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Anatomy JMU
Anatomy
806
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
02/21/2015

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What questions are asked by anatomists?
Definition
What is it?
How does it work?
Why is it the way it is?
-What is our function?
-How does it develop?
-What is it's evolution?
Term
Human Kingdom
Definition
Animalia
Term
Human Phylum
Definition
Chordata
Term
Human Subphylum
Definition
Vertebrata
Term
Human Class
Definition
Mammalia
Term
Human Order
Definition
Primates
Term
Human family
Definition
Hominidae
Term
Human scientific name
Definition
Homo Sapiens
Term
Science of comparing early development to adult development
Definition
Ontogeny
Term
Comparing structures between species; studying of evolution
Definition
Phylogeny
Term
What is the anatomical position?
Definition
feet shoulder width apart, palms facing anteriorly,
Term

What is dorsal?

 

Definition
Towards the back
Term
what is ventral?
Definition
Towards the front
Term
What is posterior?
Definition
Towards the back
Term
What is anterior?
Definition
Towards the front
Term
What is Cranial?
Definition
Towards the head
Term
What is caudal?
Definition
Towards the feet
Term
What is superior and inferior?
Definition
Towards the head; towards the feet
Term
what is lateral?
Definition
away from the midline
Term
what is medial?
Definition
Towards the midline
Term
What is superficial?
Definition
Close to skin
Term
What is deep
Definition
Away from skin
Term
What characteristics do all chordates have?
Definition
1) Dorsal hollow nerve cord
2) notochord
3) pharyngeal pouches and arches
Term
What characteristics do all vertebrae have?
Definition
1) dorsal hollow nerve cord
2) notochord
3) pharyngeal pouches and arches
4) vertebrae
Term

W[image]

What is A and B?

What is this?

What view is this?

Where is dorsal and where is ventral?

Definition
A = notochord
B=dorsal hollow nerve cord
Amphioxus
Lateral view
Dorsal is top; Ventral is bottom
Term

On pg 4 of lecture manual identify:

 

1) Dorsal Hollow nerve cord

2) notochord

 

for vertebrate embryo

Definition
Term
Lecture pg 5 
Embryo-Lateral View
-mouth
-pharyngeal pouches
-heart
-gut tube
-spinal cord
-notochord
-dorsal aorta
-lung bud
-gut tube
Definition
Term
How many pharyngeal arches does every human embryo have?
Definition
6
Term
What do pharyngeal arches start as?
Definition
Gills for water breathers
Term
What is cervical fistula?
Definition
the failure of pharyngeal arches to develop completely from gills to air breathing
Term
What type of animals are vertebrate-Segmental or nonsegmental?
Definition
Segmental
Term
What is a segemental animal?
Definition
Exhibits serial repetition of structures along the longitudinal axis of the body
Term
Where does the serisal repetition of vertebrae come from?
Definition
Somites
Term
Identify somites on lecture pg 6
Definition
Term
Where are somites located on an embryo?  Describe their look
Definition
Dorsal side of embryo with two columns running segmentally
Term
What are somites?
Definition
Segmental groups of embryonic cells lying in pairs alongside the developing nerve cord
Term
What structures in the trunk are derived from somites?
Definition
Vertebrae and ribs
skin
epaxial muscles-back muscles
hypaxial muscles-body wall muscles
Sternum
kidney
gonads
Term
Transverse Section
Definition
Divides the body into caudal and cranial sections
Term
What are the sections of the trunk?
Definition
Thorax
Abdomen
Pelvis
Perineum
Term
What is the axial skeleton?
Definition
Vertebral column
ribs
sternum
Term
What is the Appendicular skeleton?
Definition
Limbs
Term
Function of the vertebral body?
Definition
Weight bearing
Term
Winking skull thoracic vertebrae test
Definition
Term
What is spina bifida cystica?
Definition
failure of one or more arches to develop-results in a dorsal herniation of spinal cord covering or spinal cord-causes paralysis of lower limbs
Term
What is spina bifida oculta?
Definition
Present in 1/4 ppl...incomplete fusion of laminae of lumbar 5 and/or sacral vertebra = little bit of gap
Term
How many cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral verts are there?
Definition
C1-7
T1-12
L1-5
S1-5 (fused)
Term
What is C1 called?
Definition
Atlas
Term
What is C2 called?
Definition
Axis
Term
What is C7?
Definition
Vertebral Promenems
Term

What is the curvature for the vertebral column for

Cervical

Thoracic

Lumbar

Sacral/Coccyx

Definition
Cervical-concave anteriorly curve is anterior
Thoracic-concave posteriorly-curve is posterior
Lumbar-concave anterior-curve is anterior
Sacral-concave posteriorly-curve is posterior
Term
What are the intervertebral foramen?
Definition
Holes formed in between the spinous processes of vertebrae
Term
What runs in between intervertebral foramen?
Definition
Spinal Nerves
Term
What is the function of the curvature of the vertebral column?
Definition
Acts as a spring for load bearing

Helps maintain balance.
Term
What do interverterbral discs consist of?
Definition
Nucleus Pulposus-inside
Annulus Fibrosis- outer layer
Term
Are ribs segmental?
Definition
Yes
Term
Ribs are found where?
Definition
Thorax
Term
Ribs form from what?
Definition
The transverse processes of the T1-12 vertebrae
Term
Which region of the vertebral column articulates with the bony pelvis?
Definition
S1-S5
Term
Locate the ilium
Definition
Term
Locate the ischium
Definition
Term
Locate the obturator foramen 
Definition
Term
pubis
Definition
Term
Locate acetabulum
Definition
Term
Locate the illiac crest
Definition
Term
Locate the superior iliac spine
Definition
Term
Ischial spine 
Definition
Term
Locate Ischial ramus
Definition
Term
Locate Ischial tuberosity
Definition
Term
Locate superior pubic ramus
Definition
Term
Locate Pubic tubercle
Definition
Term
Locate inferior pubic ramus
Definition
Term
Locate the Auricular surface
Definition
Term
Locate the sacroilliac ligament
Definition
Term
Locate the inguinal ligament
Definition
Term
locate the obturator membrane
Definition
Term
Locate the Pubic symphysis
Definition
Term
What is the function of a ligament?
Definition
Connects bone to bone
Term
What does the sacroiliac ligament connect? 
Definition
Sacrum to illium
Term
What does the sacrotuberous ligament connect?
Definition
Sacrum to Ischial tuberosity
Term
What does the sacrospinous ligament connect?
Definition
Sacrum to Ischial spine
Term
What does the inguinal ligament connect?
Definition
Anterior superior iliac spine to pubic tubercle
Term
What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?
Definition
Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac
Term
Describe skeletal muscle
Definition
Voluntary; striated
Term
Describe Smooth Muscle
Definition
Involuntary and unstriated
Term
Describe Cardiac Muscle
Definition
Involuntary and striated
Term
What type of muscle is trunk muscle?
Definition
Skeletal
Term
What does embryonic skeletal muscle develop from?
Definition
Somites
Term
What are the somite regions of an embryo?
Definition
Id on lecture pg 20

Occipital
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral
Term
What are epaxial muscles?
Definition
Skeletal muscle dorsal to transverse processes
Term
What are hypaxial muscles?
Definition
Skeletal muscles lateral and ventral to transverse processes
Term
What is innervation?
Definition
Commands sent by nerves to move muscles
Term
What is a joint?
Definition
Articulation of bone
Term
Describe how a muscle moves?
Definition
Innervation causes muscle to contract which means the insertion is pulled toward towards the origin.
Term
What is insertion and origin?
Definition
Insertion is where the muscle attaches to the bone that is pulled towards the origin during muscle contraction
Term
What is a tendon?
Definition
Tissue that attaches muscle to bone
Term
What is extension?
Definition
straightening of a joint
Term
What is flexion?
Definition
bending of a joint
Term
Bilateral action of epaxial muscle?
Definition
extension of vertebral column
Term
Unilateral action of epaxial muscles?
Definition
lateral flexion of vertebral column
Term
Most superficial epaxial muscle?
Definition
Splenius-locate it
Term
What are the directions of the fibers for epaxial muscles?
Definition
up/down
Term
What muscles are just deeper than the splenius?
Definition
Illiocostalis, longissimus; spinalis
Term
What muscle is deeper than illiocostalis?
Definition
semispinalis
Term
What muscle is deeper than the semispinalis?
Definition
Multifidus
Term
What muscles make up the erector spinae muscles and what layer are they found?
Definition
Splenius-most superficial,
illiocostalis, longissimus, spinalis - superficial
Semi-spinalis-intermediate
Mutlifidus-deep
Term
What groups of muscles make up the hypaxial body wall muscles?
Definition
Abdominal hypaxial muscles; thoracic hypaxial muscles; pelvic hypaxial muscles
Term
How many muscles are in the abdominal body wall and where are they, what are they?
Definition
Locate:
5 total
Lateral Body wall (3): External oblique; internal oblique; transversus abdominus

Anterior body wall: (1) Rectus Abdominus
Posterior body wall: (1) Quadratus Lumborum
Term
What is the fiber direction for internal obliques?
Definition
Praying hands starts in midline opening out and down
Term
What is the fiber direction for external oblique?
Definition
starting at midline, opens up and out
Term
Fiber direction for tranverse abdominus
Definition
Parallel with floor while standing
Term
What do all 3 lateral abdominal muscles form?
Definition
an aponeurosis called the rectus sheet
Term
What is an aponeurosis?
Definition
a sheet like tendon of insertion
Term
What is the common insertion for the lateral abdominal wall hypaxial muscles?
Definition
Linea Alba
Term
Locate the linea alba
Definition
Term
Looking at a cross section; describe what order from superficial to deep the lateral ab. body wall muscles woudl be in?
Definition
Superficial
-Ext. Oblique
-Int. Oblique
-Transverse Abdominus
Deep
Term
What is the rectus abdominus enclosed in?
Definition
Rectus sheath
Term
Where does the rectus sheath provide double layer for rectus abdominis?  Singler layer? Is the single layer anterior or posterior?
Definition
Double-above navel
Single-below navel (only anterior)
Term
Fiber direction of rectus abdominis?
Definition
Up and down
Term
What is where the rectus sheath ends called?
Definition
arcuate line-locate it
Term
What are the functions of the abdominal wall muscles?
Definition
-Support and contain abdominal viscera
-flex;rotate the trunk
-creates pressure to aide in expelling substances through the nose and mouth or during urination/defecation and facilitates breathing
Term
What meat is abdominal body wall muscle?
Definition
Bacon
Term
Popular meat for thoracic hypaxial muscles?
Definition
ribs
Term
Are there muscles in the anterior thoracic body wall?
Definition
No
Term
From superficial to deep, name the hypaxial thoracic body wall muscles?
Definition
External intercostals; internal intercostals; transversus thoracis
Term
What is the function of thoracic hypaxial muscle?
Definition
Elevate and depress ribs to assist with breathing

