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Anatomy Final
reproductive system
71
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
05/08/2013

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Term
In which follicular stage does the zona pellucida appear?
Definition
primary follicle
Term
how many layers make up the placental barrier
Definition
3
Term
epididymis secretes...
Definition
proteins that stimulate maturation processes that confer the immature, nearly immotile sperm the ability to swim
Term
seminal vesicle secretes...
Definition
a viscous fluid that contains fructose and other nutrients, prostaglandins, enzymes that enhance sperm motility, and substances that suppress the immune response against semen in the female reproductive tract
Term
prostate secretes...
Definition
a milky fluid that contains various substances that enhance sperm motility and enzymes that clot and then liquefy ejaculated semen
Term
bulbourethral gland secretes...
Definition
a mucus that neutralizes traces of acidic urine in the urethra and lubricates it to smooth the passage of semen during ejaculation
Term
sustentocytes sustentacular cells
Definition
secrete androgen-binding protein
Term
The ovarian cortex houses the developing gametes, which are called __________ while in the ovary.
Definition
oocytes
Term
broad ligament
Definition
large fold of peritoneum that hangs, like a tent, from the uterus and the uterine tubes
Term
suspensory ligament
Definition
ateral structure that attaches the ovary to the lateral pelvic wall
Term
ovarian ligament
Definition
distinct fibrous band that medially anchors the ovary to the uterus
Term
tunica albuginea
Definition
fibrous capsule of the ovary
Term
phase of the ovarian or uterine cycle: follicular phase (proliferative phase)
Definition
luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) signal structures to secrete increasing amounts of estrogens into the blood
Term
phase of the ovarian or uterine cycle: luteal phase (secratory phase)
Definition
high levels of progesterone inhibit secretion of LH and FSH by the pituitary gland
Term
phase of the ovarian or uterine cycle: ovulatory phase
Definition
characterized by a surge of LH from the pituitary gland
Term
phase of the ovarian or uterine cycle: secretory phase
Definition
rising levels of progesterone act on the estrogen-primed endometrium, causing the spiral arteries to elongate and coil more tightly
Term
What layer of the uterine sheds during menstruation?
Definition
stratum functionalis
Term
Testicular vessels and nerves extend to the testis from which level on the posterior abdominal wall?
Definition
L2
Term
Sperm leaving the seminiferous tubules travel sequentially through the straight tubules and then the
Definition
rete testis
Term
cryptorchidism
Definition
congenital condition in which one or both testes fail to descend into the scrotum
Term
hypospadias
Definition
congenital abnormality of the male urethra, resulting from failure of the two urethral folds to fuse completely
Term
hydrocele
Definition
a scrotal swelling caused by excessive accumulation of fluid in the cavity of the tunica vaginalis
Term
varicocele
Definition
abnormality of the pampiniform plexus that disrupts venous return from the testicles
Term
In which childbirth stage does the baby's head enter the true pelvis?
Definition
early dilation stage
Term
primordial follicle
Definition
a primary oocyte surrounded by flat follicular cells
Term
primary follicle
Definition
the zona pellucida and theca folliculi form around a larger oocyte, which is surrounded by several layers of granulosa cells
Term
secondary follicle
Definition
a fluid-filled antrum appears within the follicle
Term
Graafian follicle
Definition
a huge antrum isolates the oocyte in this full-sized follicle, which is surrounded by a corona radiata of granulose cells
Term
During the process of spermatogenesis
Definition
four spermatids are produced from one diploid (2n) primary spermatocyte.
some diploid (2n) spermatogonia remain in the basal lamina.
Term
The secretion of the seminal vesicles makes up about ______ of the volume of semen, and the secretion contains ______.
Definition
60% / fructose, prostaglandins, and substances that enhance sperm motility.
Term
Beginning after the seminiferous tubules and ending with the external urethral orifice, sperm pass through the male reproductive tract in what order?
Definition
Straight tubule; rete testis; efferent ductule; duct of the epididymis; ductus deferens; ampulla of ductus deferens; ejaculatory duct; prostatic urethra; membranous urethra; spongy urethra.
Term
dartos
Definition
layer of smooth muscle in the superficial fascia of the scrotum that acts to wrinkle the scrotal skin.
