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Anatomy Lab Unit 1
Pectoral Region, Thorax and Lungs, Pleural Cavity, Superior and Posterior Mediastinum, Heart, Abdomen, Spinal Cord, Cranial Fossa, Skull, and Brain
347
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
05/15/2017

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Why is anatomical position used?
Definition
because it is universal
Term
What are the three anatomical planes of the body?
Definition

- sagittal

- coronal

- transverse

Term

What plane is this?

[image]

Definition
sagittal
Term
What plane is this?[image]
Definition
coronal
Term
What plane is this?[image]
Definition
transverse
Term
What are the three main parts of the skeleton?
Definition

- axial

- appendicular

- girdles

Term
What does the axial skeleton consist of?
Definition

- head

- neck

- trunk

Term
What does the appendicular skeleton consist of?
Definition
the limbs
Term
What are the two girdles of the body?
Definition

- pectoral (shoulders)

- pelvic (hips)

Term
What purpose do girdles serve?
Definition
they connect the axial and appendicular skeletons
Term
What are epiphyses?
Definition

- the ends of the bones

- contain growth plates

Term
What is the diaphysis?
Definition
- the shaft portion of the bone (between the epiphyses)
Term
What is an example of a bone-bone attachment?
Definition
the head
Term
What is an example of a bone-muscle attachment?
Definition
a tuberosity
Term
What is an example of a bone marking?
Definition
a line
Term
Fibrous joints
Definition

- two bones connected by fibrous tissue

- very little movement

Term
Example(s) of a fibrous joint
Definition

- sutures

- between skull bones

- between the radius and ulna

- between the tibia and fibula

Term
What are the two types of cartilaginous joints and how are they different?
Definition

- primary and secondary

- they are different because they have different types of cartilage

Term
What kind of cartilage does a primary cartilaginous joint have?
Definition
hyaline cartilage
Term
What kind of cartilage does a secondary cartilaginous joint have?
Definition
fibrocartilage
Term
Synovial Joints
Definition

- two joints separated by a joint cavity containing synovial fluid

- the synovial fluid is contained in a fibrous capsule which is lined with a synovial membrane

- these joints provide a wide range of movement

Term

Lable the following

[image]

Definition

A: synovial fluid

B: synovial membrane

C: joint capsule

Term
Examples of synovial joints
Definition

- knee

- elbow

- temporomandibular joint

Term
What are the three types of muscle?
Definition

- smooth

- striated (skeletal)

- cardiac

Term
Smooth muscle
Definition

- spindle shaped WITHOUT striation

- walls of organs

- UNconscious control

Term
Striated (skeletal) muscle
Definition

- long, unbranched cells WITH striations

- limbs, head & neck, body walls

- conscious control

Term
Cardiac muscle
Definition

-unique, branched cells WITH striations

- heart

- UNconscious control

Term
Cardiac muscle
Definition

-unique, branched cells WITH striations

- heart

- UNconscious control

Term
Three types of muscle fiber arrangments
Definition

- parallell

- pennate

- sphincter

Term
Parallel muscle fibers and the three types
Definition

- large range of contractile motion

1.) strap

2.) fusiform

3.) fanshaped

Term

What kind of muscle is this?

[image]

Definition

- strap

- parallel

Term

What kind of muscle is this?

[image]

Definition

- fusiform

-parallel

Term

What kind of muscle is this?

[image]

Definition

- fan-shaped (or convergent)

- parallel

Term
Pennate muscles and the three types
Definition

- shorter fibers attached along a tendon

- shorter ROM, more powerful

1.) pennate

2.) bipennate

3.) multipennate

Term

What kind of muscle is this?

[image]

Definition
-pennate
Term

What kind of muscle is this?

[image]

Definition
- bipennate
Term

What kind of muscle is this?

[image]

Definition
- multipennate
Term
Sphincter muscles and the one type
Definition

- surround body openings

- close the hole when contracting

- circular

Term

What kind of muscle is this?

[image]

Definition

- circular

- sphincter

Term
Muscle origin
Definition
part that does NOT move
Term
Muscle insertion
Definition
part that DOES move
Term
Agonist
Definition
working with
Term
Antagonist
Definition
working against
Term
Synergist
Definition
working together to make a greater force
Term
Blood supply
Definition

- critical for a healthy muscle

- can become compressed during a contraction

- important for relaxation and stretching following exercise

Term
Motor nerves
Definition
activates contractile fibers at the neuromuscular junction
Term
Sensory nerves
Definition
sense the stretch and position of muscles (proprioception)
Term
Arteries
Definition

- carry blood AWAY from heart

- thick walled vessels (provides rigidity)

- most often oxygenated blood

- exceptions that do not carry blood away from the heart:

1.) pulmonary arteries

2.) umbilical arteries

Term
Veins
Definition

- carry blood TO the heart

- thin walled vessels (flimsy)

- most often DEoxygenated blood

- exceptions that do not carry blood to the heart

1.) pulmonary veins

2.) umbilical veins

Term
Capillaries
Definition

- simple endothelial tubes

- gas exchange occurs in the capillaries

Term
Lymphatics
Definition

- extra body fluid

- drains into venous system

Term
Structual units of the nervous system
Definition
neurons
Term

Name the following lables...

[image]

Definition

A) dendrites (recieve information)

B) cell body

C) axon 

D) myelin sheath

E) axon terminals (transmits information)

 

Term
Types of neurons
Definition

- multipolar

- unipolar

Term

What kind of neuron is this?

[image]

Definition
multipolar (most of these are motor neurons)
Term

What kind of neuron is this?

