Term
| what does the pericardium surround? |
|
Definition
| the heart and roots of great vessels |
|
|
Term
| what are the layers of the pericardium? |
|
Definition
| fibrous pericardium, serous pericardium |
|
|
Term
| where is the fibrous perocardium located? how is it attached? |
|
Definition
| outer part of the pericardial sac, attached inferiorly to the central tendon of the diaphragm |
|
|
Term
| how does the fibrous pericardium end on the superior end? |
|
Definition
| it becomes continous with the adventitia (outer layer) of the great vessels passing through it |
|
|
Term
| where is the serous pericardium located? |
|
Definition
| deep to the fibrous pericardium |
|
|
Term
| what layers does the serous pericardium have? |
|
Definition
| parietal and visceral (on surface of the heart) |
|
|
Term
| how does the parietal layer of the serous pericardium end? |
|
Definition
| it becomes continous with the visceral pericardium near the roots of the great vessels |
|
|
Term
| visceral pericardium + connective tissue and fat beneath it = |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the pericardial cavity located? |
|
Definition
| between the visceral and parietal pericardium |
|
|
Term
| what is inside the pericardial cavity? what is the function? |
|
Definition
| it is a potential space that becomes a space when sick, has a little fluid that lubricates |
|
|
Term
| where is the transverse sinus located? |
|
Definition
| a passage from the right to left sides of the pericardial cavity, behind aorta |
|
|
Term
| where is the oblique sinus located? |
|
Definition
| dead end room, between the left atrium and esophagus (which is outside the sac) |
|
|
Term
| what supplies blood to the fibrous and parietal pericardium? |
|
Definition
| pericardiacophrenic artery, a little from the musculophrenic artery and small pericardial branches of the descending aorta |
|
|
Term
| what removes blood from the fibrous and parietal pericardium? |
|
Definition
| pericardiacophrenic veins that drain into the aygos system |
|
|
Term
| what supplies the pericardiacophrenic artery? what travels with it? |
|
Definition
| the internal thoracic artery, phrenic nerve |
|
|
Term
| where does the pericardiacophrenic vein drain into? |
|
Definition
| internal thoracic or brachiocephalic veins |
|
|
Term
| what veins and arteries supply the visceral pericardium? |
|
Definition
| coronary erteries, cardiac veins |
|
|
Term
| what nerve innervates the fibrous and parital percardium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what nerve innervates the visceral pericardium? |
|
Definition
| autonomic innervation via the cardiac plexus |
|
|
Term
| where is the heart located |
|
Definition
| the middle of the medistinum |
|
|
Term
| in which direction is the longest axis of the heart orientated |
|
Definition
| anteriorly, ineriorly, and to the left |
|
|
Term
| what drains into the right atrium? |
|
Definition
| superior and inferior vena cava, coronary sinus |
|
|
Term
| what drains into the left atrium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does the right ventricle pump blood to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does the left ventricle pump blood to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the pumps of the heart? |
|
Definition
| right (RA + RV) and left heart (LA + LV) |
|
|
Term
| what are the external features of the heart? |
|
Definition
| base, apex, sternocostal (anterior) surface, diaphragmatic surface), right and left pulmonary surfaces |
|
|
Term
| where is the sternocostal surface of the heart? what are the major things on it? |
|
Definition
| it faces anterior, it has the right ventrical, right atrium, right auricle, left auricle |
|
|
Term
| where is the apex of the heart, what forms it |
|
Definition
| the apex is at the base of the heart at the level of the 5th intercostal space, formed by the left ventricle |
|
|
Term
| where is the base of the heart, what forms it |
|
Definition
| it is opposite the apex and posterior, lines up with T6-T9, formed by left atrium and some right atrium and the base of te pulmonary veins |
|
|
Term
| what is the line that shows where the superior vs inferior vena cava drain from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the coronary (atrioventricular) sulcus seperate |
|
Definition
| seperates the atria and ventricles |
|
|
Term
| what is on the diaphagmatic surface |
|
Definition
| mostly left ventricle, some right ventricle |
|
|
Term
| what does the posterior interventricular sulcus seperate |
|
Definition
| seperates the ventricles on diaphragmatic surface |
|
|
Term
| what parts of the heart make up the left pulmonary surface |
|
Definition
| left ventricle, and a little from the left atrium and auricle |
