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Anatomy Heart
KYCOM Block 1
127
Anatomy
Graduate
08/25/2012

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Term
what does the pericardium surround?
Definition
the heart and roots of great vessels
Term
what are the layers of the pericardium?
Definition
fibrous pericardium, serous pericardium
Term
where is the fibrous perocardium located? how is it attached?
Definition
outer part of the pericardial sac, attached inferiorly to the central tendon of the diaphragm
Term
how does the fibrous pericardium end on the superior end?
Definition
it becomes continous with the adventitia (outer layer) of the great vessels passing through it
Term
where is the serous pericardium located?
Definition
deep to the fibrous pericardium
Term
what layers does the serous pericardium have?
Definition
parietal and visceral (on surface of the heart)
Term
how does the parietal layer of the serous pericardium end?
Definition
it becomes continous with the visceral pericardium near the roots of the great vessels
Term
visceral pericardium + connective tissue and fat beneath it =
Definition
epicadrium
Term
where is the pericardial cavity located?
Definition
between the visceral and parietal pericardium
Term
what is inside the pericardial cavity? what is the function?
Definition
it is a potential space that becomes a space when sick, has a little fluid that lubricates
Term
where is the transverse sinus located?
Definition
a passage from the right to left sides of the pericardial cavity, behind aorta
Term
where is the oblique sinus located?
Definition
dead end room, between the left atrium and esophagus (which is outside the sac)
Term
what supplies blood to the fibrous and parietal pericardium?
Definition
pericardiacophrenic artery, a little from the musculophrenic artery and small pericardial branches of the descending aorta
Term
what removes blood from the fibrous and parietal pericardium?
Definition
pericardiacophrenic veins that drain into the aygos system
Term
what supplies the pericardiacophrenic artery? what travels with it?
Definition
the internal thoracic artery, phrenic nerve
Term
where does the pericardiacophrenic vein drain into?
Definition
internal thoracic or brachiocephalic veins
Term
what veins and arteries supply the visceral pericardium?
Definition
coronary erteries, cardiac veins
Term
what nerve innervates the fibrous and parital percardium?
Definition
phrenic nerve
Term
what nerve innervates the visceral pericardium?
Definition
autonomic innervation via the cardiac plexus
Term
where is the heart located
Definition
the middle of the medistinum
Term
in which direction is the longest axis of the heart orientated
Definition
anteriorly, ineriorly, and to the left
Term
what drains into the right atrium?
Definition
superior and inferior vena cava, coronary sinus
Term
what drains into the left atrium?
Definition
4 pulmonary veins
Term
where does the right ventricle pump blood to?
Definition
pulmonary arteries
Term
where does the left ventricle pump blood to?
Definition
aorta
Term
what are the pumps of the heart?
Definition
right (RA + RV) and left heart (LA + LV)
Term
what are the external features of the heart?
Definition
base, apex, sternocostal (anterior) surface, diaphragmatic surface), right and left pulmonary surfaces
Term
where is the sternocostal surface of the heart? what are the major things on it?
Definition
it faces anterior, it has the right ventrical, right atrium, right auricle, left auricle
Term
where is the apex of the heart, what forms it
Definition
the apex is at the base of the heart at the level of the 5th intercostal space, formed by the left ventricle
Term
where is the base of the heart, what forms it
Definition
it is opposite the apex and posterior, lines up with T6-T9, formed by left atrium and some right atrium and the base of te pulmonary veins
Term
what is the line that shows where the superior vs inferior vena cava drain from
Definition
diaphragm
Term
what does the coronary (atrioventricular) sulcus seperate
Definition
seperates the atria and ventricles
Term
what is on the diaphagmatic surface
Definition
mostly left ventricle, some right ventricle
Term
what does the posterior interventricular sulcus seperate
Definition
seperates the ventricles on diaphragmatic surface
Term
what parts of the heart make up the left pulmonary surface
Definition
left ventricle, and a little from the left atrium and auricle
Term
what parts of the heart make up the right pulmonary surface
Definition
right atrium
Term
where does the right coronary artery originate, where does it go
Definition
the right aortic sinus, goes down the coronary sulcus to the posterior part of the heart
Term
what does the right coronary artery branch into
Definition
posterior interventricular artery, sinuatrial nodal branch, right marginal branch, atrioventricular nodal branch
Term
where is the posterior interventricular artery located
Definition
in the posterior intraventricular sulcus toawrds the apex
Term
what determines which coronary artery is dominent
Definition
which side gives off the interventricular branch, it is usually the right, but sometimes left, rarley codominate
Term
what does the right coronary artery supply
Definition
most of the right ventricle (except for a little by the interventricular sulcus), some of the diaphragmatic surface of the left ventricle, posterior third of the intraventricular septum, right atrium, interatrial septum, AV node (80%), SA node (60%)
Term
where does the left coronary artery come from, where does it go
Definition
it comes from left aortic sinus to posterior to pulmonary trunk and divides into two branches
Term
what are the branches of the left coronary artery
Definition
anterior interventricular artery. circumflex artery
Term
where is the anterior interventricular artery located
Definition
descends down the anterior interventricular sulcus, turns around inferior border of the heart, has a branch on the left ventricle
Term
where is the circumflux artery located
Definition
curves around the coronary sulcus,
Term