[image]

Definition
- unipolar (sensory)
Term
White matter vs Gray matter
Definition

white matter:

- due to myelin (axon portion of neuron)

- myelin is white because of lipids

gray matter:

- due to cell bodies

- absence of myelin

Term
What is the anatomical division of the nervous system?
Definition
the CNS and the PNS
Term
What is the CNS composed of?
Definition
brain and spinal cord
Term
What is the PNS composed of?
Definition
cranial and spinal nerves
Term
What is the functional division of the nervous system?
Definition

- somatic NS

- autonomic NS

- sensory

- motor

Term
What are the two divisions of the autonomic NS?
Definition

- sympathetic

- parasympathetic

Term
What is the functional organization of the nervous system?
Definition
sensory and motor
Term
Sensory neurons and the two classifications
Definition

- Afferent

- signals go TO CNS

- somatic and visceral sensory

 

Term
Somatic sensory
Definition

- sensation of the body (skin)

- "triggered" by pain, temperature, pressure, touch, and vibration

Term
Visceral sensory
Definition

- sensation of the organs

- limited to "triggers" of pain and detension

Term
Motor neurons and the two classifications
Definition

- Efferent

- signals travel away from the CNS

- somatic and visceral motor

Term
Somatic motor
Definition

- voluntary contractions

- ex. skeletal muscles

Term
Visceral Motor
Definition

- involuntary

- ex. organs, glands, blood vessels

Term
Spinal nerves (numbers)
Definition

- cervical (8)

- thoracic (12)

- lumbar (5)

- sacral (5)

- coccygeal (1)

Term
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there total?
Definition
31
Term
For cervical spinal nerves, where do the nerves, related to their respective vertebrae, orient?
Definition

- superior to the respective vertebrate

- meaning that spinal nerve C2 is between vertebrae C1 and C2 (C2 is below)

Term
For thoracic spinal nerves, where do the nerves, related to their respective vertebrae, orient?
Definition

- inferior to vertebrae

- spinal nerve T2 will be between vertebrae T2 and T3

Term
For lumbar spinal nerves, where do the nerves, related to their respective vertebrae, orient?
Definition

- inferior to the vertebrae

- spinal nerve L3 will be between vertebrae L3 and L4

Term
For sacral spinal nerves, where do the nerves, related to their respective vertebrae, orient?
Definition

- inferior to the vertebrae

- spinal nerve S3 will be between vertebrae S3 and S4

Term

Spinal nerve C2

(innervation, relative location, etc.)

Definition

- innervates inferior surface of mandible and posterior/lateral sides of the skull

 

Term

Spinal nerve C3

(innervation, relative location, etc.)

Definition
- innervates around the superior/middle neck
Term

Spinal nerve C4

(innervation, relative location, etc.)

Definition
- innervates the middle/inferior portion of the neck
Term

Spinal nerve C5

(innervation, relative location, etc.)

Definition

- innervates some anterior/lateral parts of the upper limbs

- at about the clavicular level and travels down arms and ends near the wrist "joint"

Term

Spinal nerve C6

(innervation, relative location, etc.)

Definition

- innervates a band on the back (near the "bending point" of the neck) and down the most lateral portion of the arm

- also innervates the most lateral part of the hand and the thumb

- no anterior innervation

Term

Spinal nerve C7

(innervation, relative location, etc.)

Definition

- innervates the band below the C6 nerve on the posterior side of the body and innervates the middle length of the arm (through the elbow)

- innervates the middle part of the hand and the pointer and middle finger

Term

Spinal nerve C8

(innervation, relative location, etc.)

Definition

- innervates the band below nerve C7 on the back and travels down the most medial portion of the arm

- inervates the most medial portion of the hand and the ring and pinky fingers

Term

T1

(innervation, relative area, etc.)

Definition

- innervates upper most band of back

- innervates axillary area

- innervates the middle portion of the anterior arm stopping at the wrist "joint"

Term

T2-T12

(innervation, relative area, etc.)

Definition

- innervates back in descending order (ending at the small of the back)

- innervates abdomen in descending order (ending at about the ASIS line)

- T4 is at about the nipple line

- T10 is at about the belly button line

- T12 is the inguinal region

Term

L1

(innervation, relative area, etc.)

Definition

- innervates lower back

- innervates the superior most-anterior portion of the lower limbs (about where the hip flexes)

 

Term

L2

(innervation, relative area, etc.)

Definition

- innervates the low back

- innervates the upper anterior thigh (basically inferior where the male genitalia end)

Term

L3

(innervation, relative area, etc.)

Definition

- innervates lower back

- innervates the anterior leg (about mid thigh) and travels medially down the leg to about the bottom of the belly of the gastroc

Term

L4

(innervation, relative area, etc.)

Definition

- innervates low back

- innervates lateral inferior thigh and travels down the middle of the knee and down to the medial part of the calf and ankle

- innervates medial side of the foot and the big toe

Term

L5

(innervation, relative area, etc.)

Definition

- innervates low back

- innervates the lateral potion of the legs (and IT band area) down to the middle shin and ankle

- innervates toes 2-4 along with top and middle sole of the foot

Term

S1

(innervation, relative area, etc.)

Definition

- innervates butt

- innervates posterior-lateral leg and lateral mallelous

- innervates lateral side of the foot and the pinky toe

Term

S2

(innervation, relative area, etc.)

Definition

- innervates "medial" butt

- innervates the posterior-medial portion of the leg

- innervates the "Achille's tendon" and the medial sole of the foot

- also innervates the genitalia

Term

S3

(innervation, relative area, etc.)

Definition

- innervates "inner" butt

- innervates genitalia

Term

S4, S5

(innervation, relative area, etc.)