|
|
Term
| what parts of the heart make up the right pulmonary surface |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does the right coronary artery originate, where does it go |
|
Definition
| the right aortic sinus, goes down the coronary sulcus to the posterior part of the heart |
|
|
Term
| what does the right coronary artery branch into |
|
Definition
| posterior interventricular artery, sinuatrial nodal branch, right marginal branch, atrioventricular nodal branch |
|
|
Term
| where is the posterior interventricular artery located |
|
Definition
| in the posterior intraventricular sulcus toawrds the apex |
|
|
Term
| what determines which coronary artery is dominent |
|
Definition
| which side gives off the interventricular branch, it is usually the right, but sometimes left, rarley codominate |
|
|
Term
| what does the right coronary artery supply |
|
Definition
| most of the right ventricle (except for a little by the interventricular sulcus), some of the diaphragmatic surface of the left ventricle, posterior third of the intraventricular septum, right atrium, interatrial septum, AV node (80%), SA node (60%) |
|
|
Term
| where does the left coronary artery come from, where does it go |
|
Definition
| it comes from left aortic sinus to posterior to pulmonary trunk and divides into two branches |
|
|
Term
| what are the branches of the left coronary artery |
|
Definition
| anterior interventricular artery. circumflex artery |
|
|
Term
| where is the anterior interventricular artery located |
|
Definition
| descends down the anterior interventricular sulcus, turns around inferior border of the heart, has a branch on the left ventricle |
|
|
Term
| where is the circumflux artery located |
|
Definition
| curves around the coronary sulcus, |
|
|
Term
| what branches off the circumflux artery |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the left coronary artery supply |
|
Definition
| most of the left ventricle (except a little by the posterior interventricular sulcus), small part of the right ventricle (by anterior interventricular sulcus), left atrium, AV bundle and its branches, SA node (40%), AV node (20%) |
|
|
Term
| what collects most of the venus drainage of the heart |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the coronary sinus located |
|
Definition
| from left to right in the posterior part of the coronary sulus |
|
|
Term
| where does the coronary sinus drain into |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what veins dump into the coronary sinus |
|
Definition
| great cardiac vein, middle cardiac vein, small cardiac vein, posterior vein of the left ventricle |
|
|
Term
| where is the great cardiac vein located |
|
Definition
| ascends in the anterior interventricular sulcus with the anteior interventricular artery, at the sulcus it turns left and accompanies the circumflux artery, continous with coronary sinus |
|
|
Term
| where is the middle cardiac vein located |
|
Definition
| in the posterior interventricular sulcus with the posterior interventricular artery |
|
|
Term
| where is the samll cardiac vein located |
|
Definition
| runs with the right marginal artery then with the right coronary artery in the coronary sulcus |
|
|
Term
| what area does the posterior vein of the left ventricle drain |
|
Definition
| the diaphragmatic surface of the left ventricle |
|
|
Term
| describe the path of the anterior cardiac vein |
|
Definition
| originates at the anteiror surface of the right ventricle, passes over the coronary artery, opens into the right atrium |
|
|
Term
| where are the smallest cardiac veins located |
|
Definition
| muscular walls of the heart, open directly into the chambers, mostly on the right side of the heart, sometimes on the left |
|
|
Term
| where is the rudimentary valve |
|
Definition
| between inferior vena cava and the right atrium, between coronar sinus and the right atrium |
|
|
Term
| where is the coronary sinus opening |
|
Definition
| opens into right atrium between right ateioventricular oriface and the inferior vena cava |
|
|
Term
| where is the right atrioventricular oriface |
|
Definition
| on right ventricle anteior to the opening of the inferior venacava and the coronary sinus, has a tricuspid valve |
|
|
Term
| what are the parts of the tricuspid for the right atrioventricular orifce |
|
Definition
| 3 cusps: anterior, posterior, septal |
|
|
Term
| where is the fossa ovalis |
|
Definition
| shallow depression in the eall of the right and left atrium on the interatrial septum |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the fossa ovalis |
|
Definition
