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Anatomy Final
Chapters 12-27
150
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
03/23/2019

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Cards

Term
The ______ is responsible for evaluating information and creating a response.
Definition
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Term
What conducts motor impulses down the spinal cord from the brain?
Definition
Descending tracts
Term
What is the surface of the Cerebrum?
Definition
Cerebral Cortex
Term
What are the two parts of the Central Nervous System?
Definition
Brain and Spinal Cord
Term
The Spinal Cord is part of the CNS. True or False?
Definition
True
Term
The cerebrospsinal fluid fills cavities in the brain known as ________.
Definition
Ventricles
Term
What part of the brain is responsible for anger, fear, sexual feelings, pleasure and sorrow?
Definition
Limbic System
Term
The brainstem is composed of what?
Definition
Medulla oblongata, midbrain and pons
Term
Our pineal gland controls our biological clock by secreting what hormone?
Definition
Melatonin
Term
________ nerve pathways that lead to and from the CNS.
Definition
PNS
Term
The Cervical Plexus is formed from which cervical nerves?
Definition
C1-C4
Term
What system is responsible for rest & digest?
Definition
Parasympathetic nervous system
Term
Viceral reflexes involve contraction of smooth muscle. True or False?
Definition
True
Term
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
Definition
31
Term
The sciatic nerve is formed from which plexuses?
Definition
Sacral Plexus, Lumbar Plexus
Term
The special sense inculde?
Definition
Taste, smell
Term
The Brachial Plexus is found deep within the knee. True or False?
Definition
False
Term
Optic is # VII in the pair of cranial nerves. True or False?
Definition
False- no cranial nerve 2
Term
Motor nerves are?
Definition
Motor axons only
Term
Meninges continue the entire length of the spinal cord to the end at the filium terminale. True or False?
Definition
True
Term
Blood is a liquid connective tissue consisting of fluid plasma and cells. True or False?
Definition
True
Term
Blood is a fluid transport media that serves as a pickup and delivery system throughout the body. True or False?
Definition
True
Term
Red blood cells are called leukocytes. True or False?
Definition
False
Term
The pericardial sac is the space between fibrous pericardium and serous pericardium. True or False?
Definition
False
Term
Blood is considered a connective tissue. True or False?
Definition
True
Term
Anemia is usually the result of what?
Definition
Low RBC count
Term
What makes up the wall of the heart?
Definition
epicardium, myocardium, endocardium
Term
What combines to form cardiac plexuses?
Definition
Sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers
Term
Function of the _______ plays a critical role in the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body.
Definition
Red blood cells
Term
_______ refers to the types of biochemical markers or antigens present on the plasma membranes of erythrocytes.
Definition
Blood type
Term
Valves of the heart are made of fibrous structures. True or false?
Definition
True
Term
Endothelial cells line the entire vascular system. True or false?
Definition
True
Term
The heart is not a muscle. True or false?
Definition
False
Term
The valves of the heart control blood flow and are tough fibrous structures. True or false?
Definition
True
Term
_______ conduct blood back to the heart.
Definition
Veins
Term
________ additional blood vessels in the fetus needed to carry the fetal blood into close approximation with the maternal blood and then return it to the fetal body.
Definition
Fetal circulation
Term
What are the two lower chambers of the heart?
Definition
Ventricles
Term
Where is the apex of the heart?
Definition
At the base of the heart
Term
What is another name for the cardiovascular system?
Definition
Circulatory system
Term
Where are the smooth muscle fibers found?
Definition
In the walls of the vascular systems
Term
Homeostatic maintenace of our body is due to the continuous and controlled movement of air throughout our circulatory system. True or false?
Definition
False
Term
What does the T Wave represent?
Definition
Ventricle repolarization
Term
What does hemodynamics refer to?
Definition
The various mechanisms that influence the movement of blood
Term
The volume of blood within the arteries largely determines arterial blood pressure. True or false?
Definition
True
Term
The difference between systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure is called pulse pressure. True or false?
Definition
True
Term
What is one of the four structures that make up the core of the electrical conduction system of our heart?
Definition
Atrioventricular
Term
What is the amount of blood returned to heart via the veins called?
Definition
Venous return
Term
What are reflexes that influence heart rate?
Definition
Blood temperature, exercise, pain- All of the above
Term
Pressure difference drives the flow of ________.
Definition
Blood
Term
The cardiac cycle is one complete heart beat or a single pumping cycle. True or false?