Definition

- innervates very inner butt

- innervates the butt hole

Term

Label the following...

[image]

Definition

1) white matter

2) dorsal root gangloin (DRG)

3) gray matter

4) ventral root

5) dorsal root

6) spinal nerve

7) ventral ramus

8) dorsal ramus

9) sensory impulses ([dorsal] meets in DRG)

10) motor impulses ([ventral] separates into ramus)

Term
How many pairs of ribs are there and which ones are true, flase, and floating?
Definition

- 12 pairs

- 1-7 are true ribs (7 ribs)

- 8-10 are flase ribs (3, share rib 7's cartilage)

- 11 & 12 are floating ribs (2, no catrilage)

 

Term

Label the following...

[image]

Definition

A) vertebral arch

B) lamina

C) pedicle

D) spinous process

E) transverse process

F) superior articular process

G) vertebral forame

H) body

Term

Label the following...

[image]

Definition

A) body

B) intervertebral disc

C) superior costal facet

D) superior articular facet

E) transverse process articular facet

F) spinous process

G) inferior articular facet

H) inferior costal facet

Term
How many joints per vertebrae are there for rib articulation?
Definition
6 total, 3 per side
Term
What are the three parts of the sternum?
Definition

- manubrium

- body

-xiphoid process

Term
Manubrium
Definition

- a trapezoid shaped bone

- has two clavicular notches

- has a jugular notch (at the level of the T3 vert)

Term
Sternal angle
Definition

- manibriosternal joint

- is the articulation for rib 2

- at the T4/T5 level

Term
Body of sternum
Definition

- articulation for ribs 3-6

- the T4-T9 level

Term
Xiphoid process
Definition

- smallest part

- thin and elongated

- highly variable in shape

- isn't bone in children (cartilage)

Term
Diaphragm attachments
Definition

- sternum

- lower ribs

- vertebrae

Term
Diaphragm nerve supply
Definition

- the phrenic nerve

- C3-C5 spinal nerves

Term
Diaphragm blood supply
Definition

- internal thoracic

- branches of aorta

Term
Diaphragm  function
Definition

- separates thorax and abdomen

- dome shaped

- tendinous central regoin

- when it contracts, it flattens and the thorax gets bigger

 

Term
Thoracic wall muscles
Definition

- external, internal, and innermost intercostals

- transversus thorasis

Term

External intercostals

(origin, insertion, direction, function, etc)

Definition

O: inferior borders of superior ribs

I: superior borders of inferior ribs

D: like putting hands in pockets, "posterior to anterior while inferior"

F: elevates ribcage (for inspiration)

Term

Internal intercostals

(origin, insertion, direction, function, etc)

Definition

O: superior border of rib inferior

I: inferior border of rib superior

D: opposite of the externals, runs anterior to posterior while inferior

F: depresses rib cage

Term

Innermost intercostals

(origin, insertion, direction, function, etc.)

Definition

O: superior border of inferior rib

I: inferior border of superior rib

D: orientation varies

F: elevate ribs

Term

Transversus thoracis

(origin, insertion, direction, function, etc.)

Definition

O: posterior surface of the sternum

I: deep surfaces of the cartilage of ribs 2-6

D: vary in direction but splay out from the sternum

F: depresses the thorax during forced expiration

Term
Intercostal bundle
Definition

- vein, artery, and nerve run together

- in the costal groove

- between the internal and innermost intercostals

- when using a needle in the thoracic region, avoid the inferior costal border

Term
Intercostal nerves
Definition

- ventral rami of T1-T12

- segmental (T1=armpit, T4=nipples, T10=umbilicus)

- supply the intercostal muscles with feeling

Term
Intercostal arteries
Definition
branch from the aorta
Term
Intercostal veins
Definition

- the azygous system

- asymetrical (it is only continous on the right side)

Term
Chest cavity divisions
Definition

- left

- right

- mediastinum

Term
What is in the the left chest cavity?
Definition
the left lung
Term
What is in the right chest cavity?
Definition
the right lung
Term
What is in the mediastinum?
Definition

- heart

- big vessels (aorta, superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, pulmonary vein, etc)

- trachea

- esophagus

Term
What is pleura and what are the two types that are present on the lungs?
Definition

- pleura (pleuron) means from side of body

- it's a membrane that secretes fluid

- architecture due to the embryonic development of the lungs

Term

Label the following colors...

[image]

Definition

yellow: cervical pleura

blue: costal pleura

red: mediastinal pleura

green: diaphragmatic pleura

Term
Pleural cavity
Definition

- space between parietal and visceral pleura

- normally there's not physical space

- lungs are under negative pressure

Term
Pneumothorax
Definition

- collapsed lung

- chest tube and vacuum are used to restore the pressure

Term
Airflow (pathway)
Definition

nasal/oral cavity --> pharynx --> larynx --> trachea --> bronchi --> bronchioles --> alveoli --> lungs

 

Term

Anatomical relationships of the trachea
Definition

- starts at the end of the larynx (C6)

- ends at the bronchi (T4)

- anterior to the esophagus

- posterior to aorta, vena cava

Term
Anatomical structures of the trachea
Definition

- C-shaped rings of cartilage

- carina at the bifurcation (where it splits)

- bronchi are asymetric

- trachea wilol "depress" for tsophagus expansion

Term
Carina
Definition

- the split

- has lots of nerves

- generates cough for blocked trachea

Term
Bronchii
Definition

- they're asymmetric (like the lings)

- left bronchi is more horizonal and narrow

- right bronchi is more verticle and wider 

- foreign objects are more likely to fall into the right bronchi

Term
Anatomical relationship of the lungs in the thorax
Definition

- lower inferior border is at the level of rib 6

- lower inferior posterior border is at the level of rib 10

Term
Left lung
Definition

- has 2 lobes (superior & inferior)

- oblique fissure divides

- has a cardiac notch and lingula

- 2 impressions on medial side (for the aorta and the heart)

Term

Label the following...

