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Anatomy-Integument
Exam 1
33
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
02/24/2014

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Term
morphology
Definition
the study of form, animal design
result of natural selection

fitness depends on: design changes and external environment
Term
ontogeny
Definition
developmental history of an animal
Term
phylogeny
Definition
evolutionary history of an animal
Term
homology
Definition
common ancestry
Term
analogy
Definition
common function (may/may not have common ancestry)
Term
homoplasy
Definition
features that look alike (may/may not be homologous or analogous)
Term
Needs of animal organ systems
Definition
-temperature maintenance
-metabolic needs
-environmental stressors
-behavior/activity
-physical stressors of design
-support for locomotion
Term
roles of integumentary system
Definition
-protection from environment
-sensory detection
-respiration
-excretion
-thermoregulation
-locomotion
-water regulation
-nourishment of young
-pheromone production
-Vitamin D production
-mating behavior
-prey/predator camouflage
Term
epidermis
Definition
top layer of craniate skin

-multilayered epithelial tissue
-for defense/protection
-prevents water loss
-respiration
-excretion
-secretions (lubrication, defense, granular (poison)

stratified epithelial tissue
-in fish and amphibians: produces mucous
-in terrestrial animals: outer layers are cornified or keratinized to act as a barrier against mechanical abrasion, water loss, and microorgansims
Term
derivatives of the epidermis
Definition
-glands
-hair (mammals)
-feathers (birds)
-scales (reptiles and birds)
-beaks and combs (birds)
-horns and antlers
-baleen (filter-feeder system in mouth of whales)
-friction ridges
-rattles (snakes)
-knee pads
-tori (heels pads of paws) and apical (phalange pads of paws) pads
Term
dermis
Definition
second layer of craniate skin

-connective tissue that lies below epidermis, provides support: strong, flexible
-nerve and vascular input: contains blood, lymphatic vessels, and nerves
-sensory receptors: touch, pressure, and temperature

connective tissue
-areolar connective: arrangement is linear, has network of fibers that give strength to epithelial layer of epidermis


Two layers
-papillary layer: areolar tissue with collagen and elastin; collagen; dermal ridges make finger prints

-Reticular layer: dense irregular connective tissue that is made up of collagen is bundled, provides strength and flexibility without wrinkling; sensory receptors, contains hair follicles and oil and sweat glands
Term
glands of the epidermis
Definition
-Sudoriferous glands
-Sebaceous glands
-Mucous glands
-Granular glands
-Mammary glands
-Avian oil glands
Term
Sudoriferous glands
Definition
-sweat glands: temperature regulation and scent glands in mammals

-eccrine glands: sweat on frictional areas (footpads) that enhance tactile perception and adhesion; for temperature control in humans

-Apocrine glands: scent glands, hormone (sympathetic nervous system) controlled, located in axillary and urogenital areas in humans
-Ceruminous glands/Modified apocrine glands: produce waxy product
Term
Sebaceous glands
Definition
-oil glands; reduce water loss and make skin and hair pliable
-antibacterial
-scent glands (like in a skunk)
Term
Mucous glands
Definition
-give skin a protective coat
-reduce friction of swimming in aquatic animals
Term
Granular glands
Definition
-irritants and toxins for defense
-pheromones
Term
Mammary glands
Definition
-milk production for young in mammals
-milk is a mixture of water, fats, carbohydrates, and lipids
-gland consists of numerous lobules: cluster of secreting alveoli in which milk is produced; alveoli are surrounded with myoepithelial cells
-alveoli open to a common gland duct

in humans: raised epidermal papilla form nipples; adipose form around it to make breast

in ungulates (large, hoofed animals): gland ducts empty into a cistern with teat ducts leading to surface

in monotremes (mammals that lay eggs instead of giving birth): gland duct opens directly onto surface
Term
Avian oil glands (uropygial glands)
Definition
-located near tail in birds
-preening: bird spreads oil on feathers
-makes feathers pliable, clean, and waterproof
Term
Integument color
Definition
Chromatophores (in dermis)
-melanophores: melanin (black/brown stimulated by UV light); melanin is contained in vessels that will disperse among cell to change its color
-erythrophores: carotenoids (red/orange)
-xanthophores: xanthins (yellow/gold)
-iridophores (silvery)

hormonally/neurally controlled
-by sympathetic nervous system
-by epinephrine: melanophore stimulating hormone from pituitary gland

functions of integument color
-temperature regulation
-camouflage/defense
-mating behavior
Term
derivatives of the dermis
Definition
-scales (chondrocytes/sharks/stingrays and osteichthyes/other fish)
-spur on ankles (birds)
-osteoderms or bone (reptiles like crocodile)
-carapace and plastron (turtle)
-armour (armadillo)
-teeth (both dermal and epidermal)
-brood patch (bird): chest area that helps females incubate eggs
Term
Human epidermis
Definition
5 layers thick (Can Laura Give Sarah Books)
-stratum corneum: flat, dead cells, 2/3 of epidermis, tough and waterproof, filled with keratin filaments; cels die because they are closer to surface and further from blood supply
-stratum lucidum: translucent layer found in thick skin, lots of keratin filaments
-stratum granulosum: produce keratin
-stratum spinosum: maturing cells that push to surface, web of filaments and desmosomes, accumulate keratin
-stratum basile: constantly dividing; new epidermis about every month, contains melanocytes

