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Anatomy/histology midterm
midterm
106
Anatomy
Professional
10/16/2008

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Term
frontal region
Definition
forehead and area above eyes
Term
orbital region
Definition
eyeball, and orbit
Term
nasal region
Definition
external nose
Term
oral region
Definition
contains the lips and oral cavity
Term
vermilion border
Definition
a transistion zone outling  the lips from the surrounding skin
Term
philtrum
Definition
vertical groove extending downward from the nasal septum to the tubercle
Term
tubercle of the upper lip
Definition
a thicker area denoting the midline of the upper lip
Term
labial commisure
Definition

corner of the mouth where the upper and lower lips meet

*just fyi infection often causes cracking here

Term
mental region
Definition
located inferior to the oral region. Chin is the major feature
Term
mandible
Definition
lower jaw bone underlying the mental region
Term
mandibular symphysis
Definition
midline of mandible
Term
facial (or labial)
Definition
closest to the surface or lips
Term
buccal
Definition
closet to inner cheek
Term
palatal
Definition
closest to the palate
Term
lingual
Definition
clostest to the tongue
Term
oral vestibules
Definition
upper (maxillary) and lower (mandible) horseshoe-shaped spaces between the lips (and checks) and the teeth (and gums).
Term
oral mucosa
Definition
mucous membrane lining of vestibules. Buccal and labial.
Term
fordyce's spots
Definition
common, small, yellowish elevations on the buccal or labial mucosa, that are deeper deposits of sebum usually associated with hair follicles.
Term
linea alba
Definition

a white ridge of raised callused buccal mucosal tissue that extends horizontally at the level where the teeth occlude.

*watch this area for changes (aka cancer)

Term
parotid papilla
Definition
small elevation of tissue on buccal mucosa opposite maxillary second molar. Protects parotid duct (stensons's duct) of the parotid salivary gland.
Term
maxilla
Definition
the upper jaw, origionally from two bones that are sutured together
Term
mandible
Definition
lower jaw. A single bone that has movable articulation with the skull.
Term
alveolar processes
Definition
the bony extenstions of the maxilla and mandible that contain the tooth sockets of the teeth (called an alveolus)
Term
periodontal ligament (PDL)
Definition
fibrous ligament that attaches the tooth to the bony surface of th alveolus. Also acts s a shock absorber for the tooth.
Term
maxillary tuberosity
Definition
tissue covered elevation of the bone just dital to the last maxillary tooth
Term
retromolar pad
Definition
a dense pad of tissue just dital to the last mandibular tooth
Term
exostoses
Definition
localized developmental growths of normal bone on the buccal surface of the alveolar process of the maxilla. Hereditary etiology.
Term
mandibular tori
Definition
similar to exostoses found on the lingual aspect of the mandibular arch in area of premolars. Also hereditary. Often bilateral.
Term
gingiva
Definition
(gums) firm, pink mucosa around the teeth
Term
attached gingiva
Definition
gingiva that is tightly adhered to the alveolar bone
Term
mucogingival junction
Definition

scalloped-shaped line of demarcation between the attached gingival and alveolar mucosa

*end of vestible, begining of gums

Term
marginal gingiva
Definition
(free gingiva) forms a cuff around the neck of the tooth. Red when inflamed. Unattached to underlying tooth.
Term
gingival sulcus
Definition
space between the tooth and the gingiva.
Term
interdental gingiva
Definition
(inderdental papilla) gingiva between adjacent teeth
Term
tongue
Definition
anterior two thirds (body of tongue) lies within the oral cavity. Tip of tongue is the apex.
Term
lingual papillae
Definition
associated with taste buds (specialized organs of taste)
Term
filiform lingual papillae
Definition
slender, threadlike, whitish lingual pappillae on dorsal surface of tongue
Term
fungiform papillae
Definition
reddish, smaller, mushroom shaped on dorsal surface of tongue
Term
circumvallate lingual papillae
Definition

10 to 14 large mushroom shaped papillae on dorsal surface of tongue.

line up along anterior side of sulcus terminalis, which is an inverted V shaped groove that seperates the base from the body of the tongue.