what branches off the circumflux artery
Definition
marginal artery
Term
what does the left coronary artery supply
Definition
most of the left ventricle (except a little by the posterior interventricular sulcus), small part of the right ventricle (by anterior interventricular sulcus), left atrium, AV bundle and its branches, SA node (40%), AV node (20%)
Term
what collects most of the venus drainage of the heart
Definition
coronary sinus
Term
where is the coronary sinus located
Definition
from left to right in the posterior part of the coronary sulus
Term
where does the coronary sinus drain into
Definition
right atrium
Term
what veins dump into the coronary sinus
Definition
great cardiac vein, middle cardiac vein, small cardiac vein, posterior vein of the left ventricle
Term
where is the great cardiac vein located
Definition
ascends in the anterior interventricular sulcus with the anteior interventricular artery, at the sulcus it turns left and accompanies the circumflux artery, continous with coronary sinus
Term
where is the middle cardiac vein located
Definition
in the posterior interventricular sulcus with the posterior interventricular artery
Term
where is the samll cardiac vein located
Definition
runs with the right marginal artery then with the right coronary artery in the coronary sulcus
Term
what area does the posterior vein of the left ventricle drain
Definition
the diaphragmatic surface of the left ventricle
Term
describe the path of the anterior cardiac vein
Definition
originates at the anteiror surface of the right ventricle, passes over the coronary artery, opens into the right atrium
Term
where are the smallest cardiac veins located
Definition
muscular walls of the heart, open directly into the chambers, mostly on the right side of the heart, sometimes on the left
Term
where is the rudimentary valve
Definition
between inferior vena cava and the right atrium, between coronar sinus and the right atrium
Term
where is the coronary sinus opening
Definition
opens into right atrium between right ateioventricular oriface and the inferior vena cava
Term
where is the right atrioventricular oriface
Definition
on right ventricle anteior to the opening of the inferior venacava and the coronary sinus, has a tricuspid valve
Term
what are the parts of the tricuspid for the right atrioventricular orifce
Definition
3 cusps: anterior, posterior, septal
Term
where is the fossa ovalis
Definition
shallow depression in the eall of the right and left atrium on the interatrial septum
Term
what is the function of the fossa ovalis
Definition
indicates the site of the formaen ovale during development
Term
what is the limbus
Definition
the upper border of the fossa ovalis
Term
srptum primum
Definition
the valve of the foramen ovaule in the left atrium that closes due to the higher pressure in the atrium due to the pressure change after birth
Term
atrioventricular oriface
Definition
communication between the right atrium and ventricle
Term
pulmonary oriface
Definition
communication between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk, contains pulmonary valve
Term
describe the walls of the right ventricle near the pulmonary oriface
Definition
funnel shaped, smooth, infundibulum, conus arterosis
Term
describe the walls of the right ventricle near the conus arterosis
Definition
muscular ridges, traveculae carneae
Term
papillary muscle
Definition
con shaped muscles that project into the ventricles, attached to the ventricle walls, connected to cusps of the atrioventricular valves by tendineae, 3 sets
Term
what are the three types of papillary muscles
Definition
anterior (largest), posterior, septal
Term
what happens to the AV valve in the ventricular systole
Definition
papillary muscles contract via cordae tendineae holding down the cusps of the atrioventricular valves peventing blackflow into the atria
Term
atrioventricular valve
Definition
between the right atrium and ventricle
Term
what is the septomarginal trabecula
Definition
muscular ridge from the interventricular septum to the anterior wall of right ventricle, convays the right branch of the AV bundle
Term
semilunar cusps
Definition
aka pulmonary valves. in the rigt ventricle, 3 cusps: anterior, right, left, gaurd pulmonary oiface
Term
pulmonary sinus
Definition
pocket between the cusps of the pulmonary valve and the pulmonary trunk
Term
what happens to the pulmonary valves during ventricular systole
Definition
press against wall of pulmonary trunk letting blood through
Term
what happens to the pulmonary valves during ventricular diastole
Definition
blood flows back to the heart and filles the pulmonary sinuses, valve cusos close preventing backflow
Term
describe the texture of the left atrium
Definition
main cavity is smooth
Term
describe the texture of the left auricle
Definition
trabeculated walls due to pectinate muscles
Term
left atrioventricular oriface
Definition
opening between left atrium and left ventricle gaurded by the mitral valve
Term
mitral valve
Definition
bicuspid,left atrioventricular. two cusps: anterior, posterior
Term
which ventricle has more pressure, what adaptation has been done to accomodate this
Definition
the left ventricle, it has thicker walls
Term
aortic oriface
Definition
communication between the aorta and left ventricle, gaurded by the aortic valve
Term
aortic vestivule
Definition
part of left ventricle below the aortic oriface with smooth walls
Term
describe the texture of the left ventricle
Definition
muscular ridges due to traveculae carneae
Term
papillary muscles of the left ventricle origin and insertion, how are they attached
Definition
go from the ventricle wall to the cusps of the mitral valve attached by cordae tendineae
Term
aortic valve
Definition
semilunar, 3 cusps: right, left, posterior, gaurds aortic oriface
Term
aortic sinus
Definition
pocket like spaces between the cusps of the aortic valve and wall of aorta, contain orifaces for the coronary arteries
Term
where are the orifaces for the coronary arteries
Definition
aortic sinuses
Term
interventricular septum seperates? what is the location?
