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Anatomy Final -Non Cumulative
urinary and digestive systems
126
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
04/22/2011

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Term
high blood osmolarity of a dehydrated person stimulates....
Definition
pituitary to release ADH
Term
ADH has the renal tubules add...
Definition
aquaporins
Term
aquaporins are stimulates by which hormone
Definition
ADH
Term
aquaporins are installed on the...
Definition
plasma membrane
Term
with more aquaporins, will the CD absorbs more or less water?
Definition
more
Term
the cortical CD is impermeable to water without...
Definition
aquaporins
Term
if your GFR is really low...will you reabsorb less or more water
Definition
more
Term
if your GFR is really low...will you produce less or more urine?
Definition
less
Term
countercurrent multiplier
Definition
captures salt and returns it to the medulla instead of letting it diffuse across with the gradient
Term
countercurrent multiplier returns the salt to where
Definition
renal medulla
Term
is osmolarity higher in the medulla or the cortex?
Definition
medulla
Term
countercurrent exchange system is formed by the
Definition
vasa recta
Term
in the counter current system in the descending part...what goes into the cappilaries?
Definition
salt
Term
in the counter current system in the ascending part...what goes out of the capillaries?
Definition
water
Term
in the collecting duct, in the ascending limb, what leaves the duct
Definition
salt
Term
in the collecting duct in the descending limb, what get's reabsorbed
Definition
water
Term
the countercurrent multiplier is located...
Definition
nephron loop
Term
the countercurrent exhange thing is located
Definition
vasa recta
Term
acid
Definition
any substance that releases a H+
Term
strong acid
Definition
ionizes freely, easily gives away its H+ ions, really affects pH
Term
weak acid
Definition
ionizes slightly, but keeps its H+ bound, not giving it away, so it has litte effect on pH
Term
base
Definition
anything that accepts an H+
Term
weak base
Definition
binds less of the H+
Term
strong base
Definition
will bind up the H+ ions
Term
buffers
Definition
mechanisms that resist change in pH by making strong acids or bases into weak ones
Term
physiolgical buffer
Definition
system (mostly urinary and respiratory) that stabalizing the pH by controlling the body's outpput of acids and bases
Term
types of chemical buffer systems
Definition
bicarbonate, phosphate, protein
Term
which reaction is reversible
Definition
the acid/base bicarbonate/carbonic acid equation
Term
CO2 + H2O <¬ H2CO3 <¬ HCO3- + H+
makes it more...(acidic or basic)
Definition
basic
Term
CO2 + H2O --> H2CO3 --> HCO3- + H+
makes it more...(acidic or basic)
Definition
acidic
Term
HCO3-
Definition
bicarbonate
Term
H2CO3
Definition
carbonic acid
Term
H2PO4- <--> HPO42- + H+
Definition
phosphate buffer system equation
Term
which buffering system is important in the ECF
Definition
bicarbonate
Term
which buffering system is important in the ICF AND renal tubules
Definition
phosphate
Term
which buffering system is most concentrated/important in the ICF
Definition
protein
Term
which buffering system is used for 75% of the chemical buffering in the bodily fluids
Definition
protein
Term
what effect will acidosis have on nerve and muscle cells in regards to excitability?
Definition
less excitable, hyperpolarized
Term
what makes potassium enter a cell, acidosis or alkalosis?
Definition
alkalosis
Term
does alkalosis makes cells more excitable or less?
Definition
more
Term
Respiratory acidosis:
Definition
ventilation rate is lower than CO2 production
Term
Metabolic acidosis
Definition
increase in H+ due to nonvolatile organic acids (like ketones, lactic acid, etc)
Term
Respiratory alkalosis:
Definition
breathing rate is too high
Term
Metabolic alkalosis:
Definition
rare, loss of acid, acid loss that’s independent of ventilation rate
Term
hyperventiliation could cause
Definition
respiratory alkalosis
Term
emphysema could cause...
Definition
respiratoy acidosis due to the lack of useable alveoli
Term
what 2 buffering systems combine:
bicarbonate
phosphate
protein
respiratory
urinary
Definition
repiratory and bicarbonate
Term
true or false...bicarbonate can be directly reabsorbed into the blood from the lumen
Definition
false
Term
what buffer systems are found in the tubule fluid
Definition
ammonia and phosphate
Term
carbonic anhydrase is found in....
Definition
lumen and tubule epithelial cell
Term
largest fluid compartment
Definition
ICF
Term
smallest fluid compartment
Definition
transcellular fluid (of the ECF) like CSF, synovial fluid...etc
Term
fluid compartments of the ECF (there's 3)
Definition
tissue fluid
blood plasma/lymph
transcllular fluid
Term
fluid balance
Definition
when water intake = water loss
Term
hypothalamic osmoreceptors are signaled in response to...
Definition
increasing ECF osmolarity
Term
what is secreted in response to increased ECF osmolarity?
Definition
ADH
Term
what two things make you feel thirsty
Definition
ADH and AGII
Term
what electrolyte is responsible for a cell's resting membrane potential
Definition
sodium
Term
in the kidneys there's no reabsorption beyond the...