Contains thoracic viscera
Term
Fiber direction of external intercostals anteriorly; posteriorly?
Definition
open hands; praying hands
Term
Fiber direction of internal intercostals anteriorly? posteriorly?
Definition
Praying hands; open hands
Term
Does external intercostals touch sternum?
Definition
No
Term
does internal oblique touch sternum?
Definition
Yes
Term
Does external intercostals touch vertebral column?
Definition
yes
Term
Does internal intercostals touch vert. column?
Definition
No
Term
What direction are ribs normally angled?
Definition
Inferiorly (angled down)
Term
Fiber direction of transversus thoracis
Definition
lateral: parallel with floor if standing
Term
What muscles make up the pelvic hypaxial muscles?
Definition
Levator Ani; Coccygeus muscle
Term
What is the pelvic diaphragm derived from?
Definition
Embryonic somites
Term
What is the function of the pelvic diaphragm?
Definition
1) Raises pelvic floor to help compress abdomen during vomiting, coughing, sneezing
2) contains and supports pelvic viscera
Term
During pelvic diaphragm contraction, what happens?
Definition
Insertion rises superiorly
Term
What trunk systems can be segmental in appearance but not derived from somites?
Definition
Nervous system
Circulatory system
Term
When does the circulatory system and nervous system appear segmental, and when do they not?
Definition
When feeding structures derived from somites (segmental) and when feeding structures not derived from somites (not segmental).
Term
What are the parts of the Nervous systom?
Definition
1) Central Nervous system
2) Peripheral Nervous system
Term
What does the central nervous system consist of?
Definition
Brain
spinal cord
Term
What does the spinal cord grow from?
Definition
dorsal hollow nerve cord
Term
what are the functions of the central nervous system
Definition
1) receives and integrates sensory info
2) generate motor commands
Term
What is the peripheral nervous system made up of?
Definition
cranial nerves
spinal nerves
Term
Where are cranial nerves located?
Definition
Head and neck
Term
where are spinal nerves located?
Definition
Trunk with branches to the limbs
Term
What is the function of the peripheral nervous system?
Definition
1) Transmits sensory info to CNS from receptors
2) Transmits motor commands away from CNS to effectors
Term
What is an effector?
Definition
A structure that receives commands from nervous system that triggers the target organ/muscle/gland to do something; receives and acts upon a motor command
Term
What is a receptor?
Definition
Transmits sensory organ from the actual organ/muscle etc back to the nervous system
Term
What does a nerve cell/neuron consist of?
Definition
Cell body, axon, dendrites
Term
What is a nerve?
Definition
group of nerve cells
Term
What is a sensory neuron?
Definition
Nerve cells that transmit sensory input back to the brain
Term
What is a motor neuron?
Definition
Nerve cells that carry output commands from brain to effectors
Term
What type of direction is a neural impulse?
Definition
uni-directional
Term
Lecture pg 38  ID dendrites, cell body, axon
Definition
Term
What is a myelin sheath? What color is it
Definition
Lipid base whitish covering of the axon
Term
What does the myelin sheath do?
Definition
Speeds up rate of conduction
Term
What makes up white matter?
Definition
Axon and its myelin sheath
Term
Lecture pg 38  ID myelin sheath
Definition
Term
What makes up grey matter?
Definition
Dendrites and cell bodies
Term
What is multiple sclerosis?
Definition
Degeneration of myelin sheaths causing loss of ability to move
Term
What makes up the trunk nervous system?
Definition
Spinal cord and spinal nerves
Term
What makes up the spinal cord?
Definition
Central canal
Gray matter
White matter
Term
What makes up the grey matter?
Definition
Dorsal, ventral, and lateral horns
Term
What is a spinal nerve?
Definition
Section of axon where the dorsal and ventral rami meet
Term
Trace a motor command from start to finish for hypaxial and epaxial muscle
Definition
Brain > central canal > Ventral horn > Ventral root > spinal nerve > dorsal rami (epaxial) ; ventral rami (hypaxial) effectors
Term
Trace sensory input from hypaxial/epaxial from start to finish
Definition
Receptor > (epaxial) dorsal rami; (hypaxial) ventral rami; > spinal nerve > dorsal root ganglion > dorsal root > ventral horn > central canal > brain
Term
Where are the motor neuron cell bodies located?
Definition
Ventral horn
Term
Lecture pg 41 both pics ID all parts
Definition
Lecture pg 41 2nd pic ID
dorsal horn
grey matter
dorsal root ganglion
lateral horn
ventral horn
dorsal rami
spinal nerve
ventral rami
dorsal root
ventral root
Term
What type of neuron does a dorsal root belong to?
Definition
sensory
Term
Type of neuron: ventral root?
Definition
motor
Term
Type of neuron-spinal nerve?
Definition
Sensory and motor
Term
Dorsal rami-type of neuron?
Definition
motor/sensory
Term
Ventral rami-type of neuron? 
Definition
motor/sensory
Term
What nerves run to skin from dorsal rami? ventral rami?
Definition
Dorsal= posterior cutaneous nerves
Ventral = bilateral and anterior cutaneous nerves
Term
What is a dermatome?
Definition
Area of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve
Term
How many dermatomes are there?  Name them
Definition
8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
Term
What gives rise to skin?
Definition
Somites
Term
What do cutaneous nerves supply?
Definition
sensory input from skin (dermatomes) back to the CNS
Term
What do dorsal rami do?
Definition
Motor innervation to epaxial muscles and sensory innervation from dorsal skin.
Term
What do ventral rami do?
Definition
Sensory innervation from skin of the anterior and lateral body wall (via lateral and anterior cutaneous nerves). Motor innervation to hypaxial muscles
Term
What innervates the hypaxial thoracic muscles?
Definition
Intercostal nerves
Term
What innervates hypaxial abdominal wall muscles?
Definition
Thoracic ventral rami T7-T12
Term
Why is the hypaxial body wall innervated by Ventral rami of t7-t12?
Definition
b/c ribs move inferiorly towards abdomen
Term
What innervates the pelvic hypaxial muscles?
Definition
Sacral ventral rami
Term
Name the L1 ventral rami
Definition
-iliohypogastric nerve
-ilioinguinal nerve
Term
What is a celom?
Definition
fluid filled space lined by a serous membrane
Term
Are body cavities segmentaL?
Definition
NO
Term
What are the pleural cavities?
Definition
The cavity the lungs are located
Term
What is the pericardial cavity?
Definition
Cavity where heart is located
Term
What is a celomic cavity lined by?
Definition
Fluid secreting serous membrane (serosa)
Term
What is serous fluid?
Definition
fluid secreted by the serous membrane to reduce friction
Term
What are the two parts of the serous membrane called?  Where are they located?
Definition
Parietal serosa-lines outer cavity wall
Visceral serosa-lines the organ
Term
What is pleuritis?
Definition
inflamation of the pleural serous membranes-roughens membranes and results in friction
Term
What is pleural adhesion?
Definition
sticking together of pleural membranes. Very painful during deep breathing

can be caused by trauma to the thorax
Term
What is pneumothorax?
Definition
entry of air into pleural cavity from a penetrating wound. Results in collapse of lung. Breaks suction of plueral membrane to the lungs.
Term
What is hemopericardium?
Definition
entry of blood into pericardial cavity from wound to the heart. Results in heart compression and circulation failure.
Term

pg 48 lecture id on embryo

Mouth

spinal cord

gut tube

heart

trachea

Definition
Term
ID Esophgus; lungs; trachea; bronchi
Definition
Term
What is the gut tube
Definition
Tube that runs from mouth to anus
Term
Where is the esophogus located?
Definition
Just ventral to the vertebral column
Term
Are Digestive and respiratory system segmental?
Definition
NO
Term
What is the Mediastinum?
Definition
is an area of the thorax located in the midline. Consists of the trachea, esophagus, heart, great blood vessels, phrenic, and vagus nerve
Term
What is the heart?
Definition
A muscular pump
Term
What is the difference between veins and arteries?
Definition
Veins drain blood to heart

Arteries carry blood away from heart
Term
Describe the blood flow internal to the heart
Definition
Right Atrium > Right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid) > Right ventricle > Pulmonary semi lunar valve > Pulmonary trunk > Right and left pulmonary arteries > cappillary beds of lungs > right and left pulmonary veins > left atrium > Left atrioventricular valve Bicuspid > Left ventricle > Ascending aorta > coronary arteries....arch of aorta >> various
Term
What is the function of the heart valves?
Definition
To prevent blood from backflowing
Term
What type of valves are the atrioventricular valves (tri and bi cuspids)?
Definition
Active muscular contraction to close
Term
What type of valves are the semilunar valves?
Definition
Passively closed valves...closed by residual blood accumulation
Term
Describe blood flow to and from heart itself
Definition
cardiac vein > coronary sinus > Right atrium > right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid) > Right ventricle > pulmonary semi lunar valve > pulmonary trunk > left/right pulmonary arteries > cap. beds of lungs > Pulmonary veins > left atrium > left atrioventricular valve bicuspid > left ventricle > Aortic semilunar valve > ascending aorta > coronary arteries > cap. beds of heart
Term
What is a heart murmur?
Definition
Can result from a valve deficiency
Term
What is anastomosis?
Definition
a network of circulatory vessels that enables blood to travel to or from a region of the body via several routes; involves an interconnection of vessels
Term

Lecture page 55 label:

 