contains
-desmosomes: connection between cells that are made up of proteins and glycolipids
-keratinocytes: majority of cells near surface
-Merkel cells: sensory receptors (touch)
-melanocytes: make melanin that gives skin its color, provides protection from UV light, extended cells that transfer melanin to keratinocytes
-Langerhan's cells: epidermal dendritic cells, macrophages for immune defense
Term
mammalian hair
Definition
-made up of keratinized cells filled with hard keratin
-shaft of hair is made up of 3 layers of cells
-hair pigment comes form melanocytes at base
-arrector pili: muscle that will make hair stand up
-root hair plexus: nerve around hair for sense of touch
-pelage: long guard hair and thick underhair (most furred animals have it)
-whiskers and quills are modified guard hairs

hair growth
-hair follicle supports hair deep into dermis, surrounded by sebaceous glands
-growth is dues to mitosis of cells in hair bulb
Term
Shark (chondroichthyes) integument
Definition
-Epidermis: many layered, few mucous glands

-Dermis: thicker, layer of melanophore below epidermis, placoid scales

-Placoid scales: bony base, spin is dentin coated in enamel, scale is dermal but protrudes through epidermis
Term
Fish (osteichthyes) integument
Definition
-Epidermis: mucous helps with water balance, reduces drag while swimming, and is a barrier to bacteria; glands produce poison and pheromones

-Dermis: collagen in plies, chromatophores and photophores (emit light), scales and dermal bones
Term
photophores
Definition
-light-generating glands in deep sea fish; light is generated by bacteria, there is a chemical reaction in the gland

-functionsL species recognition, feeding (light attracts prey)
Term
bony scales
Definition
Shapes
-cycloid
-ctenoid

-consists of a thin layer of acellular bone over a plate of collagen
-translucent and flexible
-covered with a thin epidermis
-chromatophores lie near scale
Term
amphibian integument
Definition
-Epidermis: thin stratum corneum for gas exchange, mucouls glands (multicellular mucous glands keep skin moist), granular glands (produce pheromones, toxins, and nutrients for young)

-Dermis: connective tissue loosely attached to muscle (not always attached to muscle-in anurans/frogs), chromatophores
Term
reptile integument
Definition
epidermis
-scales: heavily keratinized cells
-lots of hard keratin reduces water loss
-ecdysis: shedding of outer epidermis in snakes and lizards (in crocs the scales grow throughout life, in turtles more layers of keratin are added to shell)
-muscle attachment to sheets of scales allow for movement in some snakes
-claws: hard from keratin and calcium salts

dermis
-dermal bone (shell of turtle)
-plate of bony osteoderms (crocs and lizards)
-scent glands
-chromatophores
Term
ecdysis
Definition
-molting of reptile skin with grown (molts in patterns, typically from head to toe)
-the stratum basile makes new layers of epidermis under the old layers
-white blood cells invade the space between the new and old epidermis, causing autolysis and the outer layers to detach
Term
Bird integument
Definition
-epidermis: thin with little keratin (except on feet and head), feathers, claws, beak, scales on feet

-dermis: thin and loosely attached to underlying muscles, dermal bone, oil gland
Term
feathers
Definition
Three types: contour, down, filoplume

-derived from the epidermis
-laid out in distinct tracts on the body
-have arrector plumarum muscles to make feathers stand
-color due to: chromatophore pigments and cells scattering light
-growth: dermal papilla forms pushing out of the epidermis
-pit in dermal papilla forms for the feather sheath
-columns of cells of shaft separate, cornify, and develop into barbs

functions
-flight
-temperature control
-behavioral display (mating)
-sensory
Term
claws, hooves, and nails
Definition
all modifications of stratum corneum
made of two parts: ungis and subungis

claws
-curved, keratinized at tips of digits
-high calcium content
-found in most reptiles, birds, and mammals, some amphibians

nails
-growth at nail matrix
-stabilizes skin at tips of fingers for grasping

hooves
-hoof wall
-ungis: dead cells
-helps with shock absorption when walking
Term
horns and antlers
Definition
true horns (bovines, giraffes, rhinos)
-both sexes have
-not branched
-last all year, grow throughout life (not shed)
-bony core surrounded by keratinized sheath

antlers (deer, elk, moose)
-found in males only
-branched
-consist of bone core with a highly vascular layer of skin on the outside
-shed annually
-Deer antler growth: bone buds appear in spring, skin covering by end of spring, antlers die and detach in the late fall
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