Definition
PCT
Term
what hormone adds Na-K pumps
Definition
aldosterone
Term
what hormone inhibits ADH and aldosterone
Definition
ANP
Term
which type of hyperkalemia inhibis repolarization
Definition
slow onset
Term
which electrolyte has teh most dangerous imbalances
Definition
potassium
Term
what acid/base imbalance/disorder can cause hypercalcemia
Definition
alkalosis

(opposite is true)
Term
would acidosis cause HYPOkalemia or HYPERkalemia
Definition
hyper
Term
digestive system (two parts)
Definition
digestive tract & accessory organs
Term
three layers of the mucosa
Definition
epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae
Term
what's the inner epithelium of the mucosa made of
Definition
simple columnar epithelium
Term
enteric (nervous) system/network
Definition
regulates motility, secretion, and blood flow in the digestive system
Term
what neural reflex (long or short) use the vagus nerve
Definition
long
Term
which nerve stimulates digestive motility and secretion
Definition
vagus
Term
what is partially digested by the mouth
Definition
starch
Term
mouth
Definition
responsible for ingestion, taste, chewing...etc
Term
lingual lipase-
Definition
released in saliva, activated in the stomach, digests fat
Term
salivary amylase
Definition
in saliva, digests starch
Term
what found in saliva kills bacteria
Definition
lysozome
Term
where does food pause briefly
Definition
lower esophageal sphincter
Term
4 regions of the stomach
Definition
cardiac, fundus, body, pyloric
Term
which cells of the stomach secrete hormones and paracrine messengers
Definition
enteroendocrine
Term
what's gastric juice composed of?
Definition
HCl, water, pepsin
Term
what cells produce gastric juice
Definition
parietal cells of the gastric glands
Term
CAH is found in what cells of the gastric gland?
Definition
parietal cells
Term
what activates pepsin
Definition
HCl
Term
what activates ligual lipase
Definition
HCl
Term
what cell secretes pepsinogen
Definition
cheif cells
Term
which enzyme digests protein
Definition
pepsin
Term
name 3 ways pepsin is activated
Definition
-HCl
-autocatalytic
-low pH
Term
which enzyme of the gastric gland is essential for the making of hemoglobin
Definition
intrinsic factor
Term
what cell (of the gastric gland) secretes intrinsic factor
Definition
parietal cells
Term
what relaxes the ilocecal valve and what cell is it secreted by
Definition
-gastrin from enteroendocrine cells
Term
which hormone/enzyme inhibits gastric motility
Definition
prostaglandins
Term
how are the cells of the stomach lining reproduced/replaced
Definition
by cell division in the gastric pits
Term
receptive-relaxation
Definition
the smooth muscle of the stomach resists expansion then relaxes to allow more food
Term
phases of gastric function
Definition
cephalic, gastric, and intestinal
Term
what nerve is associated with the cephalic phase
Definition
vagus nerve...stimulates gastric secretion
Term
which phase of gastric regulation is responsible for the most gastric secretion
Definition
gastric (2/3)
Term
histamine, gastrin, and ACh stimulate the _______ cells to produce ________
Definition
parietal cells
HCl
Term
the enterogastric reflex uses what nervous system
Definition
enteric
Term
hepatocytes are made of
Definition
cuboidal cells
Term
hepatocytes
Definition
absorb from blood: glucose, amino acids, iron, vitamins, other important things for metabolism and storage
-removes from blood: toxins, hormones, bile pigments, drugs
-secretes into blood: albumin, lipoproteins, clotting factors, angiotensin, other products
-makes and secretes bile
Term
what's the most abundant protein in the blood
Definition
albumin
Term
albumin causes more...
Definition
reabsorption
Term
bile salts are ___
Definition
steroids
Term
bile salts aid in _______ digestion and absoprtion
Definition
fat
Term
is the pancreas an endocrine or exocrine gland?
Definition
both
Term
name some accessory organs to the digestive system...
Definition
pancreas, gallbaldder, liver
Term
what organ secretes glucagon into the blood
Definition
pancreas
Term
what organ is associated with insulin
Definition
pancreas
Term
a few cells in the pancreas make insulin...what are they called
Definition
islet cells
Term
amylase digests ____
Definition
starch
Term
lipidase digests ______ and ______
Definition
lipds and fats
Term
what helps activate the zymogens
Definition
enterokinase
Term
enterokinase is secreted by the ____
Definition
mucosa of the small intestines
Term
tripsinogen is activated in the
Definition
instestinal lumen
Term
what zymogen digests dietary protein
Definition
tripsin
Term
what has the biggest efect on the gallbladder
Definition
CCK
Term
in what part of the intestines does the most absorption occur
Definition
jejunum
Term
where does pepsin turn inactive
Definition
duodenum of the small intestines due to increased pH
Term
what causes chyme to flow in a spiral motion
Definition
circular folds
Term
what layer are the villi located on?
Definition
mucosa
Term
peristalsis
Definition
movement of contents toward colon (begins after reabsorption occurs)
Term
what two things digest carbs
Definition
amylase(s) then enzymes from the brush border
Term
when carbs are digested and broken down, they're turned into
Definition
glucose
Term
where are carbs competely digested
Definition
small intestines
Term
what do micelles do?
Definition
deliver fatty acids, monoglycerides and other lipid products to the surface of the intestinal absorptive cells for absorption into cells.
Term
where do micelles originate
Definition
bile
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