[image]

Definition

A) superior lobe of the R lung

B) horizontal fissure

C) middle lobe

D) oblique fissure of the R lung

E) inferior lobe of the R lung

2nd E) superior lobe of the L lung

F) oblique fissure of the L lung

G) inferior lobe of the L lung

H) cardiac notch

I) lingula

Term
Right Lung
Definition

- 3 lobes (superior, middle & inferior)

- 2 fissures (horizontal (superior/middle) & oblique (middle/inferior))

- impressions on the medial side: azygous vein, SVC, shallow heart impression

Term
What is another name for the root of the lung?
Definition
hilum
Term
What is the root of the lung/hilum?
Definition
the only point of entrance or exit of structures to the lung
Term
Structures of the hilum?
Definition

- bronchus

- pulmonary artery (1)

-pulmonary veins (2)

- lymphatics

- autonomic nerve

- bronchial arteries and veins

Term

Label the following...

[image]

Definition

A) superior vena cava

B) pulmonary artery (blue because the blood is not oxygenated yet)

C) pulmonary veins (reb because the blood is not DEoxygenated yet)

D) brochus

E) bronchial arteries

F) bronchus

G) hilum

H) esophagus

I) azygous vein

Term
The bronchus and the pulmonary artery and veins in relation within the hilum
Definition

- bronchus are posterior and cartilaginous

- pulmonary artery is superior and has a thick wall

- pulmonary vein is inferior and has thin muscular walls

Term
Nerve orientation compared to the hilum
Definition

- phrenic nerve runs anterior to the hilum

- vagus nerve runs posterior to the hilum

Term
Blood supply in the lungs
Definition

- bronchial arteries (which branch from the aorta)

- takes oxygenated blood to the lung

- NOT pulmonary circulation

Term
Pulmonary circulation
Definition

- pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood to the lung

- blood goes to alveoli of the lung for gas exchange

Term
Visceral sensory nerves in the lungs
Definition

- Afferent

- pain

- detension (definition: enlargment or dilation)

Term
Visceral motor nerves in the lungs
Definition

- Efferent

- divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic

Term
Sympathetic nerves in the lungs
Definition

- from T1 or above and through the sympathetic chain

- bronchodilation

- vasoconstriction

Term
Paraysympathetic nerves in the lungs
Definition

- vagus nerve

- bronchoconstriction

- vasodilation

Term
Basic principles of breathing
Definition

- changing of the volum of the thoracis cavity

- diaphragmatic breathing (verticle size change)

- sternocostal breathing (horizontal size change)

Term
Inspirtation
Definition

- flattening of the diaphragm

- there is passive and active inspiration

Term
Muscle(s) used in passive inspiration?
Definition
the diaphragm
Term
Muscle(s) used in active inspiration?
Definition

- intercostals

trapezius

- pectoralis major and minor

Term
Costal movement
Definition

- increase side to side demention of thoracic cavity

- bucket handle movement

Term
Sternal movement
Definition

- increase anterior to posterior dismesion of thoracic cavity

- pump handle movement

Term
Expiration
Definition

- relax all muscles

- there is active and passive expiration

Term
Passive expiration
Definition
abdominal wall muscles push the diaphragm up
Term
Active expiration
Definition
abdominal wall muscles and costal muscles depress the ribs
Term
What are the four sub areas of the mediastinum?
Definition

- superior

- middle

- anterior

- posterior

Term
Superior mediastinum
Definition

- thymus (most superior)

- brachiocephalic veins

- superior vena cava

- aorta & its branches

- trachea

- esophagus

- thoracic duct

Term

Label the following...

[image]

Definition

A) R common carotid

B) R brachiocephalic trunk

C) L common carotid

D) R subclavian artery

E) L subclavian artery

F) ascending aorta

G) descending aorta

H) R coronary artery

I) L coronary artery

J) intercostal arteries

Term

Label the following...

[image]

Definition

A) R internal jugular vein

B) R brachiocephalic vein

C) L brachiocephalic vein

D) L internal jugular vein

E) R subclavian vein

F) L subclavian vein

G) intercostal veins

H) azygous vein

I) superior vena cava

J) inferior vena cava

Term
What is the innervation of the superior mediastinum?
Definition

- phrenic

- vagus

Term
What does the anterior mediastinum contain?
Definition
- just fat (it is directly anterior to the heart)
Term
What organs are in the posterior mediastinum?
Definition

- trachea

- esophagus

- thoracic duct

Term
What vessels are in the posterior mediastinum?
Definition

- azygous vein

- vena cava

- descending aorta

Term
Other structures in the posterior mediastinum
Definition

- thoracic duct

- phrenic nerve

- vagus nerve

- sympathetic chain

Term
Thoracic duct
Definition

- lymphatic drainage from the body

- drain sinto the left brachiohcephalic vein

- lays between the aorta, azygous vein, and esophagus

Term
Phrenic nerve
Definition

- from the C3-C5 branches

- anterior to the hilum

- supplies the diaphragm

Term
Vagus nerve
Definition

- from cranial nerve X

- runs posterior to hilum

- forms plexus around esophagus

- passes with esophagus through the diaphragm to innervate abdominal organs

 - send one branch back to the head (recurrent laryngeal nerve)