Term
foliate lingual papillae
Definition
vertical ridges of lingual papillae on the lateral surfaces of the tongue.
Term
floor of the mouth
Definition
inferior to the ventral (underside) sufrace of the tongue
Term
lingual frenum
Definition
a midline fold of tissue between the venral surface of the tongue and the floor of the mouth.
Term
sublingual fold
Definition
a ridge of tissue on each side of the floor of the mouth that joins in a V shaped configuration extending from the lingual frenum to the base of the tongue. The sublingual folds contain openings of the sublingual duct and sublingual caruncle.
Term
sublingual duct
Definition
Bartholin's duct- duct from the sublingual salivary gland
Term
sublingual caruncle
Definition
the small papilla at the anteriro end of each sublingal fold. The caruncle contains the opening of the submandibular duct and bartholins duct.
Term
submandibular duct
Definition
wartons duct- of the submandibular salivary gland. More prominent and deeper.
Term
tooth types
Definition
each tooth has a specific form related to the masticatory function of the tooth as well as it's role in speech and esthetics
Term
incisors
Definition
function as tools for biting and cutting food during mastication
Term
canines
Definition
function to pierce or tear food during mastication bc of the tapered shape and prominent cusps
Term
premolars
Definition
assits the molars in grinding bc of their broad occlusal surface, and assit the canines in tearing bc of the prominent cusps.
Term
molars
Definition
grind food bc of their wide occlusal surface
Term
universal tooth desingation system
Definition

most widely used in america

Primary teeth- A through T, starting with the maxillary right second molar, moving clockwise, ending with the mand right second molar.

permanent- 1-32, starting w the max right 3d molar, moving clockwise, ending w/ the mand right 3d molar. 

Term
incisal/occlusal
Definition
biting surface of anterior/posterior teeth
Term
nucleous
Definition
memory bank and command center of cell. Stores the genetic code and controls the other organelles in the cell.
Term
chromatin
Definition
dna within the nucleoplasm
Term
chromosomes
Definition
rodlike structures of the condensed chromatin, seen microscopically during cell division
Term
centromere
Definition
a clear, constricted area near the middle of the chromosome
Term
chromatids
Definition
individual strands of a seperating chromosome
Term
nucleolus
Definition
a prominent, rounded organelle within the nucleus that mainly produces rRNA
Term
mitochondria
Definition
the most numeorus organelles in the cell. Power plants of the cell. Associated with engery conversion. Also helps in balancing concentrations of water, calcium and other ions.
Term
golgi complex
Definition
second largest organelle after the nucleus. Composed of stacks of 3-20 flattened, smooth-membraned vesicular sacs. Functions to further modify and package proteins for export out of the cell. Also produces lysosomes.
Term
lysosomes
Definition
function in both extra and intra cellular digestion. Contain powerful hydrolytic enzymes.
Term
cytoskelaton
Definition
a 3D system of support for the cell. Composed of microfilaments, microtubles, and intermediate filaments
Term
connective tissue
Definition
by weight most abundant tissue type in the body. fewer cells than epi. cells further apart w more matrix. most are vascularized. invloved in support, attachment, packing, insulation, storage, transport, repair and defense.
Term
fibroblasts
Definition
most common connective tissue cell type. make certian types of fibers and intercellular substance. flat, elongated cells w/ cytoplasmic proceses at each end.
Term
collagen fibers
Definition
main connective tissue type found in the body. great tenstil strength. skin, tendons, bone teeth.
Term
elastic fibers
Definition
microfilaments embeded in the protein elastin. ability to stretch and return to origional shape. found in soft palate.
Term
reticular fibers
Definition
composed of protein reticulin, fine, hairlike fibers form a mesh like network in the tissues. lymph nodes and spleen.
Term
cartilage growth
Definition

interstitial- from deep within the tissue by the mitosis of each condrocyte

appositional- layerd growth on the outside of the tissue from the outer layer of chondroblasts within the pericondrium. 

Term
bone development
Definition

intramembranous- formation of osteiod between two dense connective tissue sheets which eventually replaces outer connective tisssue.

endochondral- ossification the formation of the osteiod within the hyline cartalage 

Term
neutrophil
Definition
most common wbc.
Term
monocyte
Definition
most common wbc in the connective tissue. called macrophage after it leaves the blood and goes into tissue.
Term
nerve tissue
Definition

neuron- the functional cellular component of the nervous system. composed of:

 cell body- non involved in impulse transmission. provides metabolic support.

axon- conducts inpulses away from the body

dendrite- conducts impulses towards the body

Term
nonkeratinized stratified squamus epi
Definition

most common form of epi in oral cavity. associated w the lining mucousa. has at least 3 layers:

basal- deepest- mitosis * sounds like basement

intermediate- bulk

superficial- shedding

Term
orthokaratinized stratified squamous epi
Definition

keratiniztion of the epi cells throughout the most superficial layers. Least common form of epi. associated w/ masticatory mucosa of hard palate. 4 layers

  1. basal
  2. prickle
  3. granular
  4. karatin
Term
lamina propria
Definition

an epi tissue that is deep to the basement membrane. mainly collagen fibers but some elastin too. 2 layers

  1. papillary
  2. dense
between the two is a cappilary plexus
Term
salivary glands
Definition
composed of both epi and connective tissue. epi cells line the duct system and produce the saliva. connective tissue surounds the lgand. the connective tissue is divided into the capsule (outer portion) and septum (divides inner portin into larger and smaller lobes)
Term
myoepithelial cells
Definition

specialized epi cells that have contracting properties. loacted on the surface of some acini as well as portions of some ducts. Faciliate the flow of saliva out of each luman into the connecting ducts. Each cell have a body w/ 4 to 8 process.

