominal compression

- intercostal arteries

- branches of internal thoracic artery

- superior epigastric

- inferior epigastric

- intercostal nerves

- subcostal nerves

- L1 nerves

- nerves between internal obliques and transversus abdominus

- each nerve --> lateral branch --> anterior branch

- organs are NOT floating

- held by peritoneal folds (omentum) or to wall of abdomen

- lesser omentum (between stomach and liver)

- lesser curvature

- greater curvature

- pylorus

- fundus

- cardia

- body

- produces acid

- chemical breakdown

- very little absorbtion

- 4 lobes (R, L, quadrate, caudate)

- storage of glucose

- blood filtration

- production of coagulating factors

- touches many organs

- hard access

- insulin synthesis

- digestive enzymes

- production of lymphocytes

- storage of blood

- stomach

- duodenum

- liver

- pancreas

- spleen

- jejunum

- ileum

- appendix

- cecum

- ascending and transverse colon

- descending and sigmoid colon

- rectum

- abdominal aorta

- inferior vena cava

- kidney

- hepatic portal system

- from the GI tract does not go directly into the IVC

- GI-blood passes through the liver for detoxification

- after the live, blood goes to IVC

- nerves come from the sympathetic chain

- follow the arteries to the organs

- visceral motor

- pain from organs follows this pathway

- vagus nerve does it all

- follow the arteries to the organs

- distension from organs follows this pathway

- contains motor and sensory neurons

- supplies skin of the back anddeep back muscles

- is of small diameter compared to ventral ramus

- contains motor and sensory neurons

- supplies skin of the front of the trunk, all of the limbs, and trunk muscles except the deep back

- is of large diameter compared to dorsal ramus

- ventral column, dorsal column, lateral column

- used as ascending and descending tracts to and from the brain

Label the following.... (alphabet only)

[image]

A) lateral column

B) dorsal column

C) ventral column

D) dorsal horn

E) ventral horn

GREEN = WM

PINK = GM

dura: outermost

arachnoid: middle

pia: innermost

- epidural space (outside of dura)

- subdural space (between dura and arachnoi)

- subarachnoid (between arachnoid and pia)

- has one neuron

- cell body is outside of the CNA (spinal cord)

- has two neurons

- cell body is outside of the CNA (spinal cord)

- has one neuron

- cell body is inside of the CNA (spinal cord)

- has two neurons

- cell body is inside of the CNA (spinal cord)

- motor to the viscera

- sympathetic or parasympathetic

- thoracolumbar

- fight or flight

- expends energy

- around the sympathetic nervous sytem

- craniosacral

- rest and digest

- conserves energy

- efferent neurons that govern fight or flight

- effector tissues

• vascular smooth muscle
• cardiac muscle
• sweat glands
• adrenal gland
• pupil dilators

- pre-ganglionic

- post-ganglionic

- between T1 and L2 ONLY

- hence thoracolumbar

- switch board distributing neuronal information throughout the body

- structure that runs along either side of the spinal cord

- allows for synapse between most 1st and 2nd neurons

- allows for ascending or descending neurons about T1 or below L2

- consequently, the 2nd neuron has a long path to the effector tissue

- efferent neurons that govern rest of digest response

- effecctor tissues:

• digestive organs
• bladder
• rectum
• erectile tissues
• pupil constrictors
• salivary galnds
• mucosal glands

What are the colors?

[image]

Red: neuron 1 (goes through white ramus)

Blue: synapse

Green: neuron 2 (goes through gray ramus)

- heat

- pain

- pressure

- touch

- vibration

- pain

- detension

- smell

- sight

- taste

- hearing

- balance

- glands of head and neck

- involuntary smooth muscles from visera and blood vessels

- may contin multiple modalities

- can be used to differentiate a defect or lesion

I

(just name)

II

(just name)

III

(just name)

IV

(just name)

V

(just name)

VI

(just name)

VII

(just name)

VIII

(just name)

IX

(just name)

X

(just name)

XI

(just name)

XII

(just name)

- can you smell this? what does it smell like?