Term
Sympathetic chain
Definition
- sympathetic inervation to body wall, heart, lungs, and abdominal organs
Term
What does the middle mediastinum contain?
Definition
the heart
Term
Pericardium
Definition

- sac that surrounds the heart

- membrane similar to the pleura

- heart grows inferiorly and drags the pleura

- there is pericardial activity between the visceral and parietal pleura of the heart

- if fluid builds up in the space, it has no where to go (cardiac tamponade)

Term
Right Atrium
Definition

- receives oxygenated blood from the IVC (lower body), SVC (upper body), and coronary sinus (heart)

- pectinate muscles (marginal wall)

- fossa ovalis (septal wall)

- crista terminalis (crest, has SA node)

Term
Atrioventricular valve
Definition

- separates atriua from ventricles

- R atrioventricular valve = tricuspid

- L atroventricular valve = bicuspid (mitral)

- muscles don't open the valve, atrial contraction does

- valves prevent lood reflux

Term
Right ventricle
Definition

- papillary muscles

- trabeculae carnae

- septomarginal tracecular band (connects septum to anterior papillary muscle)

Term
Semilunar valves
Definition

- separate ventricles from vessels

- pulmonary (beteen R vent and pulmonary arteries)

- aortic (between L vent and aorta)

opens because of ventricular pressure

Term
Blood flow through heart
Definition
SVC/IVC --> R atrium --> tricuspid valve --> R ventricle --> pulmonary valve --> pulmonary artery --> lungs --> L atrium --> bicuspid valve --> L ventricle --> aorta --> body
Term
Blood supply to heart
Definition

- R and L coronary arteries

- origin of branching is obscured by auricles of atra

- wrap around the heart in the coronary groove/sulcus

Term
Right coronary artery
Definition

- supply right side of heart, SA and AV nodes, and right purkinje fibers

- right marginal artery

- posterior interventricular artery

Term
Left coronary artery
Definition

- supply the left side of the heart, both bundle branches, and left purkinje fibers

- anterior interventricular artery (LAD)

- circumflex coronary artery

Term
Coronary veins
Definition

- paired with coronary artery branches

- veins drain in the coronary sinus (it run posterior coronary groove of the right atrium)

- great cardiac vein painred with anterior interventricular and circumflex coronary artery

- middle cardiac vein paired with posterior interventricular artery

- small cardiac vein paired with right marginal artery

Term
Nerve supply to the heart
Definition
has intrinsic and extrinsic control of the conduction system
Term
Intrinsic vs. extrinsic control
Definition

I: SA node, AV node, bundle branches/purkinje fibers

E: sympathetic neurons, parasympathetic neurons

Term
SA node
Definition

- intrinsic

- sinoatrial node

- top of crista terminalis, near SVC opening

- firing rate of 60-100 bpm

- activated by the contraction of the atrium

- impulse travels through muscle, not nerves

- impulses reach AV node

Term
AV node
Definition

- intrinsic

- atrioventricular node

- located between the atria

- firing rate of 40-60 bpm

Term
Bundle branches/purkinje fibers
Definition

- intrinsic

- impulses trave from AV node to ventricules

- firing rate of 15-40 bpm

Term
Sympatheric neurons
Definition

- extrinsic

- T1-T4 spinal nerves

- uses sympathetic chain

- increase heart rate

- increase contractility

- inhibit constriction of coronary arteries

Term
Parasympathetic neurons
Definition

- extrinsic

- vagus nerve

- decreased heart rate

- decreased contractility

- constict coronary arteries

Term

Label the following...

[image]

Definition

A) upper right quadrant

B) upper left quadrant

C) lower right wuadrant

D) lower left quadrant

Term
What organs are in the upper right quadrant of the abdomen?
Definition

- liver

- gallbladder

- R kidney

- large intestine

Term
What organs are in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen?
Definition

- diaphragm

- spleen

- kidney

- duodenum

- pancreas

- large intestine

Term
What organs are in the lower right quadrant of the abdomen?
Definition

- cecum

- appendix

Term
What organs are in the lower left quadrant of the abdomen?
Definition

- rectum

- bladder

- anus

Term

Label the following... 

[image]

Definition

A) R hypochondriac

B) epigastric

C) L hypochondriac

D) R lumbar

E) umbilical

F) L lumbar

G) R inguinal

H) hypogastric

I) L inguinal

Term
What are the verticle planes of the 9 regions of the abdomen called?
Definition
- midclavicular planes
Term
What are the two horizontal planes of the 9 regions of the abdomen called?
Definition

- subcostal plane (superior)

- intertubicular plane (inferior)

Term

Label the following...

[image]

Definition

A) skin

B) investing fascia

C) extraperitoneal fat

D)Camper fascia

E) muscle

F) Scarpa's fascia

G) transversalis

Term

External Oblique

(origin, insertion, orientation, etc.)

Definition

O: ribs

I: iliac crest & linea alba

O: hands in pockets (posterior to anterior while inferior)

Term

Internal Oblique

(origin, insertion, orientation, etc.)

Definition

O: iliac crest

I: ribs and linea alba

O mixed fiber orientation (opposite of the externals)

Term

Transversus Abdominus

(origin, insertion, orientation, etc.)

Definition

O: thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, & ribs

I: linea alba

O: horizontal

Term

Rectus Abdominus

(origin, insertion, orientation, etc.)

Definition

O: xiphoid process & costal cartilage

I: pubic symphysis and crest

O: verticle

Term
Rectus sheath
Definition
aponeurosis of muscle layers
Term
What divides the superior and inferior abdominal region?
Definition
the arcuate line
Term

Is this superior or inferior?