*myo is like muscle, muscles sqeeze, this squeezes saliva out

Term
ductal system
Definition
hollow tubes connected w/ the acinus and then w other ducts as the ducts progressivly grow larger frim the inner to outer portions.
Term
intercalated duct
Definition
associated w the acinius (terminal) portion of the gland. "stalk attached to the grapes". hollow tube lined w a single layer of cuboidal epi cells.
Term
striated
Definition
connected to the intercalated ducts in the lobules of the gland. larger in diameter. basal straitions ue to the precsene of numerous  elongated mitocondria seperated by highly folded cell membranes. transports saliva, and resorbs and secretes electrolights from the adjacted blood vessels.
Term
parotid
Definition
only 25% of salivary output. serous.
Term
submandibular gland
Definition
60 to 65% of saliva output. mixed saliva
Term
sublingual gland
Definition
smallest and only unencapsulated gland. only 10% of total saliva output. mixed but mostly mucous.
Term
blockage of salivary glands
Definition

can result from stone formation or trauma. causes gland enlargement and tenderness.

mucocele- retention of teh saliva in a blocked minor salivary gland

ranula- retention of saliva associated w/ blcoked subman salivary gland.

Term
thyroid
Definition

covered by connective tissue capsule that extends into gland by way of the setpa which divide the gland into larger and smaller lobes conposed of follicules

follicules- irregularly shaped shperiodal masses that are embedded in a meshwork of reticular fibers. each follicule consists of a single layer of cuboidal epi cells enclosing a cavity that is usually filled w colloid

 

colloid- still material within follicle that is a reserve for the production of thyroxine

Term
nasal cavity
Definition
  • lined by a respitory mucosa
  • pseudostatified columnar epi w/ cilia
  • goblet cells are surrounded by serous and mucous cell
Term
pigmentation of the oral mucosa
Definition
  • malanin- may give rise to localized flat areas of the oral mucosa that range in color from brown to black.
  • Formed by melonocytes, which are clear cells that occupy a position in the basal layer of the stratified squamous epi between the dividing cells.
  • Have small cytoplasmic granules, or inclusions, called melanosomes which store the melanin pigment.
  • Melanocytes inject the malanosomes inot the neighboring newly formed epi of the basal layer. As the tissue ages the injected cells migrate to the surface of the oral mucosa giving the pigmented clinical appearance.
  • Most abundant in the base of the intergingival gingiva.
  • Biopsy is indicated if dramatic localized pigment changes are noted.
Term
signs of active periodontal disease
Definition
  • enlargement of the marginal and attached gingival tissue
  • growth resulting from the eduema occuring in the lamina propria from infammatory response
  • redder appearance of tissues ue to increased blood flow in the lamina propria
  • loss of stippling bc infammatory edema reduces the strong attahcment between the epi and the lamina propria
  • gingival recession
Term
  1. dentogingival junction
  2. sulcular epi
  3. gingival sulcus
  4. gingival fluid
Definition
  1. the junction bw the tooth and the gingival tissues
  2. crevicular epi, stand away from the tooth creating the sulcus
  3. a space filled with gingival fluid. Depth of healthy gingival sulcus: .5-3.0mm w/ an average of 1.8
  4. seeps bw the epi cells an dinto the sulcus. It allows the components of the blood to reach th tooth surface through the junctional ep from the blood vessels of the adjacent lamia propria (contains WBCs and IG)
Term
junctional ep
Definition
a deeper extention of the sulcular epi. Lines the floor of the gingival sulcus and is attached to the tooth sufraces via an epi attachment. This attachment can occur on the enamel, cementum or detnin.
Term
periodontitis
Definition
  • when deeper tissues of the periodontium are affected by periodontal inflammation. True apical migration of the EA occurs, causing a deeper gingival sulcus.
  • An inflammed gingival sulcus (with bleeding) that is deeper than 3mm may be considered a perio pocket.
  • Recording depths is important for proper monituring of progress of the perio disease. 
Term