Definition
True
Term
What is phagocytosis?
Definition
Ingestion and destruction of microorganisms
Term
The immune system serves as an internal security system to deal with abnormal cells or microorganisms. True or false?
Definition
True
Term
Which is an example of passive immunity?
Definition
The mother passing immunity to the fetus
Term
B-cells are what percent of circulatory lymphocytes?
Definition
20%
Term
What type of cells are involved in adaptive immunity?
Definition
T cells & B cells
Term
The lymphatic system has at least three different functions, which is one of them?
Definition
Helping our immune system
Term
What do T-cells do?
Definition
Attack pathogens directly
Term
Innate Immunity and Adaptive Immunity are two categories of defense mechanisms. True or False?
Definition
True
Term
Tonsils form a protective ring under the mucous membranes in the mouth and the back of the throat. True or false?
Definition
True
Term
Lymph nodes move in 2 different directions. True or false?
Definition
False
Term
The respiratory system functions as a gas distributor and exchanger. True or false?
Definition
True
Term
What 2 tracts can the respiratory system be divided into?
Definition
Upper and lower tracts
Term
What forms the base of the of the nasal cavity?
Definition
Palatine bones
Term
9 different bones form the framework for your larynx. True or false?
Definition
True
Term
The respiratory system is composed of an integrated set of processes which include external respiration, transport of gasses and overall regulation of respiration. True or False?
Definition
True
Term
What is also known as the windpipe?
Definition
The trachea
Term
What is the structure that prevents food from entering into the lungs?
Definition
The epiglottis
Term
False vocal cords play a major role in vocalization. True or false?
Definition
False
Term
Organs of the upper respiratory tract include?
Definition
Nose, nasopharynx, oropharynx and larynx
Term
What is the purpose of C-shaped rings of cartilage?
Definition
Gives firmness to the walls of the trachea and bronchi, tending to prevent them from collapsing and shutting off vital airways.
Term
Gastric juices are the primary gastric enzyme that are secreted by chief cells. True or false?
Definition
False
Term
Dentin makes up the greatest proportion of the tooth shell. True or false?
Definition
True
Term
The stomach is above the diaphragm. True or false?
Definition
False
Term
The stomach does not absorb. True or false?
Definition
False
Term
What are 4 tissue layers that make up the walls of the GI tract?
Definition
Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis and serosa
Term
The main organs in the digestive tract form a hollow tube like system that passes through ventral cavities of the body. True or false?
Definition
True
Term
What secretes most of the gastric juices?
Definition
Gastric glands
Term
The Rugae are the folds of the epithelial lining. True or false?
Definition
True
Term
Parotids are the largest of the paired salivary glands. True or false?
Definition
True
Term
Submadibular glands contain both enzyme and mucus producing elements. True or false?
Definition
True
Term
What is the principal organs of the urinary system called?
Definition
Kidneys
Term
What are the accessory organs?
Definition
Ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
Term
Kidneys resemble kidney beans, roughly oval and about the size of a mini football. True or false?
Definition
True
Term
The left kidney is smaller and higher than the right. True or false?
Definition
False
Term
What is the heavy cushion of fat that encases each kidney and helps to hold it in position?
Definition
The renal fat pad
Term
What type of position do the kidneys lie in?
Definition
Retroperitoneal postion- behind the parietal peritoneum.
Term
What artery brings blood into the kidneys?
Definition
The renal artery
Term
The urinary system not only produces urine, it also balances blood plasma. True or false?
Definition
True
Term
The kidneys are avascular. True or false?
Definition
False
Term
Nephron is a large functional unit that makes up the bulk of each kidney. True or false?
Definition
False
Term
Which of these are considered an essential organ?
Definition
Testes
Term
What is the dense, white, fibrous capsule that encases each testis and then enters each gland called?
Definition
Tunica albuginea
Term
At what stage does sexual maturity begin and sperm forming cells in different stages of development appear?
Definition
During puberty
Term
Benign prostatic hypertropghy can cause the closing off of?
Definition
Ejaculation duct and urethra
Term
_______ is the structure where sperm learn to swim.
Definition
Epidemysis
Term
Testosterone promotes protein ________.
Definition
Anabolism
Term
Substantacular cells secrete ________ which inhibits FSH production.
Definition
Inhibin
Term
Periosteum connects the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct. True or false?
