corner of the mouth where the upper and lower lips meet

*just fyi infection often causes cracking here

a white ridge of raised callused buccal mucosal tissue that extends horizontally at the level where the teeth occlude.

*watch this area for changes (aka cancer)

scalloped-shaped line of demarcation between the attached gingival and alveolar mucosa

*end of vestible, begining of gums

10 to 14 large mushroom shaped papillae on dorsal surface of tongue.

line up along anterior side of sulcus terminalis, which is an inverted V shaped groove that seperates the base from the body of the tongue.

most widely used in america

Primary teeth- A through T, starting with the maxillary right second molar, moving clockwise, ending with the mand right second molar.

permanent- 1-32, starting w the max right 3d molar, moving clockwise, ending w/ the mand right 3d molar. 

interstitial- from deep within the tissue by the mitosis of each condrocyte

appositional- layerd growth on the outside of the tissue from the outer layer of chondroblasts within the pericondrium. 

intramembranous- formation of osteiod between two dense connective tissue sheets which eventually replaces outer connective tisssue.

endochondral- ossification the formation of the osteiod within the hyline cartalage 

neuron- the functional cellular component of the nervous system. composed of:

 cell body- non involved in impulse transmission. provides metabolic support.

axon- conducts inpulses away from the body

dendrite- conducts impulses towards the body

most common form of epi in oral cavity. associated w the lining mucousa. has at least 3 layers:

basal- deepest- mitosis * sounds like basement

intermediate- bulk

superficial- shedding

keratiniztion of the epi cells throughout the most superficial layers. Least common form of epi. associated w/ masticatory mucosa of hard palate. 4 layers

1. basal
2. prickle
3. granular
4. karatin

an epi tissue that is deep to the basement membrane. mainly collagen fibers but some elastin too. 2 layers

1. papillary
2. dense

specialized epi cells that have contracting properties. loacted on the surface of some acini as well as portions of some ducts. Faciliate the flow of saliva out of each luman into the connecting ducts. Each cell have a body w/ 4 to 8 process.

*myo is like muscle, muscles sqeeze, this squeezes saliva out

can result from stone formation or trauma. causes gland enlargement and tenderness.

mucocele- retention of teh saliva in a blocked minor salivary gland

ranula- retention of saliva associated w/ blcoked subman salivary gland.

covered by connective tissue capsule that extends into gland by way of the setpa which divide the gland into larger and smaller lobes conposed of follicules

follicules- irregularly shaped shperiodal masses that are embedded in a meshwork of reticular fibers. each follicule consists of a single layer of cuboidal epi cells enclosing a cavity that is usually filled w colloid

colloid- still material within follicle that is a reserve for the production of thyroxine

• lined by a respitory mucosa
• pseudostatified columnar epi w/ cilia
• goblet cells are surrounded by serous and mucous cell

• malanin- may give rise to localized flat areas of the oral mucosa that range in color from brown to black.
• Formed by melonocytes, which are clear cells that occupy a position in the basal layer of the stratified squamous epi between the dividing cells.
• Have small cytoplasmic granules, or inclusions, called melanosomes which store the melanin pigment.
• Melanocytes inject the malanosomes inot the neighboring newly formed epi of the basal layer. As the tissue ages the injected cells migrate to the surface of the oral mucosa giving the pigmented clinical appearance.
• Most abundant in the base of the intergingival gingiva.
• Biopsy is indicated if dramatic localized pigment changes are noted.

1. dentogingival junction
2. sulcular epi
3. gingival sulcus
4. gingival fluid

1. the junction bw the tooth and the gingival tissues
2. crevicular epi, stand away from the tooth creating the sulcus
3. a space filled with gingival fluid. Depth of healthy gingival sulcus: .5-3.0mm w/ an average of 1.8
4. seeps bw the epi cells an dinto the sulcus. It allows the components of the blood to reach th tooth surface through the junctional ep from the blood vessels of the adjacent lamia propria (contains WBCs and IG)

• when deeper tissues of the periodontium are affected by periodontal inflammation. True apical migration of the EA occurs, causing a deeper gingival sulcus.
• An inflammed gingival sulcus (with bleeding) that is deeper than 3mm may be considered a perio pocket.
• Recording depths is important for proper monituring of progress of the perio disease. 

salivary glands

contents and functions

• exocrine glands that produce saliva
• controlled by the auntomonic nervous system
• classified as either minor or major based on size
• contains minerals, electrolytes, buffers, enzymes, IgA, and metabolic wastes
• lubricates, cleanses, and buffers the oral mucos, protecting it from dryness, ascids and bacterial biofilm
• aids in digestion via enzymes
• involved in antibacterial activity
• involved remin of enamel

•  starting at the terminal acini there is the intercalated ducts, then the straited ducts, then the excretatory ducts.

1. Intercalated ducts have a single layer of cuboidal epi cells
2. strated ducts are larger in diameter and have a single layer of columanar epi cells that have striations due to the presence of numerous elongated mitochondria in narrow cytoplasmic partitions seperated by highly folded cell membranes. This portion of the duct transports saliva and also resorbs and secretes electrolytes into the saliva from the blood.
3. the excretory duct portion is located in the septum of the gland. Even larger in diameter. Lined w/ a variety of epi cells

1. first is psuedostratififed columnar epi
2. then stratified cuboidal epi
3. finally stratified squamous epi

enamel matrix formation

occurs during the apposistion stage of tooth development.

first formed in the incisal/occlusal portion of the future crown. Then a second wave of enamel overlaps the first wave and moves cervically to the CEJ

the processes of dental matrix formation that occurs during the appostion stage of tooth development.

odontoblasts produce the predentin which is a mesenchymal product consisting of nonmineralized collagen fibers. odontoblasts were orgionally the outer cells of the dental papilla of the tooth germ.

appostion of dentin, unline enamel, occurs throughout the life of the tooth. Odontoblasts are retained along the inner pulpal wall inside the tooth. 

1. peritublular dentin- dentin that creates the wall of the dentinal tubule. It is highly mineralized after dentin maturation
2. intertubular dentin- dentin found between tubules. Also highly mineralized but less than peritubular.
3. mantel dentin- the first predentin that forms and matures within thetooth. Outermost layer of dentin. Shows a difference in the direction ofthe mineralized collagen fibers perpendicular to the DEJ. Also has more peritubular dentin than the inner portions of dentin, thus is more mineralized.
4. circumpulpal dentin- layer of dentin around the outer pulpal wall. Formed andmatured after the mantle dentin. Bulk of dentin in a tooth is this type. 

primary dentin- formed before the completion of the apical foramen. Characterized by its regular pattern of tubules

secondary dentin- formed after the completion of the apical forament and continues to form throughout the life of the tooth. Formed more slowly and less mineralized than primary. regular pattern of tubules.

tertiary dentin- aka reparative dentin. formed quickly in localised regions in response to injury . tubules assume irregular course.

sclerotic dentin- a type of tertiary dentin. associated with chronic injury and is noted to increase as the tooth ages. the odontoblastic process dies and leave the tubules vacent. the hollow tubes become retrofilled and occluded by a mineralized substnce similar to periotubular dentin. clinically appears dark, smooth and shiny *arrested caries

from outer to inner:

1. ondontoblastic layer- lines the outer pulpal wall and consists of the cell bodies of odontablasts, and afferent axons from the dentinal tubles. Secondary and tertiary dentin found here
2. cell free zone- fewer cells than ondontoblastic layer. nerve and capillary plexus located here
3. cell rich zone- increased density of cells. more vascular
4. pupal core- center of pulp chamber, has many cells and blood vessles