Right Coronary artery

Left coronary artery

Pulmonary trunk

Coronary sinus

Atrioventricular sulcus

Interventricular sulcus

Definition
Term
What is a sulcus?
Definition
depression on the heart where coronary veins rest in
Term
What is a septum?
Definition
Heart wall that correlates to a sulcus
Term
What is Atherosclerosis?
Definition
Lump of cholesterol that causes hardening of a coronary artery due to build up of cholesterol and diminishes the lumen of the artery
Term
What is Myocardial Infarction?
Definition
Heart attack-death of heart tissue due to blockage of a coronary artery (vascular occlusion)
Term
What is coronary bypass surgery?
Definition
Cut a vein from another region of the body, cut through sternum and ribs, open the heart, suture the vein in place of bad artery to by pass blockage
Term
What is the problem of coronary bypass surgery?
Definition
Veins are not as thick and durable as arteries; very intrusive procedure
Term
What is angioplasty/stents?
Definition
thread device to point of an occlusion; inflate a balloon cholesterol against blood vessel to unblock; then mesh is inserted
Term
What vessels branch off the arch of the aorta?
Definition
1) Brachiocephalic trunk
2) Left common carotid artery
3) Left Common subclavian artery
Term
Is the arch of the aorta and branches symmetrical?
Definition
No
Term
Is the pattern branching from superior vena cava symmetrical?
Definition
Yes
Term
What does the right common carotid artery supply?
Definition
right side of head and neck
Term
What does right subclavian artery supply?
Definition
right upper limbs
Term
What does the left common carotid artery supply?
Definition
left side of head and neck
Term
Left subclavian artery supplies what?
Definition
left upper limb
Term
Trace branches of Superior vena cava
Definition
Branches into Right left brachiocephalic vein > branches into left/right internal jugular vein/left/right internal subclavian vein
Term
what does the right internal jugular vein drain?
Definition
right side of head and neck
Term
What does the right subclavian vein drain?
Definition
right upper limb
Term
What does the left internal jugular vein drain?
Definition
Left head and neck
Term
What does the left subclavian vein drain?
Definition
drains left upper limb
Term
lecture pg 57 label all vessels
Definition
Term
Where do left and right posterior arteries branch from?
Definition
descending aorta
Term
Where do the anterior left and right intercostal arteries branch from
Definition
Left and right internal thoracic arteries
Term
Where do the left and right internal thoracic arteries branch from?
Definition
Left and right subclavian arteries
Term
How is the posterior thoracic body wall drained?
Definition
Body wall cappillary beds > Left and right intercostal veins > left and right internal thoracic veins > Left and right brachiocephalic veins > superior vena cava
Term
How is the left posterior body wall drained below T6?
Definition
Capillary veins > left posterior intercostal veins > hemiazygos (inferior to T6) > Azygos vein > superior vena cava
Term
How is blood drained from posterior left thoracic body wall superior to T6?
Definition
Cap beds > Posterior left intercostal veins > accessory azygos vein > left brachiocephalic vein > superior vena cava
Term
How does the right posterior thoracic body wall drain?
Definition
Cap beds > Right posterior intercostal veins > azygos vein > superior vena cava
Term
What is the diaphragm?
Definition
muscular partition between the abdomen and thorax.
Term
What kind of muscle is the diaphragm?
Definition
Hypaxial skeletal muscle
Term
What type of somites is the diaphragm derived from?
Definition
Cervical somites
Term
When the diaphragm contracts, what direction does the central tendon move?
Definition
It moves inferiorly
Term
How does the diaphragm facilitate breathing?
Definition
serous pleural membrane follows the contraction of the diaphragm allowing gas pressure to lower which causes air from the outside to enter the lungs, when the diaphragm relaxes it creates high pressure that expels air from lungs
Term
What structures pass through the muscular diaphragm?
Definition
1) Inferior Vena cava
2) esophogus
3) descending aorta
4) Vagus nerve
Term
What are the phrenic nerves derived from?
Definition
C3, C4, C5 ventral rami

C3, 4, and 5 keep the diaphragm alive
Term
Why is the diaphragm innervated by c3,4,5 ventral rami?
Definition
Diaphragm begins its development in the neck
Term
What innervates the diaphragm?
Definition
Phrenic nerves
Term
At what point does the descending aorta become the abdominal aorta?
Definition
When it passes through the diaphragm
Term
Lecture pg 63 label all the listed structures
Definition
Term

Lecture pg 64 on embryo

id:

1) Pancreas

2) Liver

3) gall bladder 

4) Trachea

Definition
Term
What organs are gut tube derivatives?
Definition
Lungs
Liver
Gall bladder
pancreas
Term
What is the peritoneal cavity?
Definition
cavity that the abdominal viscera occupy
Term
What is the peritoneum?
Definition
The serous parietal and visceral membrane surrounding abdominal viscera
Term
S
Definition
Term
What is a mesentery?
Definition
double layer of serous membrane (peritoneum) that suspends the gut tube into the peritoneal cavity
Term
What is intraperitoneal?
Definition
Viscera that are suspended by mesentary
Term
What is retroperintoneal?
Definition
Viscera not suspended by a mesentery
Term
Pg 66 lecture  Id all parts
Definition
Term
Describe the development of the liver and stomach
Definition
1) Liver is ventral to stomach.
2) Ventral mesentary attaches to ventral body wall, suspends liver; attaches to stomach
3) Dorsal mesentary attaches to dorsal body wall and suspends stomach
4) River Rapidly grows forcing stomach left and the liver right
Term
What does the ventral mesentary between liver and bodywall turn into after the liver and stomach rotate?
Definition
Falciform ligament
Term
dorsal mesentary turns into what after liver/stomach rotation?
Definition
Greater omentum
Term
What does the ventral mesentery between the liver and stomach turn into after rotation?
Definition
lesser omentum
Term
What is special about the greater omentum?
Definition
It can pinpoint and adhere to sites of infection
Term
What way does the greater omentum curve?
Definition
anteriorly
Term
Describe the development of small/large intestines
Definition
1) Elongation then rotates counter clockwise around the superior mesenteric artery x 2 then retraction
Term
What are the jejunum and ileum suspended from?
Definition
mesentery proper
Term
Transverse colon suspended from what?
Definition
Transverse mesocolon
Term
What is the sigmoid colon suspended from?
Definition
sigmoid mesocolon
Term

Identify all structures in Gilroy

12.4b; 12.4c; 12.8

 

Definition
Term
What parts of the gut tube are retroperitoneal
Definition
1) cecum
2) ascending colon
3) descending colon
4) duodenum
5) pancreas
Term
What do the renal arteries supply?
Definition
Kidneys
Term
What do the gonadal arteries supply?
Definition
Gonads
Term
What do the lumbar arteries supply?
Definition
Abdominal Epaxial and hyaxial muscles
Term
Lecture pg 71 id p1-3 and m1-3
Definition
Term
What does the celiac trunk branch into?
Definition
Left gastric artery
Splenic artery
Common hepatic artery
Term
What is the Left Gastroepiploic artery? where is it?
Definition
Term
What does the left gastroepiploic artery supply?
Definition
Greater curvature of the stomach is supplied
Term
What does the splenic artery supply?
Definition
pancreas, spleen, and left gastroepiploic artery
Term
What does the common hepatic artery supply?
Definition
Liver, gall bladder, lesser curvature of stomach, duodenum, pancreas, and greater curvature of stomach
Term
What does the common hepatic artery branch into?
Definition
-Gastroduodenal artery
-Hepatic proper artery
Term

Lecture pg 72 identify:

Left gastric artery

splenic artery

common hepatic artery

left gastroepiploic artery

Gastroduodenal artery

right gastroepiploic artery

Hepatic proper artery

Right gastric artery

Superior mesenteric artery

inferior mesenteric artery

Definition
Term
Id all structures on lecture pg 73
Definition
Term
What do the gastrioepiploic arteries provide?
Definition
Collateral blood flow to the stomach
Term
What is collateral blood flow?
Definition
Blood flow being supplied by two or more arteries to the same organ
Term
What must blood flow from gutube pass through before it goes back to the heart?  What system facilitates this?
Definition
Liver via hepatic portal system
Term
Describe general flow of guttube blood
Definition
Heart > arteries > capillary beds of guttube > veins > Hepatic portal system > cap of liver > vein > heart
Term
A cottage cheese structure represents what?
Definition
a gland
Term
Why does blood flow from gut tube pass through the liver when draining back to the heart?
Definition
Liver filters toxins released during digestion
Term
Lecture pg 74 id all parts
Definition
Term
What structures drain into the hepatic portal system?
Definition
Stomach, spleen, small intestine, large intestine
Term
What is the difference between hepatic portal veins and hepatic veins?
Definition
Hepatic portal veins drain into the liver; hepatic veins drain into inferior vena cava from liver
Term
What veins merge to form the hepatic portal vein?
Definition
Superior Mesentaric vein
Splenic Vein
Right and left gastric vein
Term

Out of these what is the hepatic portal system used for?