Definition
seperates the right and left ventricles, oblique, bulges towards right ventricle
Term
parts of the interventricular septum
Definition
muscular and membranous
Term
muscular interventricular septum
Definition
forms most of the septum
Term
membranous interventricular septum
Definition
small part, close to atroventricular oriface, no muscle
Term
ventricular septum defect
Definition
usually involve the membranous part, allow blood to pass from left to right ventricle
Term
what is happening during the first heart sound
Definition
closure of the tricuspid and mitral valves, ventricular systole
Term
what is happening during the second heart sound
Definition
close of aortic and pulmonary valves, ventricular diastole
Term
where do you places a stethascope to hear the tricuspid valve
Definition
5th intercostal space to the left of sternum
Term
where do you places a stethascope to hear the mitral valve
Definition
5th intercostal space, in the middle of the rib to the left side
Term
where do you places a stethascope to hear the pulmonary valve
Definition
second intercostal space to the left near the sternum
Term
where do you places a stethascope to hear the aortic valve
Definition
2nd intercostal space to the right close to the sternum
Term
heart murmur
Definition
extra heart sound usually indicating a problem
Term
stenosis
Definition
when valve cusps are thickened and passage is narrowed, forward flow is restricted
Term
regurgitation
Definition
when valve cusps do not close thigtly allowing backflow
Term
diastolic murmur
Definition
tricuspid and mitral stenosis or pulmonary and aortic regurgation
Term
systolic murmur
Definition
tricuspid and mitral regurgation or pulmonary and aortic stenosis
Term
what are the parts of the heart skeleton
Definition
4 fibrous rings, right and left fibrous trigones, membranous part of the interventricular septum
Term
what do the fibrous rings of the heart correspond to
Definition
surround 2 AV orifaces, pulmonary orifaces, and aortic orifacs
Term
what are the functions of the heart skeleton
Definition
electrical insulation, attachment to atrial and ventricular muscle fibers and to cusps of AV, aortic, and pulmonary valves, support bases of valves preventing stretching
Term
what role does the heart skeleton play in electrical insulation
Definition
electrical impulses can pass from the atria to ventricles only through the AV bundles so it seperates the myocardium of the atria from the myocardium of the ventricles to facillitate this
Term
fibrous trigone
Definition
the only opening in the fibrous heart skeleton allowing the bundle of his to pass through preserving electrical insulation
Term
cardiac muscle cells conducting abilities
Definition
do not come from a nerve, rythmically contact atria together first then ventricles
Term
why are heart transplants possible
Definition
because the muscles cells contract on their own without nerves
Term
what are the components of the conducting system of the heart
Definition
sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, atrioventricular bundle and branches, subdendocardial plexus
Term
sa node location
Definition
right atrium just abode the superior vena cava at the upper crista terminalis
Term
sa node function
Definition
pacemaker, makes atrial myocardium contract
Term
av bundle location
Definition
condunation of the av node, pierces skeleton to each ventricle, at upper border of muscular part of the interventricular septum it divides into branches
Term
what is the only conductive path between the top and bottom of the heart
Definition
av bundle
Term
right branch of the bundle of his location
Definition
runs towards the apex under the endocardium of the septum to the anterior right atrium in the septomarginal teabrcula
Term
left branch of the bundle of his location
Definition
descends on the left side of the interventricular septum dividing into branches on the left ventricle along the travecular carnae becoming continous with the subcardial plexus of purkinje fibers
Term
what nerves supply the heart
Definition
the sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers of the cardiac plexus
Term
where does the sympathetic nerve innervation to the heart come from?
Definition
cervical and upper thorasic sympathetic trunk
Term
where does the parasympathetic innervation come from
Definition
vagus nerve
Term
what does sympathetic stimulation do to the heart
Definition
increased heart rate and force of contraction, dilation of coronary sinuses
Term
what does parasympathetic stimulation do the the heart
Definition
reduction of heart rate and froce of contraction, constriction of coronary sinuses
Term
what do the sensory fibers off the vagus nerve relay
Definition
cardiac reflexes
Term
what do the sensory fibers off the sympathetic nerves relay
Definition
pain sensation, referred to down arm inside and upper chest due to T1-T4 association
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