- ask patient to differentiate between different odors with eyes closed

- test each side independently

- can result from blow to the head

- shearing of olfactory nerve fibers passing through the bone

- often leads to anxiety and depression

- eye or color chart

- visual fields (central and peripheral vision) which is the blinking lights test

- loss of vision

- complete or partial fields

- can be consequence of demylelinating dieases (like MS)

- motor: muscles that move the eye

- parasympathetic: pupillary constrictor (adjust light entering the eye) & ciliary muscle of lens (adjust thickness of lens for near vision)

- for motor, the H test

- for parasympathetic: pupillary constrictor (size and responsiveness of pupil to light) & ciliary muscle (assess ability to adjust near and far vision quickly)

- lateral strabismus (eye turns out, can be uni or bi lateral)

- ptosis (droopy upper eyelid)

- double vision: diplopia

- extortion: superior pole of the affected eye moves laterally

- difficulty with vision when going down stairs

- general sensory: facial skin sensory

- motor: to muscles of mastication

- general sensory: close eyes, touch face lightly & touch cornea and hope they blink

- motor: lateral jaw movement against resistance & jaw jerk (hitting tendon to cause protrusion)

special sensory: taste

- parasympathetic: glands in faace

motor: muscles of facial expression

- special: what does it taste like?, differentiate different tastes

- para: dry mouth, lacrimal/tear response to eye brush

- motor: make faces

- loss of taste

- motor paralysis of facial muscles (Bell palsy)

- hearing: can you hear this?

-balance: walk straight forward, watch for balance

- deafness

- tinnitus (ringing or buzzing)

- vertigo (dizziness, loss of balance)

- special: taste

- para: to one gland of face (parotid)

- motor: one muscle of larynx (styloparyngeus)

- general sensory: posterior tongue

- visceral sensory: carotid body and sinus

- special: can you smell this?

- para: hard to test alone

- motor: can you swallow

- general sensory: gag reflex

- visceral: check blood pressure

- lesions are uncommon

- this nerve goes through the skull with X and XI

- tumors in this region lead to multiple cranial nerve palsies

- special: taste on the eppiglottis

- para: thoracoabdominal viscera, larynx, pharynx

- motor: muscles of palate, larynx, pharynx

- general sensory: larynx, pharynx

- visceray: thoracoabdominal viscera (distension)

- para: check blood pressure and heart rate

- motor: say "ahhh" and watch uvula to raise in midline

- dysphagia: difficulty swallowing

- dysphonia: difficulty speaking

- aphonia: loss of voice

- tachycardia: fast heart beat

- cardiacarrythmia: irregular heart beat

- SCM: turn head against resistance (contralateral)

- traps: shrug sholders against resistance (ipsilateral)

- difficulty turning head

- weakness in shoulder movement

- ask patient to stick out tongue (should come out straight)

- ask patient to make a furrow in the tongue

- frontal

- parietals

- temporals

- sphenoid

- ethmoid

- occipital

- frontal

- sygomatic

- maxilla

- mandible

- nasal

- vomer

- palatine bone

- lacrimal bone

- conchae

- soft membrane attached to the brain (cannot be peeled off)

- follows the folds of the brain

- thin membrane translucent that covers the brain and spinal cord

- does not follow the folds of the brain

- opaque thick membrane that covers the brain and spinal cord

- forms large folds that separate some brain structures (falx cerebri and cerebelli, tentorium cerebelli)

- between the arachnoid and pia mater

- space is created by spider-webby trabeculae of arachnoid mater

- veins and arteries supplying the brain run in this space

- cerebrospinak fluid fills this space

- between the dura mater and the bone of the skull

- very little space

- more space in the spinal cord

- weighs 1,400 g in adults

- about 2% of body weight

- brain tissue has no pain neuron (meninges are source of headaches)

- unconsciousness will happen 8-10 sec after loss of blood supply to brain

- brain is platic in size and function

- healthy brain requires proper diet, exercise, being challanged, and loved

- cerebrum (telencephalon)

- cerebellum (metencephalon)

- brainstem (mesencephalon and metencephalon)

- thalamus and hypothalamus (diencephalon)

- concious motor control

- speech

- personality, intelligence

- auditory cortex

- memory

- thalamas

- hypothalamus (endocrine/autonomic function)

- epithalamus (circadian rhythm)

- midbrain (mesencephalon)

- pons

- medulla

- contain the nuclei of the cranial nerves and relay information from the skeleton to the brain (or vice versa)

- coordination of movement

- posture, muscle tone, gait

- balance

- blood vessels of the brain are impermeable to water soluble molecules

- way of protectin ghte brain from circulating chemicals and bacteria

- makes drug treatment of brain disease difficult

- branch of the internal carotid

- middle cerebral artery ("artery of stroke")

- anterior and middle medial cortex: branch of internal carotid

- posterior medial cortex: branch of vertebral artery