Gonads

Stomach

Spleen

Kidneys

Expaxial muscles

Large intestine

small intestine

Definition
stomach, spleen, large and small intestine
Term
What do the left and right renal veins drain from and into?
Definition
Kidneys to inferior vena cava -paired
Term
What do left and right gonadal veins (testicular or ovarian veins) drain from and to?
Definition
Gonads to inferior vena cava
Term
Locate the gonads in male and female
Definition
Term
What is longer?  Left or right renal vein? Why?
Definition
Left vein is longer because IVC lies on the right side of vert column
Term
Left gonadal vein drains from what to where?
Definition
Left gonad into left renal vein
Term
From to where does the right gonadal vein drain into?
Definition
Right gonadal vein to IVC at L4
Term
What is the somatic nervous system?
Definition
Voluntary motor information running from CNS to hypaxial and epaxial muscles
Term
How many neurons are required for a somatic motor pathway to a skeletal muscle?
Definition
1 neuron
Term
What is somatic motor innervation?
Definition
commands sent to skeltal muscle
Term
Where are somatic motor cell bodies located?
Definition
Ventral horns
Term
Somatic motor commands innervate what?
Definition
skeletal muscle
Term
What type of muscle are the abdominal viscera?
Definition
Smooth
Term
What are visceral motor neurons?
Definition
(involuntary)
innervate smooth muscle
cardiac muscle
Glands
Term
How many neurons does a visceral motor command require?
Definition
2 neurons
Term
What are the two neurons used in visceral motor commands called?
Definition
Preganglionic and post ganglionic neurons
Term
Where do the preganglionic and post ganglionic neurons synapse?
Definition
In peripheral ganglia outside the CNS
Term
Where is the preganglionic cell body located?
Definition
Lateral horn or brain
Term
Where is the post ganlionic neuron cell body located?
Definition
ganglion in the sympathetic trunk
Term
Describe a visceral motor command signal?
Definition
Involuntary motor command that goes from brain > cell body in brain or lateral horn > travels along preganglionic axon > ganglion (for synapse) > cell body of postganglionic neuron (in ganglion)> axon of postgang neuro > effector of involuntary cardiac or smooth muscle or gland
Term
What type of nervous system are visceral motor commands a part of?
Definition
Automatic nervous system
Term
What are the division of the automatic nervous system?
Definition
Sympathetic and parasympathetic
Term
What does sympathetic ANS control?
Definition
Fright, flight, fight-a behavioral response
Term
Activation of the sympathetic ANS results in what?
Definition
higher mental acuity
increase heart rate
dialated pupils
Term
What does the parasympathetic ANS control?
Definition
rest and digest response
Term
What physical response does the Parasympathetic ANS result in?
Definition
directs blood to the gut tube
secretes enzymes
takes blood from brain and limbs
pupils get small
Term
Where do parasympathetic preganglionic neurons leave the CNS?
Definition
Brain
Sacral spinal segments S1-S4 ONLY!!
Term
Where is the synapse ganglion for parasympathetic systeM
Definition
Near or on the target organ, close to the efffector
Term
Where do preganglionic neurons for sympathetic motor innervation leave the CNS?
Definition
T1-L2 only
Term
Where are the ganglion located for synapsing sympathetic motor neurons?
Definition
Sympathetic trunk or prevertebral ganglia on anterior surface of abdominal aorta
Term
Where do the preganglionic neurons orginate for the trunk body wall (skin, blood vessels) sympathetic innervation?  Where is the site of synapse?
Definition
T1-T12 spinal nerve; sympathetic trunk
Term
Where do preganglionic neurons originate for sympathetic innervation of thoracic viscera (lungs; heart, esophogus)? Where do they synapse?
Definition
T1-T5 spinal nerve; sympathetic trunk
Term
Where do the preganglionic neurons orginiate for sympathetic innervation of abdominal and pelvic viscera? (stomach to anus)  Where do they synapse?
Definition
T5-L2 spinal nerve; prevertebral ganglia (anterior to abdominal aorta)
Term
What is the sympathetic response in abdominal viscera?
Definition
Digestion is turned off
Term
Where do preganglionic neurons originate for parasympathetic innervation of the trunk body wall?
Definition
There are none
Term
Where are the synapse sites for parasympathetic innervation to the trunk body wall?
Definition
Trunk body wall does not have parasympathetic innervation
Term
Where do the preganglionic neurons originate for parasympathetic innervation of the thoracic viscera?  Where is the site of synapse?
Definition
Brain via Vagus nerves; (on, in, near) site to be innervated
Term
Where do preganglionic neurons originate for parasympathetic innervation of abdominal or pelvic viscera?  Where is the site of synapse?
Definition
For region stomach to left colic flexure: vagus nerves

Left colic flexure to anus: S2-S4 Spinal nerves

On/in/near site to be innervated
Term
Lecture pg 83, ID all parts
Definition
Term
What two muscles make up the pelvic diaphragm?
Definition
Levator Ani
Coccygeus
Term
Name the regions of the trunk
Definition
Thorax
Diaphragm
Abdomen
Pelvis
Pelvic Diaphragm
Perineum
Term
What is the diaphragm innervated by?
Definition
Phrenic nerves
Term
What type of muscle is the diaphragm?
Definition
Skeletal-hypaxial
Term
What type of muscle is the pelvic diaphragm?
Definition
Skeletal-hypaxial
Term
What is the perineum?
Definition
Region inferior to the pelvic diaphragm
Term
What structures make up the perineum?
Definition
Urogenital diaphragm; external anal and urethral sphincters; external genitalia
Term

On lecture pg 85 ID:

Ischiorectal Fossa

Pelvic diaprhagm

Urogenital diaphragm

Definition
Term
What type of muscle is urogentital diaphragm?
Definition
Skeletal hypaxial muscle and connective tissue
Term
What is the function of the urogential diaphragm?
Definition
anchor and move external genitalia and anus
Term
What can happen if central tendon is damaged?
Definition
integrity of the urogenital diaphragm is compromised and can cause uteran prolapse
Term
ID all structures lecture pg 86
Definition
Term
What are the functions of the rectal folds?
Definition
1) allows flatulence to pass by stool
2) slaloms stool slowing it down
Term
What connects inferiorly to the sigmoid colon?
Definition
rectum
Term
What type of innervation do the internal anal and urethral sphincters receive?
Definition
Parasympathetic innervation to contract to hold stool/urine in place by closing the rectum; and also to tell it to relax when there is stool build up
Term
How many rectal folds are there?
Definition
3-5
Term
What do the external urethral and anal sphincters do?
Definition
Allow a somatic (voluntary) response to hold stool in place by closing the rectum when internal sphincters are relaxed
Term
What 
Definition
Term
What type of muscle are external anal and urethral sphincters?
Definition
circular skeletal muscle
Term
lecture pg 87 ID all parts
Definition
Term
What type of muscle are internal sphincters?
Definition
smooth muscle
Term
How long is the anus?
Definition
1"
Term
How long is the vas deferens?
Definition
18"
Term
How long is the gut tube?
Definition
31 ft
Term
Label lecture pg 89
Definition
Term
What muscles make up the urogential diaphragm?
Definition
transverse perineus muscle
external urethral sphincter muscle
Term
What is the epididymus?
Definition
Where sperm matures after creation in the testes; stores sperm until ejaculation
Term
What do Bulbourethral Glands do?
Definition
Secrete product prior to ejaculation (pre cum); slippery substance that neutralizes the acidic environment of the spongy urethra
Term
What do seminal vesicles?
Definition
Contributes fluid to semen
Term
ID structures in lecture manual pg 90
Definition
Term
How does the peritoneal cavity interact with the pelvic viscera?
Definition
Inferior end dips down between pelvic viscera to form "peritoneal pouches
Term

What is the vesico?

 

Definition
Term
What is the vesicouterine pouch?
Definition
Term
Describe a cardiac muscle?
Definition
Involuntary; striated
Term
What is the erectile genitalia composed of?
Definition
Several masses of erectile tissue
Term
What type of muscle surround the external genitalia?
Definition
hypaxial muscle
Term
What is the external genitalia attached to and adjacent to?
Definition
Attached to urogenital diaphragm; adjacent to bony pelvis
Term
What happens to the male erectile tissue during erection?
Definition
tissues are filled with blood; calling the penis to swell
Term
Label lecture pg 92
Definition
Term
Function of the bulbospongiosus muscle?
Definition
impedes blood from draining out of the erectile tissue to prevent loss of tumesence during an erection
Term
Male and female external genitalia are developed from what?
Definition
The same embryonic precursors
Term
Corresponding male ad female structures are called what?
Definition
Homologs
Term
Lecture label pg 93
Definition
Term
label pg 94 lecture
Definition
Term
Name the Female-male homologs
Definition
Bulbs of the vestibule > bulb of penis
Glans clitoris > Glans penis
Crura of the Clitoris > Crura of penis
Ovaries > testes
Labia majora > scrotum
Term

On lecture pg 95, superior picture is what sex?

Inferior picture?