Label the following...

[image]

Definition

- superior

A) external oblique

B) internal oblique

C) transversus abdominus

D) rectus abdominus

Term

Is this superior or inferior?

Label the following...

[image]

Definition

- inferior

A) external oblique

B) internal oblique

C) transversus abdominus

D) rectus abdominus

Term
What are the functions of the abdominal wall?
Definition

- trunk rotation

- flexion of the spine

- abdominal compression

Term
Blood supply to the abdomen
Definition

- intercostal arteries

- branches of internal thoracic artery

- superior epigastric

- inferior epigastric

Term
Nerve supply to abdomen
Definition

- intercostal nerves

- subcostal nerves

- L1 nerves

- nerves between internal obliques and transversus abdominus

- each nerve --> lateral branch --> anterior branch

Term
Organization of the viscera
Definition

- organs are NOT floating

- held by peritoneal folds (omentum) or to wall of abdomen

- lesser omentum (between stomach and liver)

Term
Stomach
Definition

- lesser curvature

- greater curvature

- pylorus

- fundus

- cardia

- body

- produces acid

- chemical breakdown

- very little absorbtion

Term
Duodenum
Definition
- site of entry of digestive enzymes through bile
Term
Liver
Definition

- 4 lobes (R, L, quadrate, caudate)

- storage of glucose

- blood filtration

- production of coagulating factors

Term
Pancreas
Definition

- touches many organs

- hard access

- insulin synthesis

- digestive enzymes

Term
Spleen
Definition

- production of lymphocytes

- storage of blood

Term
What is in the foregut?
Definition

- stomach

- duodenum

- liver

- pancreas

- spleen

 

Term
What is the midgut composed of?
Definition

- jejunum

- ileum

- appendix

- cecum

- ascending and transverse colon

Term
What is the hindgut composed of?
Definition

- descending and sigmoid colon

- rectum

Term
Posterior abdominal wall
Definition

- abdominal aorta

- inferior vena cava

- kidney

Term
Venous return
Definition

- hepatic portal system

- from the GI tract does not go directly into the IVC

- GI-blood passes through the liver for detoxification

- after the live, blood goes to IVC

Term
Sympathetic nerve supply to the viscera
Definition

- nerves come from the sympathetic chain

- follow the arteries to the organs

- visceral motor

- pain from organs follows this pathway

Term
Parasympathetic nerve supply to the viscera
Definition

- vagus nerve does it all

- follow the arteries to the organs

- distension from organs follows this pathway

Term
What do dorsal roots contain?
Definition
sensory neurons entering the cord
Term
What do ventral roots contain?
Definition
motor neurons exiting the cord
Term
What do dorsal root ganglion contain?
Definition
contain the cell body of the sensory neurons (pseudounipolar)
Term
Dorsal ramus
Definition

- contains motor and sensory neurons

- supplies skin of the back anddeep back muscles

- is of small diameter compared to ventral ramus

Term
Ventral ramus
Definition

- contains motor and sensory neurons

- supplies skin of the front of the trunk, all of the limbs, and trunk muscles except the deep back

- is of large diameter compared to dorsal ramus

Term
White matter
Definition

- ventral column, dorsal column, lateral column

- used as ascending and descending tracts to and from the brain

Term
Ventral horn of gray matter
Definition
site of cell bodies for peripheral motor neurons
Term
Dorsal horn of gray matter
Definition
destination for peripheral sensory neurons
Term

Label the following.... (alphabet only)

[image]

Definition

A) lateral column

B) dorsal column

C) ventral column

D) dorsal horn

E) ventral horn

GREEN = WM

PINK = GM

Term
What are the three meninges?
Definition

dura: outermost

arachnoid: middle

pia: innermost

Term
What are the three spaces associated with the meninges?
Definition

- epidural space (outside of dura)

- subdural space (between dura and arachnoi)

- subarachnoid (between arachnoid and pia)

Term
How do you tell if a neuron is somatic sensory?
Definition

- has one neuron

- cell body is outside of the CNA (spinal cord)

Term
How do you tell if a neuron is autonomic/visceral sensory?
Definition

- has two neurons

- cell body is outside of the CNA (spinal cord)

Term
How do you tell if a neuron is somatic motor?
Definition

- has one neuron

- cell body is inside of the CNA (spinal cord)

Term
How do you tell if a neuron is autonomic/visceral motor?
Definition

- has two neurons

- cell body is inside of the CNA (spinal cord)

Term
Visceral efferent
Definition

- motor to the viscera

- sympathetic or parasympathetic

Term
Sympathetic visceral efferent
Definition

- thoracolumbar

- fight or flight

- expends energy

Term
Parasympathetic visceral efferent
Definition

- around the sympathetic nervous sytem

- craniosacral

- rest and digest

- conserves energy

Term
Sympathetic neurons
Definition

- efferent neurons that govern fight or flight

- effector tissues

  • vascular smooth muscle
  • cardiac muscle
  • sweat glands
  • adrenal gland
  • pupil dilators
Term
____________ neuron is always more heavily myelinated ("white") than the ____________ neuron.
Definition

- pre-ganglionic

- post-ganglionic

Term
Where do sympathetic neurons leave the spinal cord?
Definition

- between T1 and L2 ONLY

- hence thoracolumbar

Term
Sympathetic chain
Definition

- switch board distributing neuronal information throughout the body

- structure that runs along either side of the spinal cord

- allows for synapse between most 1st and 2nd neurons

- allows for ascending or descending neurons about T1 or below L2

- consequently, the 2nd neuron has a long path to the effector tissue

Term
Parasympathetic neurons
Definition

- efferent neurons that govern rest of digest response

- effecctor tissues:

  • digestive organs
  • bladder
  • rectum
  • erectile tissues
  • pupil constrictors
  • salivary galnds
  • mucosal glands
Term
Where do parasympathetic neurons leave the spinal cord?
Definition
at the S1-S4 level
Term

What are the colors?