salivary glands

contents and functions

Definition
  • exocrine glands that produce saliva
  • controlled by the auntomonic nervous system
  • classified as either minor or major based on size
  • contains minerals, electrolytes, buffers, enzymes, IgA, and metabolic wastes
  • lubricates, cleanses, and buffers the oral mucos, protecting it from dryness, ascids and bacterial biofilm
  • aids in digestion via enzymes
  • involved in antibacterial activity
  • involved remin of enamel
Term
order of duct tissue types
Definition
  •  starting at the terminal acini there is the intercalated ducts, then the straited ducts, then the excretatory ducts.
  1. Intercalated ducts have a single layer of cuboidal epi cells
  2. strated ducts are larger in diameter and have a single layer of columanar epi cells that have striations due to the presence of numerous elongated mitochondria in narrow cytoplasmic partitions seperated by highly folded cell membranes. This portion of the duct transports saliva and also resorbs and secretes electrolytes into the saliva from the blood.
  3. the excretory duct portion is located in the septum of the gland. Even larger in diameter. Lined w/ a variety of epi cells
  1. first is psuedostratififed columnar epi
  2. then stratified cuboidal epi
  3. finally stratified squamous epi
Term
clinical considerations from the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses
Definition
sinusitis- inflammation of the respiratory mucosa. Syptoms include discomfort caused by the pressure of the increased mucous production. Bc the max post teeth roots are in close prox to the sinus, may result in a tooth infection or may be misinterpretyed as tooth involvement
Term
amelogeniss
Definition

enamel matrix formation

occurs during the apposistion stage of tooth development.

first formed in the incisal/occlusal portion of the future crown. Then a second wave of enamel overlaps the first wave and moves cervically to the CEJ

Term
ameloblasts
Definition
columnar cells that differeniate during the apposition stage in the crown area.  Produce enamel matrix.
Term
tome's process
Definition
the surface of the ameloblast that secretes the enamel matrix. This surfaces faces the DEJ.
Term
maturation of enamel
Definition
during the maturation stage enamel completes its mineralization process. Ameloblasts activley pump even more calcuim hydroxyapatite into the enamel matrix and withdrawl and equal amount of the organic materials at the same time. This occurs in two stages. First at the occulsal portion, then over laps the occlusal protion and continues towards the CEJ.
Term
reduced enamel epi
Definition
after the ameloblasts are finished w/ both enamel appostion and maturation the become part of the REE, along w/ other portions of the compressed enamel organ. The REE fuses with the oral mucosa creating a canal to allow the enamel cusp tip to erupt through the oral mucosa into the oral cavity. The fused tissues disintegrate during tooth eruption, preventing and further enamel aposition.
Term
dentinogenesis
Definition

the processes of dental matrix formation that occurs during the appostion stage of tooth development.

odontoblasts produce the predentin which is a mesenchymal product consisting of nonmineralized collagen fibers. odontoblasts were orgionally the outer cells of the dental papilla of the tooth germ.

appostion of dentin, unline enamel, occurs throughout the life of the tooth. Odontoblasts are retained along the inner pulpal wall inside the tooth. 

Term
types of dentin
Definition
  1. peritublular dentin- dentin that creates the wall of the dentinal tubule. It is highly mineralized after dentin maturation
  2. intertubular dentin- dentin found between tubules. Also highly mineralized but less than peritubular.
  3. mantel dentin- the first predentin that forms and matures within thetooth. Outermost layer of dentin. Shows a difference in the direction ofthe mineralized collagen fibers perpendicular to the DEJ. Also has more peritubular dentin than the inner portions of dentin, thus is more mineralized.
  4. circumpulpal dentin- layer of dentin around the outer pulpal wall. Formed andmatured after the mantle dentin. Bulk of dentin in a tooth is this type. 
Term
primary, secondary and tertiary dentin
Definition

primary dentin- formed before the completion of the apical foramen. Characterized by its regular pattern of tubules

 

secondary dentin- formed after the completion of the apical forament and continues to form throughout the life of the tooth. Formed more slowly and less mineralized than primary. regular pattern of tubules.

 

tertiary dentin- aka reparative dentin. formed quickly in localised regions in response to injury . tubules assume irregular course.

 

sclerotic dentin- a type of tertiary dentin. associated with chronic injury and is noted to increase as the tooth ages. the odontoblastic process dies and leave the tubules vacent. the hollow tubes become retrofilled and occluded by a mineralized substnce similar to periotubular dentin. clinically appears dark, smooth and shiny *arrested caries

Term
pulp
Definition
inner most tissue of the tooth. connective tissue that forms from the central walls of the dental papilla of the tooth germ. Involved in support, maintenece, formation of dentin, pain percetion, nutrition for dentin, protection (via secondary and tertiary dentin). Contains WBCs.
Term
accessory canal of the root
Definition
assocaited w the pulp. extra openings from the pulp to the PDL
Term
microscopic zones of pulp
Definition

from outer to inner:

  1. ondontoblastic layer- lines the outer pulpal wall and consists of the cell bodies of odontablasts, and afferent axons from the dentinal tubles. Secondary and tertiary dentin found here
  2. cell free zone- fewer cells than ondontoblastic layer. nerve and capillary plexus located here
  3. cell rich zone- increased density of cells. more vascular
  4. pupal core- center of pulp chamber, has many cells and blood vessles
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