Definition
Sup = male
inferior = female
Term
Label lecture pg 95
Definition
Term
Why are females more prone to urethral infections than males?
Definition
The female urethra is shorter and within closer proximity of the vagina and anus thereby making it easier for bacteria to travel to the urinary tract and bladder.
Term
label lecture pg 96
Definition
Term
Describe the descent of the gonads
Definition
1) Gonads start off as undifferentiated @ T10
2) Follow the gubernaculum inferiorly alongside the posterior body wall
3) move anteriorly towards the anterior body wall as they reach the pelvis
4) Testes drop through the inguinal canal; ovaries stop before the inguinal canal
5) For ovaries, the gubernaculmum becomes the round ligament of uterus when ovaries stop; this extends to the labia majora
6) Testes have a small gubernaculum between them and the scrotum
Term
What is the gubernaculum?
Definition
The ropey guide which gonads follow during descent
Term
What can the gubernaculum become and how?
Definition
The gubernaculum becomes the round ligament of the uterus when the ovaries have stopped descending
Term
What allows the evagination of the abdominal body wall?
Definition
Inguinal canal
Term
What passes through the inguinal canal?
Definition
testes only; except in accidental cases where an ovary descends into the labia majora but this causes the ovary to not function
Term
What does the inguinal canal lead to?
Definition
Scrotum in males; libia majora in females
Term
Which sex has more coeloms?   How many more?  What are they called?
Definition
Males; 2 more; Tunica Vaginalis
Term
What are the tunica vaginalis derived from? When does this happen?
Definition
Peritoneal cavity as testes pass through the inguinal canal
Term
What is the function of the Tunica Vaginalis?
Definition
prevents friction in order to ensure that testes have the proper tempature to cultivate sperm
Term
What does the spermatic cord consist of?
Definition
Ductus deferens
External oblique
Internal obliqe
Transversus Abdominis
Testicular Artery
Tesicular Vein
Genital nerve from L2 venral ramus
Term
What innervates the spermatic cord
Definition
L2 ventral ramus
Term
Lecture Pg 99 label
Definition
Term
lecture label pg 100
Definition
Term
Label lecture pg 101
Definition
Term
What does the superior gluteal artery pass through to exit pelvis?  Supply?
Definition
Greater sciatic foramen; butt muscle
Term
What does the inferior gluteal artery pass through to exit the pelvis and supply?
Definition
Greater sciatic foramen; butt muscles
Term
What does the internal pudendal artery pass through to exit the pelvis? supplies?
Definition
greater sciatic foramen; supplies perineum by entering the pelvis via lesser sciatic foramen and ischiorectal fossa
Term
Where does the obturator artery exit the pelvis? What does it supply?
Definition
Obturator foramen; medial thigh
Term
What does pudendum mean?
Definition
Shameful
Term
Lecture label pg 102
Definition
Term
Where do the internal pudenal arteries and veins pass through?
Definition
Ischial rectal fossa
Term
What arteries branch off the internal illiac artery?
Definition
Superior gluteal artery
Inferior gluteal artery
Internal pudendal artery
Obturator artery
Term
label lecture pg 103
Definition
Term
What is sagittal?
Definition
Divides the body into left and right parts
Term
what is a transverse section?
Definition
divides body into cranial and caudal parts
Term
What is a midsaggital?
Definition
divides the body into equal right and left halves
Term
What is parasagittal?
Definition
divides body into unequal right and left parts
Term
What is a frontal?
Definition
Divides body into ventral and dorsal parts
Term
What is a coronal ?
Definition
Divides the body into ventral and dorsal parts
Term
How many vertebrae compose the vertebral column?
Definition
33 individual vertebrae
Term
What are the functions of the vertebral column?
Definition
1) replaces the notochord as the central skeletal support for body
2) protects the hollow dorsal nerve cord
3) bears the weight of the body and transmits this weight to the lower limbs via the pelvic girdle
Term
ID vertebral body
Definition
Term
What makes up the vertebral arch?
Definition
Pedicle
Lamina
Spinous process
Term
ID pedicle
Definition
Term
ID lamina
Definition
Term
ID spinous process
Definition
Term
ID transvese process
Definition
Term
What contributes to the vertebral canal?
Definition
Vertebral foramen
Term
ID vertebral foramen
Definition
Term
ID Intervertebral foramen
Definition
Term
ID superior articular process
Definition
Term
Inferior Articular process
Definition
Term
Costal facet
Definition
Term
Lumbar vertebrae do not have what?
Definition
do not have formina in transverse processes and lack costal facets for rib articulation
Term
Which way are cervical vertebrae concaved?
Definition
posteriorly
Term
Which way are thoracic vertebrae concaved?
Definition
Anteriorly
Term
Which way are lumbar vertebrae concaved?
Definition
posteriorly
Term
Which way does sacral vertebrae concaved?
Definition
anteriorly
Term
Which does the coccygeal region concave?
Definition
Anteriorly
Term
What is kyphosis?
Definition
exaggerated thoracic curvature; common in elderly women
Term
What is lordosis
Definition
accentuated lumbar curvature; common in pregnant women or fat ppl
Term
What is scoliosis ?
Definition
abnormal lateral curvature of the vertebral column
Term
What is the most common reason for scoliosis?
Definition
asymmetrical growth of vertebral column
Term
What type of joints are formed between inferior and superior vertbrae articular processes?
Definition
synovial joints
Term
Where do herniated discs occur most commonly?
Definition
lumbar region
Term
What does anterior longitudinal ligament connect?
Definition
anterior vert body to anterior vertebral body
Term
What does the posterior longitudinal ligament connect?
Definition
Posterior vertebral body to posterior vertebral body
Term
What does the supraspinous ligament connect?
Definition
spinous process to spinous process
Term
What does the nuchal ligament connect?
Definition
skull to cervical spinous process
Term
ID supraspinous ligament
Definition
Term
ID nuchal ligament
Definition
Term
What ribs connect directly to sternum?
Definition
ribs 1-7
Term
What ribs connect indirectly to sternum via intercostal cartilage
Definition
Ribs 8-10
Term
What ribs are floating ribs?
Definition
11-12
Term
ID head of rib
Definition
Term
what part of rib articulates with 2 vertebral bodies?
Definition
articular facets on the rib head
Term
ID rib tubercle
Definition
Term
Where does the rib tubercle articulate?
Definition
With thoracic transverse process
Term
ID neck of rib
Definition
Term
ID neck of rib
Definition
Term
ID shaft of rib
Definition
Term
ID angle of rib
Definition
Term
Which way does shaft of rib run at the angle?
Definition
sharply anteriorly
Term
ID 3 parts of sternum: what are they called?
Definition
Manubrium; body; xiphoid process
Term
Name parts of the vertebrae?
Definition
Vertebral body, pedicle, lamina, spinous process, transverse process, costal facet (t only), superior and inferior articular process, vertebral foramen, intervertebral foramen
Term
What are the parts of the ribs?
Definition
head, articular facets, tubercle, neck, shaft, angle
Term
Name the 3 sections of the hip bone?
Definition
illium, ischium, pubis
Term
Name of the hip bones?
Definition
Ossa coxae; os coxae singular
Term
Name and ID all parts of the Os coxae
Definition
Acetabulum, obturator foramen, Ilium, ischium, pubis, iliac crest, anterior superior iliac spine, anterior inferior iliac spine, iliac fossa, ischial spine, ischial tuberosity, ischial ramus, superior pubic ramus, inferior pubic ramus, pubic symphisis, pubic tubercle
Term
What part of the ossa coxae do we sit on?
Definition
The ischial tuberosity
Term
Name and ID all Pelvic ligaments
Definition
Sacroiliac ligament, sacrotuberous ligament, inguinal ligaent, sacrospinous ligament
Term
What does the sacroiliac ligament connect?
Definition
Sacrum to the ilium
Term
what does the sacrotuberous ligament connect>
Definition
Sacrum to the ischial tuberosity
Term
What does the sacrospinous ligament connect?
Definition
Sacrum to the ischial spine
Term
What does the inguinal ligament connect?
Definition
anterior superior iliac spine to pubic tubercle
Term
What is a muscle contraction?
Definition
when insertion is pulled towards the insertion
Term
What is fascia?
Definition
white covering of muscle
Term
List from superficial to deep the epaxial muscles...then ID
Definition
Splenius, Illiocostalis, Longisimus, Spinalis, Semispinalis, multifidus
Term
Splenius origin
Definition
inferior half of nuchal ligament, spinous processes of T1-T6
Term
Splenius insertion
Definition
transverse processes of C1-C4 vertebrae, mastoid process, and posterior skull
Term
Splenius action
Definition
Bilateral: extend head and neck
Unilateral: lateral flexion of head and neck
Term
Splenius innervation
Definition
Cervical and thoracic dorsal rami
Term
What muscles compose the erector spinae?
Definition
Iliocostalis, Longissimus, spinalis
Term
Iliocostalis origin
Definition
Iliac crest, posterior sacrum, and spinous process of sacral and lumbar vertebrae
Term
Longissimus Origin
Definition
Iliac crest, posterior sacrum, and spinous process of sacral and lumbar vertebrae
Term
Spinalis origin
Definition
Iliac crest, posterior sacrum, and spinous process of sacral and lumbar vertebrae
Term
Insertion of longissimus
Definition
Transverse processes of cervical and thoracic vertebrae, mastoid process of skull
Term
Insertion for spinalis
Definition
spinous processes of cervical and thoracic vertebrae
Term
Action of illiocostalis, longissimus, and spinalis?
Definition
Bilateral: extend vertebral column and head
Unilateral: laterally flex vertebral column and head
Term
What innervates longissimus, iliocostalis, and spinalis?
Definition
dorsal rami
Term
What are the intermediate epaxial muscles?
Definition
Semispinalis, multifidus
Term
Where does semispinalis start?
Definition
12th rib
Term
Semispinalis origin
Definition
Transverse process of cervical and thoracic vertebrae
Term
Semispinalis insertion
Definition
spinous processes of vertebrae 6-7 segemtns superior to origin, posterior skull near midline
Term
Action of semispinalis
Definition
Bilateral: extension of head and neck
Unilateral action: lateral flexion of neck and head
Term
Semispinalis innervation
Definition
Cervical and thoracic dorsal rami
Term
Deepest of intermediate epaxial muscles?
Definition
Multifidus
Term
How far does mutlifidus run?
Definition
the whole length of vert column starting in sacral region
Term
Origin of multifidus
Definition
tranverse process of cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral vert.
Term
Insertion for multifidus?
Definition
spinous process of vert 2-3 segments superior
Term
Action of multifidus?
Definition
Bilateral: extension of vert column
Unilateral: lateral flexion of vert column
Term
Name all epaxial muscles on T4 cross section
Definition
Term
Name and ID the hypaxial thoracic body wall muscles?
Definition
External intercostals, internal intercostals, transversus thoracis
Term
Origin and insertion for external intercostals; internal intercostals;
Definition
11 pairs of muscles attached to ribs and occupying intercostals spaces
Term
Action of external intercostals
Definition
Elevate rib cage during quiet inspiration
Term
Action of internal intercostal muscles?
Definition
depress rib cage during forced expiration
Term
Insertion for Transversus Thoracis
Definition
Internal surface of costal cartilages 2-6
Term
Origin for Transversus thoracis
Definition
Posterior surface of sternum
Term
action of transversus thoracis
Definition
helps to depress ribs
Term
What innervates external intercostal muscles?
Definition
Intercostal nerves
Term
What innervates intercostal muscles?
Definition
Intercostal nerves
Term
What innervates transversus thoracis
Definition
Intercostal nerves
Term
Name the muscles and other parts of the abdominal body wall and ID
Definition
Rectus abdominis, External oblique, Internal oblique, transverus abdominis, quadratus lumborum, rectus sheath, linea alba, arcuate line
Term
Origin of rectus abdominis
Definition
pubic bone
Term
Insertion of rectus abdominis
Definition
sternum and costal cartilages 5-7
Term
Rectus abdominis action
Definition
Compress and support abdominal viscera, flex trunk
Term
Rectus abdominis innervation
Definition
Thoracic Ventral rami
Term
External oblique origin
Definition
lower eight ribs
Term
External oblique insertion
Definition
linea alba via rectus sheat and iliac crest
Term
external oblique action
Definition
compress and support abdominal viscera,flex and rotate trunk
Term
external oblique innervation?
Definition
thoracic ventral rami
Term
Internal oblique origin
Definition
thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, and inguinal ligament
Term
Internal oblique insertion
Definition
linea alba via rectus sheath and lower 3 ribs
Term
Internal oblique action
Definition
compress and support abdominal viscera, flex and rotate trunk
Term
Internal oblique innervation
Definition
thoracic and lumbar ventral rami
Term
transversus abdominis origin
Definition
lower 8 ribs, thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, and inguinal ligament
Term
Transversus abdominis insertion
Definition
linea alba via rectus sheath
Term
Transversus abdominis action
Definition
compress and support abdominal viscera
Term
Transversus abdominis innervation
Definition
thoracic and lumbar ventral rami
Term
Quadratus lumborum origin
Definition
Iliac crest
Term
Quadratus lumborum insertion
Definition
transverse processes of lower lumbar vertebrae and rib 12
Term
Quadratus lumborum action
Definition
bilateral: extend vertebral column
unilateral: laterally flex vertebral column
Term
Quadratus lumborum innervation
Definition
thoracic and lumbar ventral rami
Term
What connects abdominal body wall muscles to linea alba?
Definition
aponeurosis
Term
Where does the posterior rectus sheath stop?
Definition
arcuate line
Term
ID arcuate line
Definition
Term
Levator ani- origin
Definition
medial surface of pelvis from pubis to ischial spine
Term
levator ani- insertion
Definition
coccyx, levator ani muscle of opposite side and the structures that penetrate it (anus, vagina, and urethra)
Term
Levator ani action
Definition
supports pelvic viscera, raises pelvic floor, helps to compress abdominal contents during heavy breathing, vomiting, and coughing; raises anal canal over descending fecal matter during defecation
Term
Levator ani innervation
Definition
scaral ventral rami
Term
What is the spinal cord a continuation of?
Definition
brain stem
Term
Where does the spinal cord extend to?
Definition
L1-L2
Term
What is the caudal end of the spinal cord called?
Definition
Conus medullaris
Term
What is the caudal collection of spinal roots called?
Definition
Cauda equina
Term
where does the cauda equina formed?
Definition
inferior to conus medularis; below L2
Term
Where is the spinal cord enlarged and why?
Definition
cervical and lumbar regions to innervate the limbs
Term
Name and ID parts of spinal cord and nerves
Definition
conus medullaris, cauda equina, gray matter, white matter, central canal, ventral horns, lateral horns, dorsal horns, meninges, dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
Term
Where are lateral horns present in?
Definition
thoracic, some lumbar and sacral levels of spinal cord
Term
What does white matter consist of?
Definition
myelinated axons
Term
what is gray matter composed of?
Definition
neuronal cell bodies and unmyelinated axons, surrounding central canal
Term
What does the dura mater surround?
Definition
loose fiting surrounding ventral and lateral horns
Term
Where is pia mater located?
Definition
tight fitting sheath around spinal cord
Term
What connects arachnoid and dura mater?
Definition
thin spidery strands of connective tissue
Term
What fills the central canal and occupies space between arachnoid mater and pia mater?
Definition
Cerebrospinal fluid
Term
What is cerebrospinal fluid? what does it do?
Definition
blood plasma derivative, nourishes CNS and serves as a flotation bath for spinal cord and the brain, keeping delicate tissue of the CNS from being crushed agaisnt surrounding bone
Term
How many pairs of cervical spinal nerves are there? Why?
Definition
8; first pair exits veterbral column between skull and C1
Term
ID anterior, lateral, and posterior cutaneous nerves
Definition
Term
ID iliohypogastic and ilioinguinal nerves, what do they innervate?
Definition
Ventral rami that innervate abdominal body wall muscles and sensory innervation of buttocks and genital regions
Term
Where does pelvic diaphragm receive motor innervation from?
Definition
ventral rami of spinal nerves S3 and S4
Term
what innervates thoracic body wall?
Definition
Thoracic ventral rami, intercostal nerves
Term
What innervates the abdominal body wall
Definition
T6-12 ventral rami, L1 ventral rami, iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal nerve
Term
What innervates pelvic body wall?
Definition
s3-s4 ventral rami
Term
What is the pericardial cavity?
Definition
celomic space that heart lies in
Term
What is the pericardium?
Definition
serous membrane lining the pericardial cavity (visceral and parietal pericardium)
Term
Name and ID all parts of the mediastinum
Definition
Pericardial cavity, pericardium, right atrium, left atrium, left ventricle, right ventricle, chordae tendinae, papillary muscles, right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid), left atrio ventricular valve (biscupid), pulmonary semilunar valve, aortic semilunar valve, interventricular sulcus, atrioventricular sulcus, interventricular septum, atrioventricular septum, superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, coronary sinus, cardiac veins, ascending aorta, descending aotra, arch of aorta, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary veins, pulmonary arteries, l. r. coronary arteries, brachiocephalic trunk, right common carotid, right subclavian artery, left common carotid artery, left subclavian artery, left and right brachiocephalic veins
Term
Blood trace to left upper limb
Definition
Term
blood trace to the anterior thoracic body wall
Definition
Term
blood trace to right side of head and neck
Definition
Term
blood trace to left anterior thoracic body wall
Definition
Term
blood trace to right anterior thoracic body wall
Definition
Term
blood trace to right side of head and neck
Definition
Term
blood trace to left side of head and neck
Definition
Term
blood trace to posterior thoracic body wall
Definition
Term
ID trachea and left and right bronchi
Definition
Term
What is trachea composed of?
Definition
C-shaped rings of cartilage joined by intervening membranes of connective tissue
Term
What happens to the trachea during inahalation? exhalation?
Definition
it stretches and descends; recoils to original position
Term
what is the hilus?
Definition
where bronchi plunge into to enter lung (medial depression)
Term
Which bronchi is shorter and wider?
Definition
right
Term
What does the bronchi branch into?
Definition
blind sacs called alveoli
Term
What type of muscle is esophogus?
Definition
smooth muscle
Term
What is the function of the esophagus?
Definition
move food from mouth to pharynx to stomach
Term
What does sympathetic innervation do to esophagus and trachea?
Definition
esophagus = inhibits peristalsis
trachea = dilated
Term
What does parasympathetic innervation do to esophagus and trachea?
Definition
esophagus = stimulates peristalsis
Trachea = constricts trachea and bronchi tubes
Term
What provides parasympathetic visceral motor innervation to trachea and esophagus?
Definition
vagus nerves
Term
How many lobes in left lung? in right?
Definition
left = 2
right = 3
Term
What are clinical importances of the lung partitions into bronchopulmonary segments?
Definition
1) limit the spread of infection
2) allows surgical removal of segements without damaging others
Term
Name of serous membrane surrounding lungs?
Definition
parietal and visceral pleura
Term
What is the function of the serous fluid in the pleura
Definition
1) acts as a lubricant to allow lung's external surface to move across surfaces without friction
2) fluid holds parietal and visceral pleura together allowing them to passively pull lungs to faciliate breathing by expansion and collapsing lungs
Term
Diaphragm origin
Definition
Inferior border of rib cage, costal cartilages of ribs 6-12 and lumbar vetrebrae
Term
diaphragm insertion
Definition
central tendon
Term
diaphragm action
Definition
flattens when contracted; dome-shaped when relaxed
Term
diaphragm inervation
Definition
phrenic nerves (ventral rami c3-5)
Term
Name blood vessels in the thoracic region and ID them
Definition
posterior intercostal arteries, anterior intercostal arteries, internal thoracic arteries, left and right subclavian arteries, anterior intercostal veins, posterior intercostal veins, descending aorta, left and right brachiocephalic veins, inferior vena cava, superior vena cava, azygos vein, hemiazygos vein, accessory azygos vein
Term
What innervates thoracic body wall?
Definition
intercostal nerves
Term
What does the accessory azygos vein drain into?
Definition
Left brachiocephalic vein
Term
What do anterior intercostal arteries branch off of? What do they supply?
Definition
internal thoracic arteries; anterior intercostal spaces
Term
What do the posterior intercostal arteries branch off of? What do they supply?
Definition
Descending aorta; supply posterior intercostal spaces
Term
Drainage pattern for posterior intercostal veins to right atrium?
Definition
Left side superior (accessory azygos) > left brachiocephalic vein > superior vena cava; left side inferior cap beds > hemiazygos vein > azygos vein > superior vena cava; right side thoracic cap beds > azygos vein > superior vena cava
Term
Drainage patter for anterior intercostal right side?
Definition
cap beds > intercostal veins > right internal thoracic veins > right brachiocephalic > superior vena cava
Term
drainage pattern for posterior left side intercostal spaces?
Definition
Cap beds > left intercostal veins > left internal thoracic vein > left brachiocephalic vein > superior vena cava
Term
Name abdominal viscera of the gut + subcomponents and ID
Definition
Stomach (fundus, greater curvature, lesser curvature, pylorus, pyloric sphincter, cardia sphincter) Small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum), Large instestine (cecum, vermiform appendix, ascending colon, right colic flexure, left colic flexure, descending colon, transverse colon, sigmoid colon
Term
What type of muscle is the gut tube made of?
Definition
smooth muscle
Term
What type of innervation does the gut receive?
Definition
visceral motor innervation
Term
Sympathetic response of the gut?
Definition
inhibition of peristalsis and constriction of blood vessels to digestive tract
Term
Parasympathetic response of gut abdominal viscera?
Definition
stimulation of peristalsis
Term
What is the abdominal celom? ID it
Definition
peritoneal cavity
Term
What is the serous membrane lining abdominal viscera?
Definition
peritoneum
Term
What is a mesentary?
Definition
double layer of peritoneum
Term
What are the two ventral mesentaries? What do they connect? ID these
Definition
1) falciform ligament: (ventral body wall to ventral surface of liver)