[image]

Definition

Red: neuron 1 (goes through white ramus)

Blue: synapse

Green: neuron 2 (goes through gray ramus)

Term
General sensory
Definition

- heat

- pain

- pressure

- touch

- vibration

Term
Visceral sensory
Definition

- pain

- detension

Term
Special sensory
Definition

- smell

- sight

- taste

- hearing

- balance

Term
Voluntary muscles
Definition
skeletal muscles of the head and neck
Term
Glands and involuntary muscles
Definition

- glands of head and neck

- involuntary smooth muscles from visera and blood vessels

Term
Nerve highway
Definition

- may contin multiple modalities

- can be used to differentiate a defect or lesion

Term

I

(just name)

Definition
Olfactory
Term

II

(just name)

Definition
optic
Term

III

(just name)

Definition
oculomotor
Term

IV

(just name)

Definition
trochlear
Term

V

(just name)

Definition
trigeminal
Term

VI

(just name)

Definition
abducens
Term

VII

(just name)

Definition
facial
Term

VIII

(just name)

Definition
vestibulocochlear
Term

IX

(just name)

Definition
glossopharyngeal
Term

X

(just name)

Definition
vagus
Term

XI

(just name)

Definition
spinal accessory
Term

XII

(just name)

Definition
hypoglossal
Term
Modalities of the olfactory nerve
Definition
Special sensory: smell
Term
Testing the olfactory
Definition

- can you smell this? what does it smell like?

- ask patient to differentiate between different odors with eyes closed

- test each side independently

Term
Anosmia
Definition
loss of smell
Term
Loss of olfactory function
Definition

- can result from blow to the head

- shearing of olfactory nerve fibers passing through the bone

- often leads to anxiety and depression

Term
Modalities of the optic
Definition
special sensory: vision
Term
Testing the optic nerve
Definition

- eye or color chart

- visual fields (central and peripheral vision) which is the blinking lights test

Term
Loss of optic function
Definition

- loss of vision

- complete or partial fields

- can be consequence of demylelinating dieases (like MS)

Term
Modailities of the oculomotor
Definition

- motor: muscles that move the eye

- parasympathetic: pupillary constrictor (adjust light entering the eye) & ciliary muscle of lens (adjust thickness of lens for near vision)

Term
Testing the oculomotor nerve
Definition

- for motor, the H test

- for parasympathetic: pupillary constrictor (size and responsiveness of pupil to light) & ciliary muscle (assess ability to adjust near and far vision quickly)

Term
Loss of oculomotor
Definition

- lateral strabismus (eye turns out, can be uni or bi lateral)

- ptosis (droopy upper eyelid)

Term
Modailities of trochlear
Definition
motor: to one muscle that moves the eye (superior oblique)
Term
Testing of trochlear nerve
Definition
motor: the H test
Term
Loss of trochlear function
Definition

- double vision: diplopia

- extortion: superior pole of the affected eye moves laterally

- difficulty with vision when going down stairs

Term
What are the three main branches of the trigeminal nerve?
Definition
V1, V2, V3
Term
Modalities of the trigeminal
Definition

- general sensory: facial skin sensory

- motor: to muscles of mastication

Term
Testing the trigeminal
Definition

- general sensory: close eyes, touch face lightly & touch cornea and hope they blink

- motor: lateral jaw movement against resistance & jaw jerk (hitting tendon to cause protrusion)

Term
Loss of trigeminal
Definition
excruciating pain restricted to the areas supplied by V2 and V3
Term
Modalities of the abducens
Definition
- motor: to one muscle which move the eye (lateral rectus)
Term
Testing the abducens
Definition
motor: H test
Term
Loss of abducens
Definition
medial strabismus = eye turns medially
Term
Modalities of the facial nerve
Definition

special sensory: taste

- parasympathetic: glands in faace

motor: muscles of facial expression

Term
Testing of facial nerves
Definition

- special: what does it taste like?, differentiate different tastes

- para: dry mouth, lacrimal/tear response to eye brush

- motor: make faces

Term
Loss of facial
Definition

- loss of taste

- motor paralysis of facial muscles (Bell palsy)

Term
Modalities of vestibulocochlear
Definition
special: hearing and balance
Term
Testing of vestibularcochlear
Definition

- hearing: can you hear this?

-balance: walk straight forward, watch for balance

Term
Loss of vestibulocochlear nerve
Definition

- deafness

- tinnitus (ringing or buzzing)

- vertigo (dizziness, loss of balance)

Term
Modalities of the glossopharyngeal
Definition

- special: taste

- para: to one gland of face (parotid)

- motor: one muscle of larynx (styloparyngeus)

- general sensory: posterior tongue

- visceral sensory: carotid body and sinus

Term
Testing of glossopharyngeal
Definition

- special: can you smell this?