Definition
False
Term
Tight junctions exist between substencular cells to divide the walls of the tubule in 3 or more compartments. True or false?
Definition
False
Term
A single tightly coiled tube enclosed in fibrous casing is called the epididymis. True or false?
Definition
True
Term
What are the gametes called that are produced by the female reproductive system.
Definition
Ova
Term
Women are born with a set number of eggs. True or false?
Definition
True
Term
Is the uterus considered an essential or accessory organ?
Definition
Accessory
Term
Name a condition or disorder that the female reproductive system is susceptible to:
Definition
Dysfunctional uterine bleeding
Term
The paired ovaries are an accessory organ. True or false?
Definition
False
Term
Infertility can be caused by?
Definition
Smoking and alcohol abuse
Term
The vagina is an accessory organ, true or false?
Definition
True
Term
What happens when a control of cyclical changes occur in the uterus?
Definition
Increase of myometrial contractions
Term
What fruit is the uterus shaped like?
Definition
Pear
Term
What is an advantage that nursing from the mothers breast provides offspring?
Definition
Enhances an emotional bond between mother and child
Term
Identical twins are a result of?
Definition
Splitting of embryonic tissue from the same zygote
Term
In the fetal development the fetus is considered to be female. True or false?
Definition
False
Term
What stage of labor goes from maximal dilation until the baby exits through the vagina?
Definition
Stage 2
Term
What age does a female normally start puberty?
Definition
9 or 10
Term
What period begins at birth and continues until death.
Definition
Postnatal period
Term
An offspring begins when the nucleus of a single spermatozoa unites with the nucleus of an ovum. True or false?
Definition
True
Term
The first stage of labor is?
Definition
Period of uterine contractions until dilation of the cervix is complete
Term
Developmental biology is the study of the many changes of that occur during the prenatal period only. True or false?
Definition
False
Term
The lining of the GI tract is formed from what?
Definition
Endoderm
Term
There are several hormones that help signal the time of labor and promote the processes needed for successful delivery. True or false?
Definition
True
Term
Humans have ______ chromosomes.
Definition
46
Term
Crossing over ______ genetic variation.
Definition
Increases
Term
The phenotype is the ________ of a trait while the genotype is the _____ of a trait.
Definition
Physical expression, genetic basis
Term
Heterzygotes have_______.
Definition
Two different copies of an allele.
Term
Skin color, height and weight are all ______ traits.
Definition
Polygenic
Term
Chromatin is ________?
Definition
DNA and Histone
Term
Compact form of DNA is ______?
Definition
Chromosome
Term
The human genome contains ________?
Definition
23,000 genes
Term
A chart that illustrates genetic relationships in a family over several generations is _______?
Definition
A pedigree
Term
The male chromosome is the _________?
Definition
Y chromosome
Term
An example of a genetic mutation is _______?
Definition
Radiation
Term
General sense organs produce?
Definition
touch & pain
Term
______ is responsive to changes in our internal and external environments.
Definition
Sensory receptor
Term
A decrease in the magnitude of the receptor response over time to continuous stimuli is?
Definition
Adaption
Term
Taste buds house chemoreceptors. True or false?
Definition
True
Term
What section of the ear controls balance?
Definition
Semicircular canals
Term
The ear is divided into ____ anatomical parts.
Definition
3
Term
The external ear has ____ divisions.
Definition
2
Term
Taste impulses generated on the anterior 2/3 of the tongue are transmitted by what nerve?
Definition
Cranial nerve 7
Term
Sounds are created by vibrations. True or false?
Definition
True
Term
What are most endocrine glands made of?
Definition
Glandular epithelium
Term
What provides the warm glow after orgasm?
Definition
Prolactin
Term
Growth hormone is produced in what part of the pituitary gland?
Definition
Anterior
Term
Growth hormones promote body growth. True or false?
Definition
True
Term
Posterior pituitary glands produce two hormones. What are they?
Definition
Antidiuretic, oxytocin
Term
Epinephrine and norepinephrine are also called?
Definition
Catecholamines
Term
The pituitary gland is also known as the master gland. True or False?
Definition
True
Term
2 of 3 classifications of hormones are tropic hormones, sex hormones and _____.
Definition
Anabolic hormones
Term
Somatostatin is produced by?
Definition
Delta cells
Term
_______ is the hormone responsible for the growth and maintenance of the male sexual characteristics and for sperm production.
Definition
Testosterone
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