2) Lesser omentum: runs from liver to lesser curvature of stomach
Term
What are the dorsal mesentaries? What do they connect? ID them
Definition
1) Mesentary proper: posterior body wall to jejunum and ileum
2) transverse mesocolon-suspends the transverse colon from posterior body wall
3) greater omentum: posterior body wall to greater curvature looping anteriorly of abdominal viscera in between
Term
Name all abdominal viscera that are retroperitoneal
Definition
ascending colon, descending colon, duodenum, pancreas, kidneys (although not derived from the gut tube)
Term
Are the kidneys derived from the gut tube?
Definition
No
Term
what does the liver begin as?
Definition
An outgrowth of the duodenum
Term
What organs are derivatives of the gut tube?
Definition
liver, gall bladder, pancreas
Term
How much does the average liver weight?
Definition
3 lbs
Term
How many functions does the liver have?
Definition
over 500
Term
What is the liver's digetive function?
Definition
produces bile, that is secreted into the duodenum
Term
ID the common bile duct and gall bladder; what are their functions?
Definition
Common bile duct: allows for secretion of bile between liver and duodenum

Gall bladder: stores bile from liver
Term
What is bile?
Definition
green alakline secretion from liver for aiding digestion by breaking up fats making it easier for enzymes from pancreas to break down food
Term
What blood vessels are located around the common bile duct?
Definition
hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery proper
Term
What is the gall bladder?
Definition
smooth muscular sac for storing bile
Term
What are two functions of the liver?
Definition
1) secete bile for aiding digestion
2) filtering blood draining from gut tube of toxins
Term
Locate and ID pancreas and pancreatic duct; what is its function?
Definition
provides enzymes via pancreatic duct to duodenum to digest food; also produces hormones that regulate sugar levels in the blood
Term
Is the spleen a derivative of the gut?
Definition
NO!
Term
How large is the spleen?
Definition
about the size of a fist
Term
Functionally what is the spleen a part of?
Definition
immune system
Term
What are the functions of the kidneys?
Definition
1) Cleanse blood by regulating balance between water and salt and acids to bases;
2) cleanses blood by disposing toxins, excessive concentrations of ions, and metabolic waste
Term
What is the product of the kidney?
Definition
Urine
Term
Locate and ID the ureters, functions?
Definition
Transport urine from kidneys to urinary bladder
Term
What gland lies within close proximity of each kidney? Function?
Are these
Definition
Suprarenal gland; secete hormones adrenaline and noradrenaline
Term
What type of innervation does abdominal viscera receive?
Definition
visceral motor innervation
Term
1) What does the Vagus nerve provide to abdominal viscera?