- para: hard to test alone

- motor: can you swallow

- general sensory: gag reflex

- visceral: check blood pressure

Term
Loss of glossopharyngeal
Definition

- lesions are uncommon

- this nerve goes through the skull with X and XI

- tumors in this region lead to multiple cranial nerve palsies

Term
Modalities of the vagus nerve
Definition

- special: taste on the eppiglottis

- para: thoracoabdominal viscera, larynx, pharynx

- motor: muscles of palate, larynx, pharynx

- general sensory: larynx, pharynx

- visceray: thoracoabdominal viscera (distension)

Term
Testing the vagus
Definition

- para: check blood pressure and heart rate

- motor: say "ahhh" and watch uvula to raise in midline

Term
Loss of vagus
Definition

- dysphagia: difficulty swallowing

- dysphonia: difficulty speaking

- aphonia: loss of voice

- tachycardia: fast heart beat

- cardiacarrythmia: irregular heart beat

Term
Modalities of spinal accessory
Definition
motor: sternocleidomastoid and traps
Term
Testing spinal accessory
Definition

- SCM: turn head against resistance (contralateral)

- traps: shrug sholders against resistance (ipsilateral)

Term
Loss of spinal accessory function
Definition

- difficulty turning head

- weakness in shoulder movement

Term
Modalities of hypoglossal nerve
Definition
motor: muscles of tongue
Term
Testing the hypoglossal
Definition

- ask patient to stick out tongue (should come out straight)

- ask patient to make a furrow in the tongue

Term
Loss of hypoglossal
Definition
- tongue atrophy
Term
How many bones are in the skull?
Definition
22
Term
Neurocranium
Definition
large, globular component of the skull that encases the brain (8 bones)
Term
Cranial vault
Definition
superior part of the neurocranium
Term
Cranial base
Definition
floor of the neurocranium, where the brain sits
Term
Viscerocranium
Definition
facial skeleton (14 bones)
Term
Bones of the cranial vault
Definition

- frontal

- parietals

- temporals

- sphenoid

- ethmoid

- occipital

Term
Facial bones
Definition

- frontal

- sygomatic

- maxilla

- mandible

- nasal

- vomer

- palatine bone

- lacrimal bone

- conchae

Term
Coronal suture
Definition
between the frontal and parietal bones
Term
Sagittal suture
Definition
between the two parietal bones
Term
Lamboidal suture
Definition
between the two parietal bones and the occipital bone
Term
Squamosal sutures
Definition
between flat part of the temporal bone and the parietal bones
Term
Pia mater
Definition

- soft membrane attached to the brain (cannot be peeled off)

- follows the folds of the brain

Term
Arachnoid mater
Definition

- thin membrane translucent that covers the brain and spinal cord

- does not follow the folds of the brain

Term
Dura mater
Definition

- opaque thick membrane that covers the brain and spinal cord

- forms large folds that separate some brain structures (falx cerebri and cerebelli, tentorium cerebelli)

Term
Subarachnoid space
Definition

- between the arachnoid and pia mater

- space is created by spider-webby trabeculae of arachnoid mater

- veins and arteries supplying the brain run in this space

- cerebrospinak fluid fills this space

Term
Epidural space
Definition

- between the dura mater and the bone of the skull

- very little space

- more space in the spinal cord

Term
General brain info
Definition

- weighs 1,400 g in adults

- about 2% of body weight

- brain tissue has no pain neuron (meninges are source of headaches)

- unconsciousness will happen 8-10 sec after loss of blood supply to brain

- brain is platic in size and function

- healthy brain requires proper diet, exercise, being challanged, and loved

Term
Anatomical divisions ofthe brain
Definition

- cerebrum (telencephalon)

- cerebellum (metencephalon)

- brainstem (mesencephalon and metencephalon)

- thalamus and hypothalamus (diencephalon)

Term
Frontal lobe
Definition

- concious motor control

- speech

- personality, intelligence

Term
Parietal lobe
Definition
- sensory control
Term
Temporal lobe
Definition

- auditory cortex

- memory

Term
Occipital lobe
Definition
visual cortex
Term
Functional divisions of the diencephalon
Definition

- thalamas

- hypothalamus (endocrine/autonomic function)

- epithalamus (circadian rhythm)

Term
Functional divisions of the brainstem
Definition

- midbrain (mesencephalon)

- pons

- medulla

- contain the nuclei of the cranial nerves and relay information from the skeleton to the brain (or vice versa)

Term
Cerebellum
Definition

- coordination of movement

- posture, muscle tone, gait

- balance

Term
"Blood-brain barrier"
Definition

- blood vessels of the brain are impermeable to water soluble molecules

- way of protectin ghte brain from circulating chemicals and bacteria

- makes drug treatment of brain disease difficult

Term
Blood supply to the brain stem
Definition
branches of the vertebral artery
Term
Blood supply to the lateral cortex of the cerebrum
Definition

- branch of the internal carotid

- middle cerebral artery ("artery of stroke")

Term
Blood supply to the medial cortex of the cerebrum
Definition

- anterior and middle medial cortex: branch of internal carotid

- posterior medial cortex: branch of vertebral artery

Term
Tubercle
Definition
small raised eminence
Term
Tuberosity
Definition
large, rounded elevation
Term
Trochanter
Definition
large, blunt elevation
Term
Protuberance
Definition
projection of bone
Term
Malleolus
Definition
rounded prominence
Term
Crest
Definition
ridge of bone
Term
Spine
Definition
thorn-like process
Term
Epicondyle
Definition
eminence superior to a condyle
Term
Head
Definition
superior part of bone
Term
Condyle
Definition
rounded articular area
Term
Facet
Definition
smooth, flat area, usually covered with cartilage
Term
Fossa
Definition
hollow or depressed area
Term
Groove
Definition
indentation along the cortex of a bone
Term
Notch
Definition
indentation at the edge of a bone
Term
Foramen
Definition
passage through a bone
Term
Canal
Definition
passage through a bone
Term
Fissure
Definition
deep furrow
Term
Meatus
Definition
hole that does not go anywhere
Term
Line
Definition
surface marking
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