Term
Testicular veins arise from a venous network in the scrotum called the __________ plexus.
Definition
pampiniform
Term
The luminal surface of the epithelium in the duct of the epididymis bears long microvilli called
Definition
stereocilia
Term
The journey through the epididymis takes sperm about ______, and by the end of that process, ______.
Definition
20 days / they can swim and fertilize an egg through the acrosomal reaction.
Term
blood-testis barrier
Definition
prevents escape of membrane antigens of differentiating sperm through the basal lamina and into the blood, where they would activate the immune system.
Term
Circumcision of male babies involves removal of the
Definition
foreskin/ prepuce
Term
Prostaglandin
Definition
secreted by the seminal vesicles stimulate contraction of the uterus and help propel sperm through the male reproductive tract.
Term
estrogen
Definition
stimulates the growth and activity of female sex organs and also helps repair the uterine lining after each menstrual period.
Term
spermiogenesis
Definition
process in which spermatids differentiate into sperm
Term
Corpora cavernosa
Definition
Dorsally located bodies of erectile tissue that make up most of the mass of the penis.
Term
Corpus spongiosum
Definition
Midventral erectile body that surrounds the spongy urethra.
Term
Ejaculation
Definition
Event that is under sympathetic control.
Term
Erection
Definition
Event that is under parasympathetic control.
Term
Glans penis
Definition
Enlarged distal end of the corpus spongiosum.
Term
Crura of the penis
Definition
Proximal ends of the corpora cavernosa; anchored to the pubic arch of the bony pelvis.
Term
Which event is the primary signal for ovulation to occur?
Definition
A surge of luteinizing hormone from the anterior pituitary gland.
Term
The phases of the uterine cycle are
Definition
Menstrual phase (days 1-5); proliferative phase (days 6-14); secretory phase (days 15-28).
Term
The presence of ______ in the urine of a pregnant woman is the basis of most home pregnancy kits.
Definition
human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
Term
A cancer that is often caused by a virus is ______.
Definition
cervical cancer
Term
During the late dilation stage of labor, ______.
Definition
the baby's head rotates so that its greatest dimension is in the anteroposterior pelvic axis.
Term
Corpus luteum
Definition
Consists of remaining granulosa and theca cells; secretes estrogen and progesterone.
Term
Mature ovarian follicle
Definition
Contains a secondary oocyte.
Term
Theca folliculi
Definition
Connective tissue layer that condenses around a primary follicle; outer layer cells resemble smooth muscle cells and inner layer secretes hormones.
Term
Zona pellucida
Definition
A glycoprotein layer that a sperm must ultimately penetrate to fertilize the oocyte.
Term
Primordial follicles
Definition
Present before birth; all subsequent follicle stages arise from these structures.
Term
follicular phase
Definition
Days 1-14 of the ovarian cycle
Term
The __________ of the uterine tube is the usual site of fertilization.
Definition
ampulla
Term
The __________ is the muscular layer of the uterus that contracts during childbirth to expel the baby from the mother's body.
Definition
myometrium
Term
cortical reaction
Definition
granules in the oocyte secrete enzymes that prevent any other sperm from binding to and entering the egg.
Term
Fundus
Definition
Rounded region of the uterus, superior to the entry of the uterine tubes.
Term
Mesometrium
Definition
Largest division of the broad ligament.
Term
Functional layer
Definition
undergoes cyclical changes in response to varying levels of hormones in the blood; is shed during menstruation.
Term
Endometrium
Definition
Contains uterine glands that change in length as the endometrium thins and thickens.
Term
Cervical canal
Definition
Contains glands that secrete mucus, which can block bacteria from vagina or block entry of sperm.
Term
Round ligaments
Definition
Bind the uterus to the anterior body wall.
Term
A female embryo has __________ ducts that will eventually become most of the female duct system.
Definition
paramesonephric
Term
The syncytiotrophoblast secretes which of the following substances at some point during pregnancy?
Definition
An enzyme that turns off the mother's T lymphocytes, which prevents her immune system from rejecting the fetus.
Term
Dr. Frisch argues that the most important organ for reproduction is:
Definition
the brain
Term
cervix
Definition
entrance to the uterus
Term
tunica vaginalis
Definition
covering of the testis
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