2) What does S2-S4 spinal nerves provide parasympathetic innervation to?
Definition
Parasympathetic visceral motor innervation from stomach to the left colic flexure
2)descending colon and sigmoid colon
Term
Parasympathetic response of liver, gall bladder and pancreas?
Definition
secretion of digestive enzymes
Term
What is peristalsis? When is it inhibited?
Definition
gut mobility; during sympathetic visceral motor innervation
Term
What provides sympathetic visceral motor innervation to abdominal viscera?
Definition
Sympathetic trunk
Term
What is the sympathetic response of guttube, kidneys
Definition
peristalsis inhibited, constriction of blood vessels to gut and kidneys, promotion break down of glucose for energy
Term
Name the vessels bringing blood to the abdominal viscera and ID these
Definition
Celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, inferior mesenteric artery, left gastric artery, splenic artery, right gastric artery, left gastroepiploic artery, Right gastroepiploic artery, hepatic proper artery, gastroduodunal artery
Term
What arteries make up the celiac trunk? ID these
Definition
Left gastic artery, splenic artery, common hepatic artery
Term
What branches from the common hepatic artery?
Definition
hepatic artery proper and gastroduodenal artery
Term
What does the hepatic proper artery give rise to?
Definition
right gastric artery
Term
What does the gastroduodenal artery give rise to?
Definition
right gastroepliploic artery
Term
What does the splenic artery give rise to?
Definition
Left gastroepiploic artery
Term
What does the celiac trunk branch from? What does it branch to?
Definition
abdominal aorta; to left gastric artery, to splenic artery, to common hepatic artery
Term
What does left gastric artery branch from and to?
Definition
From: Celiac trunk
To: lesser curvature of stomach
Term
What does splenic artery branch from and to?
Definition
From: celiac trunk
to: Left gastroduodenal artery; pancreas; spleen
Term
What does left gastroepiploic artery branch from and to?
Definition
From: Splenic artery
To: Greater curvature of stomach
Term
What does common hepatic artery branch from and to?
Definition
From: Celiac Trunk
To: Liver,gall bladder, gastroduodenal artery, Hepatic proper artery
Term
What does gastroduodenal branch from and to?
Definition
From Common hepatic artery
To: Right gastroepiploic artery, duodenum, pancreas
Term
What does right gastroepiploic artery branch from and to?
Definition
From: gastroduodenal artery
To: greater curvature of stomach
Term
What does hepatic proper artery branch off of and to?
Definition
From: common hepatic artery
To: liver, Right gastric artery
Term
What does right gastric artery branch from and to?
Definition
From: hepatic proper artery
To: supplies lesser curvature of stomach
Term
What does the superior mesenteric artery branch from and to?
Definition
From: abdominal aorta
to: duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, vermiform appendix, ascending colon, transverse colon
Term
What does inferior mesenteric artery branch from and to?
Definition
From abdominal aorta
To: descending colon; sigmoid colon
Term
Blood trace to Liver
Definition
Term
Blood trace to ascending colon
Definition
Term
blood trace to descending colon
Definition
Term
Blood trace to pancreas
Definition
Term
Blood trace to lesser curvature of stomach
Definition
Term
Blood trace to greater curvature of stomach
Definition
Term
Locate and ID renal arteries and gonadal arteries
Definition
Term
Where do renal arteries branch and where do they supply?
Definition
abdominal aorta at L1-L2: Kidneys
Term
Which renal artery is longer?
Definition
Right renal artery because aorta lies on the left side of vert bodies
Term
Where do gonadal arteries branch from and why?
Definition
Abdominal aorta around L2 because this is where gonads first develop in an embryo
Term
What are the serial homologs of the posterior intercostal arteries?
Definition
Lumbar arteries
Term
What feeds blood to rectus abdominis? where do they come from?
Definition
Right and left superior epigastric arteries; from right and left internal thoracic arteries (just a continuation)
Term
What do lumbar arteries branch from and supply?
Definition
1) abdominal aorta
2) posterior and lateral abdominal body wall
Term
Locate superior epigastric arteries
Definition
Term
How does the abdominal aorta end?
Definition
it branches into two common iliac arteries
Term
What do common iliac arteries come from where do the supply?
Definition
From: abdominal aorta
To: L. R. Interal and external iliac arteries
Term
What do the internal iliac arteries feed?
Definition
Pelvic region
Term
What do external iliac arteries feed?
Definition
lower limbs
Term
What do the superior epigastric arteries form an anastomosis with? What is an anastomosis?
Definition
inferior epigastric arteries; a cross connection between tubes
Term
ID inferior epigastric arteries
Definition
Term
Where do the inferior epigastric arteries branch from? Located? feed to?
Definition
From: external illiac arteries just superior toinguinal ligament
Located: deep within rectus sheath
Feed to: form an anastomosis with superior epigastric arteries
Term
Blood trace to kideny
Definition
Term
Blood trace to left ovary
Definition
Term
blood trace to right testis
Definition
Term
Blood trace to sigmoid colon
Definition
Term
What is a venous portal system?
Definition
where capillaries drain from one organ into the caps of another (of course not directly from cap to cap)
Term
What is the portal system that drains the abdominal viscera?
Definition
Hepatic portal system
Term
Name and ID the veins draining abdominal vsicera and body wall
Definition
hepatic portal vein, superior mesenteric vein, Right gastric vein, left gastric vein, right gastroepiploic vein, splenic vein, left gastroepiploic vein, inferior mesenteric vein; gonadal veins, renal veins, lumbar veins, inferior epigastric veins, external iliac veins, common iliac veins
Term
What does Left gastroepiploic vein drain to and from
Definition
To: Splenic Vein
From: greater curvature of stomach
Term
Inferior vein, drains to and from?
Definition
To: Splenic vein
From: descending colon and sigmoid colon
Term
Splenic vein drains to and from where?
Definition
To Hepatic portal vein
From: spleen, pancreas, left gastroepiploic vein, and inferior mesenteric vein,
Term
What does the right gastroepiploic vein drain to and from?
Definition
To: superior mesenteric veing
From greater curvature of stomach
Term
What does superior mesenteric vein drain to and from?
Definition
To: hepatic portal vein
From: Duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, appendix, ascending colon, transverse colon
Term
What do left and right gastric vein drain to and from?
Definition
To: hepatic portal vein
From: lesser curvature of stomach
Term
What does hepatic portal vein drain to and from?
Definition
To: Capillaries of liver
From: Right and left gastric vein, superior mesenteric vein, splenic vein
Term
What do renal veins drain from and to?
Definition
from kidneys to inferior vena cava
Left renal also drains left gonadal vein
Term
What renal vein is longer, why?
Definition
left renal vein is longer b/c IVC is to the right side of vert. column
Term
Where do the right and left gonadal veins drain to and from?
Definition
To: Left (left renal vein) Right (IVC)
From gonads
Term
What do the lumbar veins drain to and from?
Definition
To: IVC
From: cap beds of posterior abdominal body wall
Term
Blood trace posterior body wall
Definition
remeber the drainage is from lumbar bc posterior
Term
Anterior abdominal body wall blood trace
Definition
epigastrics bc anterior
Term
Where does the inferior epigastric vein drain to and from?
Definition
From Anterior abdominal body wall
To: external iliac veins
Term
where does superior epigastric vein drain to and from?
Definition
from: anterior abdominal body wall (caps)
To: Internal thoracic veins
Term
Where do external illiac veins drain to and from?
Definition
From: inferior epigastric (maybe others, need to check)
To: common iliac veins
Term
Where do common iliac veins drain to and from?
Definition
From: external iliac veins (also probably internal iliac veins but not in book?)
To: IVC
Term
Locate and ID greater sciatic notch and lesser sciatic notch
Definition
Term
What is the Pubic symphysis and what does it join?
Definition
Joint binding pubis to pubis
Term
Id the ischiorectal fossa; what is it?
Definition
space filled with fat, blood vessels, and nerves that supply the perineum
Term
What is the perineum?
Definition
Tbe body region inferior to the pelvic diaphragm
Term
What is the perineum composed of? Id all parts
Definition
1) Urogential triangle:
a)Urogenital diaphragm (Transverse perineus muscle; External urethral sphincter)
b) external genitalia
c) penetrated by urethra and vagina
2) Central tendon (perineal body)
3) Anal triangle
a) Penetrated by the anus
b) External anal sphincter muscle
Term
What nerve innervates the transverse perineus, external urethral sphincter, and external anal sphincter muscles? Locate it
Definition
Pudenal nerve (s2-s4 ventral rami)
Term
Where does the pudendal nerve originate from?
Definition
S2-S4
Term
Transverse perineus Origin
Definition
Medial surface of ischial ramus and inferior pubic ramus
Term
Transverse perineus Insertion
Definition
Central tendon. vagina (female), and sphincter urethra
Term
What is the action of the transverse perineus?
Definition
Supports pelic viscera by stabilizing central tendon, anchors genitalia
Term
What innervates the transverse perineus?
Definition
Pudendal nerve
Term
External urethral sphincter Origin and insertion?
Definition
Loops around urethra and vagina in female; loops around membranous urethra in male
Term
External urethral sphincter Action and innervation?
Definition
Voluntary constriction of urethra, turns off urinary reflex; Pudendal nerve
Term
External anal sphincter Origin and insertion?
Definition
attached anteriorly to central tendon, posteriorly to coccyx; loops around and attaches to the anal canal
Term
Action of the external anal sphincter?
Definition
Voluntary constriction of anus, turns off defecatory reflex
Term
Innervation of the external anal sphincter?
Definition
pudendal nerve
Term
What does the pelvic gut tube consist of?
ID these
Definition
anus and rectum; internal anal sphincter
Term
What is the last section of the gut tube?
Definition
anus
Term
What covers the rectum?
Definition
peritoneam
Term
How long is the anus? Where does it begin?
Definition
3 cm long, at the point where the rectum passes through the levator ani muscle of the pelvic diaphragm
Term
What is the internal anal sphincter? What is its function?
Definition
smooth muscle inside anus that contracts involuntarily to prevent leakage of fecal matter between defecations
Term
What type of innervation keeps the internal anal sphincter contracted?
Definition
Automatic visceral motor innervation
Term
Name and locate the urinary organs?
Definition
Urinary bladder,urethra (prostatic urethra, membranous urethra, spongy (penile) urethra), external urethra sphincter, internal urethral sphincter
Term
What propels urine inferiorly?
Definition
Peristaltic contractions of smooth muscle in the wall of the ureters
Term
What is the urinary bladder?
Definition
a collapsible, muscular sac composed of smooth muscle that stores and expels urine
Term
How much urine can a bladder hold?
Definition
1 pint of urine
Term
In females, where is the bladder located in relation to uterus?
Definition
anterior to uterus
Term
In males where is the bladder located anteriorly from?
Definition
rectum
Term
What propels urine from urinary bladder to urethra?
Definition
muscular contractions of urinary bladder
Term
What is the urethra?
Definition
a thin walled tube that drains urine from bladder to the outside
Term
How long is the urethra in females? Where is it bound to? Where is the external urethral orifice? ID
Definition
1.5 inches long; anterior wall of the vagina by connective tissue; anterior to to vaginal opening and posterior to clitoris
Term
How long is the urethra in males? What are its parts? Locate them
Definition
8 inches, prostatic urethra, membranous urethra, and spongy urethra
Term
How long is the prostatic urethra? Where does it pass through?
Definition
1 inch; the prostate
Term
Where does the membranous urethra pass through?
Definition
urogenital diaphragm
Term
Where does the spongy urethra pass through ? For about how long?
Definition
penis, about 6 inches
Term
Locate external and internal urethral sphincters
Definition
Term
What are male and female gonads called?
Definition
Testes and ovaries
Term
Where do ovaries lie?
Definition
peritoneal cavity against the lateral wall of the bony pelvis
Term
What happens during ovulation?
Definition
the gamete (occyte) is expelled into the peritoneal cavity, uterine tubes receive the occytes facilitated by fimbriae creating a current in peritoneal fluid
Term
What are the female reproductive organs, id them
Definition
ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, infundibulum, fimbriae, vagina, fornix
Term
What are the uterine tubes?
Definition
receive ovulated oocyte and provide site for fertilization
Term
What are the uterine tubes?
Definition
receive ovulated oocyte and provide site for fertilization
Term
What are the infundibulums?
Definition
lateral funnel shaped region of each uterine tube
Term
Where is the uterus in relation to the bladder?
Definition
superior and posterior
Term
How long does it take a zygote to reach the uterus?
Definition
7 days
Term
In premenopausal women how big is the uterus?
Definition
inverted pear
Term
What are the parts of the uterus? ID them
Definition
fundus, body, cervix
Term
What are the parts of the uterus? ID them
Definition
fundus, body, cervix
Term
What are the parts of the uterus? ID them
Definition
fundus, body, cervix
Term
What is the function of the uterus?
Definition
retain and nourish a fertilized egg during pregnancy
Term
Superior rounded part of uterus is what?
Definition
Fundus of the uterus
Term
Where does the cervix project into?
Definition
Vagina
Term
When is the central lumen not small?
Definition
during pregnancy
Term
What does the cervix do?
Definition
secretes a mucus which fills cervical canal to help block infection from vagina to uterus
Term
What are the layers of the uterine wall?
Definition
perimetrium, myometrium, and endometrium
Term
What is the perimetrium?
Definition
peritoneum that covers uterus
Term
What is the middle myometrium?
Definition
middle layer of uterin wall that is smooth muscle that contracts forcefully during child birth
Term
What is the endometrium?
Definition
innermost uterin wall, that provides a mucosal lining of the uterine cavity where the embryo burrows into
Term
What is shed during menstruation?
Definition
part of the endometrium
Term
What are the functions of the vagina?
Definition
exit canal for menstrual flow, birth canal, receives semen
Term
The lumen of the vagina is what? why?
Definition
very acidic to ward off infection
Term
What is the fornix? What is the hymen?
Definition
a recess around the inferiorly protruding tip of the cervix; an elaboration of tissue forming an incomplete diaphragm across the vaginal orifice
Term
Name the male internal genitalia; id them
Definition
testes, scrotum, inguinal canal, spermatic cord, epidiymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory ducts, urethra, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands.
Term
Where do the testes reside?
Definition
in scrotum
Term
What is the inguinal canal?
Definition
oblique trough running through the anterior abdominal body wall where the testes pass through to get to scrotum
Term
What do testes bring with them into the scrotum as the pass through the inguinal canal?
Definition
abdominal body wall layers including peritoneum and lateral body wall muscle
Term
What is the spermatic cord?
Definition
the sum of blood vessels, nerves and abdominal body wall layers drug through the inguinal canal
Term
What happens to testes when body is hot, cold?
Definition
hot = scrotum hangs loose to cool testes
cold = hangs close to warm, scrotum wrinkles to provide more warmth
Term
How long is the epidiymis?
Definition
20 ft
Term
Describe an ejaculation path
Definition
sperm from testes awaits in epididymus, goes to ductus deferens, ductus deferens joins with seminal vesicles to form ejaculatory duct; ejaculatroy duct runs through prostate gland and empties into urethra
Term
How long is the ductus deferens?
Definition
18 inches
Term
Is ductus deferens part of the spermatic cord?
Definition
yes it passes through the inguinal canal
Term
What are the male accessory glands? ID them
Definition
seminal vesicles (2), 1 prostate, and 2 bulbourethral glands
Term
What do seminal vesicles do?
Definition
provide 60% of seminal fluid for ejaculation
Term
What does the prostate gland do?
Definition
provides 1/3 semen
Term
What does the bulbourethral gland do?
Definition
provides a mucus that enters spongy urethra during sexual arousal (precum) to neutralize traces of acidic urine in urethra and lubricates urethra for smooth passage of semen
Term
What are the female external genitalia called? name them, and id them
Definition
Vulva: mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, vestibule, clitoris, glans of clitoris, bulbs of vestibule, crus of clitoris, bulbospongiousus muscles, ischiocavernosus muscles, paraurethral glands, greater vestibular glands
Term
Name the male external genitalia, id them
Definition
penis, scrotum, bulb of penis, glans penis, crus of penis, bulbospongiosus muscle, ischiocavernosus muscles
Term
What is the erectile tissue called that the bulb of clit or penis is located? locate for both male and female
Definition
corpus spongiosom
Term
What is the erectile tissue called that composes the crura of the clit or penis? ID these
Definition
corpus cavernosum
Term
What are the female glands associated with female genitalia? What do the do? ID them
Definition
paraurethral glands: secrete mucus into the vestibule during sexual arousal