| indicates the site of the formaen ovale during development |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the upper border of the fossa ovalis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the valve of the foramen ovaule in the left atrium that closes due to the higher pressure in the atrium due to the pressure change after birth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| communication between the right atrium and ventricle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| communication between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk, contains pulmonary valve |
|
|
Term
| describe the walls of the right ventricle near the pulmonary oriface |
|
Definition
| funnel shaped, smooth, infundibulum, conus arterosis |
|
|
Term
| describe the walls of the right ventricle near the conus arterosis |
|
Definition
| muscular ridges, traveculae carneae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| con shaped muscles that project into the ventricles, attached to the ventricle walls, connected to cusps of the atrioventricular valves by tendineae, 3 sets |
|
|
Term
| what are the three types of papillary muscles |
|
Definition
| anterior (largest), posterior, septal |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the AV valve in the ventricular systole |
|
Definition
| papillary muscles contract via cordae tendineae holding down the cusps of the atrioventricular valves peventing blackflow into the atria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| between the right atrium and ventricle |
|
|
Term
| what is the septomarginal trabecula |
|
Definition
| muscular ridge from the interventricular septum to the anterior wall of right ventricle, convays the right branch of the AV bundle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| aka pulmonary valves. in the rigt ventricle, 3 cusps: anterior, right, left, gaurd pulmonary oiface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pocket between the cusps of the pulmonary valve and the pulmonary trunk |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the pulmonary valves during ventricular systole |
|
Definition
| press against wall of pulmonary trunk letting blood through |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the pulmonary valves during ventricular diastole |
|
Definition
| blood flows back to the heart and filles the pulmonary sinuses, valve cusos close preventing backflow |
|
|
Term
| describe the texture of the left atrium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the texture of the left auricle |
|
Definition
| trabeculated walls due to pectinate muscles |
|
|
Term
| left atrioventricular oriface |
|
Definition
| opening between left atrium and left ventricle gaurded by the mitral valve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bicuspid,left atrioventricular. two cusps: anterior, posterior |
|
|
Term
| which ventricle has more pressure, what adaptation has been done to accomodate this |
|
Definition
| the left ventricle, it has thicker walls |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| communication between the aorta and left ventricle, gaurded by the aortic valve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| part of left ventricle below the aortic oriface with smooth walls |
|
|
Term
| describe the texture of the left ventricle |
|
Definition
| muscular ridges due to traveculae carneae |
|
|
Term
| papillary muscles of the left ventricle origin and insertion, how are they attached |
|
Definition
| go from the ventricle wall to the cusps of the mitral valve attached by cordae tendineae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| semilunar, 3 cusps: right, left, posterior, gaurds aortic oriface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pocket like spaces between the cusps of the aortic valve and wall of aorta, contain orifaces for the coronary arteries |
|
|
Term
| where are the orifaces for the coronary arteries |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| interventricular septum seperates? what is the location? |
|
Definition
| seperates the right and left ventricles, oblique, bulges towards right ventricle |
|
|
Term
| parts of the interventricular septum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| muscular interventricular septum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| membranous interventricular septum |
|
Definition
| small part, close to atroventricular oriface, no muscle |
|
|
Term
| ventricular septum defect |
|
Definition
| usually involve the membranous part, allow blood to pass from left to right ventricle |
|
|
Term
| what is happening during the first heart sound |
|
Definition
| closure of the tricuspid and mitral valves, ventricular systole |
|
|
Term
| what is happening during the second heart sound |
|
Definition
| close of aortic and pulmonary valves, ventricular diastole |