2: Greater vestibular glands-secrete mucus during sexual arousal
Term
Bulbospongiosus origin?
Definition
female: central tendon
Male: central tendon and midline raphe
Term
Bulbosspongiosus insertion
Definition
Female: bulbs of vestibule
Male: bulb of penis
Term
Bulbospongiosus action
Definition
Helps produce and maintain erection

Male only: helps empty spongy urethra
Term
Bulbospongiosus innervation?
Definition
pudendal nerves
Term
Ischiocavernosus origin
Definition
ischial tuberosity
Term
Ischiocavernosus Insertion
Definition
Female: crus of clitoris
Male: crus of penis
Term
Ischiocavernosus action
Definition
Helps produce and maintain erection of clitoris and penis
Term
What is the innervation of the ischiocavernosus muscles?
Definition
pudendal nerve
Term
List the reproductive homologs (7 pairs0
Definition
Ovaries > testes
Labia majora > scrotum
glans clitoris > glans penis
bulbs of vestibule > bulb of penis
Crura of clitoris > crura of penis
greater vestibular gland > bulbourethral glands
paraurethral glands > prostate glands
Term
parasympathetic response of rectum and bladder?
Definition
inhibition of internal anal sphincter causing defecation (relaxation); contracts bladder, relaxes internal urethral sphincter
Term
What provides parasympathetic visceral motor commands to the pelvic viscera and reproductive organs?
Definition
S2-S4
Term
Parasympathetic response of the clitoris or penis?
Definition
engorgement of erectile tissue with blood
Term
What provides sympathetic visceral motor innervation to reproductive and pelvic viscera?
Definition
sympathetic trunk
Term
Sympathetic visceral motor response of internal sphincters; clitoris or penis?
Definition
contraction to aid in urinary and fecal continence; causes ejaculation and remission of erection
Term
What arteries and veins that service the pelvis and perineum? ID them
Definition
right and left common iliac artery, external iliac arteries, internal iliac arteries, internal pudendal artery, gonadal arteries, internal pudendal veins, internal iliac veins, external iliac veins, common iliac veins, right and left gonadal veins
Term
What does external iliac artery supply/
Definition
inferior limbs
Term
What branches from the internal iliac artery?
Definition
internal pudendal artery
Term
What does the internal pudendal artery supply and branch from
Definition
Supplies: structures of the perineum including the external genitalia
Branches from: internal iliac artery
Term
Describe how the internal pudendal artery travels?
Definition
leaves pelvis through greater sciatic foramen, reenters through lesser sciatic foramen, the travels through the ischiorectal fossa
Term
What does the internal pudendal vein drain from and to?
Definition
From: perineum
To: internal iliac vein
Term
Where does the left gonadal drain from and to?
Definition
From: gonads
To: left renal vein
Term
Where does the right gonadal vein drain from and to?
Definition
From: right gonad
To: IVC
Term
Blood trace rectum, bladder, uterus transvese perineus muscle, clitoris penis, testis, ovary
Definition
Term
anatomyatlases Thorax 3.1
Definition
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