|
|
Term
| where do you places a stethascope to hear the tricuspid valve |
|
Definition
| 5th intercostal space to the left of sternum |
|
|
Term
| where do you places a stethascope to hear the mitral valve |
|
Definition
| 5th intercostal space, in the middle of the rib to the left side |
|
|
Term
| where do you places a stethascope to hear the pulmonary valve |
|
Definition
| second intercostal space to the left near the sternum |
|
|
Term
| where do you places a stethascope to hear the aortic valve |
|
Definition
| 2nd intercostal space to the right close to the sternum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extra heart sound usually indicating a problem |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when valve cusps are thickened and passage is narrowed, forward flow is restricted |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when valve cusps do not close thigtly allowing backflow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tricuspid and mitral stenosis or pulmonary and aortic regurgation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tricuspid and mitral regurgation or pulmonary and aortic stenosis |
|
|
Term
| what are the parts of the heart skeleton |
|
Definition
| 4 fibrous rings, right and left fibrous trigones, membranous part of the interventricular septum |
|
|
Term
| what do the fibrous rings of the heart correspond to |
|
Definition
| surround 2 AV orifaces, pulmonary orifaces, and aortic orifacs |
|
|
Term
| what are the functions of the heart skeleton |
|
Definition
| electrical insulation, attachment to atrial and ventricular muscle fibers and to cusps of AV, aortic, and pulmonary valves, support bases of valves preventing stretching |
|
|
Term
| what role does the heart skeleton play in electrical insulation |
|
Definition
| electrical impulses can pass from the atria to ventricles only through the AV bundles so it seperates the myocardium of the atria from the myocardium of the ventricles to facillitate this |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the only opening in the fibrous heart skeleton allowing the bundle of his to pass through preserving electrical insulation |
|
|
Term
| cardiac muscle cells conducting abilities |
|
Definition
| do not come from a nerve, rythmically contact atria together first then ventricles |
|
|
Term
| why are heart transplants possible |
|
Definition
| because the muscles cells contract on their own without nerves |
|
|
Term
| what are the components of the conducting system of the heart |
|
Definition
| sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, atrioventricular bundle and branches, subdendocardial plexus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| right atrium just abode the superior vena cava at the upper crista terminalis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pacemaker, makes atrial myocardium contract |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| condunation of the av node, pierces skeleton to each ventricle, at upper border of muscular part of the interventricular septum it divides into branches |
|
|
Term
| what is the only conductive path between the top and bottom of the heart |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| right branch of the bundle of his location |
|
Definition
| runs towards the apex under the endocardium of the septum to the anterior right atrium in the septomarginal teabrcula |
|
|
Term
| left branch of the bundle of his location |
|
Definition
| descends on the left side of the interventricular septum dividing into branches on the left ventricle along the travecular carnae becoming continous with the subcardial plexus of purkinje fibers |
|
|
Term
| what nerves supply the heart |
|
Definition
| the sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers of the cardiac plexus |
|
|
Term
| where does the sympathetic nerve innervation to the heart come from? |
|
Definition
| cervical and upper thorasic sympathetic trunk |
|
|
Term
| where does the parasympathetic innervation come from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does sympathetic stimulation do to the heart |
|
Definition
| increased heart rate and force of contraction, dilation of coronary sinuses |
|
|
Term
| what does parasympathetic stimulation do the the heart |
|
Definition
| reduction of heart rate and froce of contraction, constriction of coronary sinuses |
|
|
Term
| what do the sensory fibers off the vagus nerve relay |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do the sensory fibers off the sympathetic nerves relay |
|
Definition
| pain sensation, referred to down arm inside and upper chest due to T1-T4 association |
|
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