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Anatomy Final
respiratory system
56
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
05/10/2013

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Term
how many cartilages make up the framework of the larynx
Definition
9
Term
The pulmonary arteries branch along with the bronchial tree, generally lying _____ to the corresponding bronchi.
Definition
posterior
Term
larynx
Definition
air passageway; prevents food from entering the lower respiratory tract
Term
trachea
Definition
air passageway; filters, warms, and moistens incoming air
Term
pharynx
Definition
passageway for air and food
Term
nose
Definition
produces mucus; filters, warms, and moistens incoming air; resonance chambers for speech
Term
The lateral border of the nostril, the ala, is formed from what type of tissue?
Definition
dense fibrous connective tissue
Term
Epistaxis
Definition
a nasal hemorrhage.
Term
inspiration
Definition
the diaphragm and intercostal muscles increase thoracic volume, resulting in a decrease in pressure in the pleural cavity and in the lungs
Term
expiration
Definition
the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax and simultaneously decrease the volumes of the thorax and lungs, resulting in increased pressure within the lungs
Term
external respiration
Definition
exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air sacs
Term
internal respiration
Definition
exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and tissue cells
Term
bronchial asthma
Definition
type of allergic inflammation in people who are hypersensitive to irritants in the air, or to stress
Term
cystic fibrosis
Definition
inherited disease in which the functions of exocrine glands are disrupted throughout the body
Term
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Definition
condition in which the flow of air into and out of the lungs is difficult
Term
chronic bronchitis
Definition
condition in which inhaled irritants lead to a prolonged secretion of excess mucosa of the lower respiratory passages, and to inflammation and fibrosis of this mucosa
Term
Forced expiration
Definition
active process, produced by contraction of muscles in the abdominal wall, primarily the oblique and transversus abdominis muscles.
Term
tubal tonsil
Definition
lymphoid organ that provides the middle ear some protection against infections that may spread from the pharynx.
Term
paranasal sinus
Definition
mucosal-lined hollow cavity, which functions in lightening the skull
Term
bronchial tree
Definition
its walls contain a complete layer of smooth muscle; constriction of this muscle impedes expiration
Term
alveolus
Definition
its walls of simple squamous epithelium are underlain by a thin basement membrane
Term
lung
Definition
its stroma is fibrous elastic connective tissue, allowing passive recoil during expiration
Term
medulla oblongata
Definition
brain's most important respiratory center
Term
olfactory placode
Definition
thickened plate of ectoderm, which appears on each side of the future face by fetal week 4
Term
laryngotracheal bud
Definition
tubular outpocketing off the pharyngeal foregut from which lower respiratory organs develop
Term
olfactory pit
Definition
forms the nasal cavity, including the olfactory epithelium in its roof
Term
splanchnic mesoderm
Definition
gives rise to all other layers of the tracheal and bronchial walls (cartilage, smooth muscle, and all connective tissues)
Term
Within what respiratory structure does the epithelium change from stratified squamous to pseudostratified ciliated columnar?
Definition
The larynx
Term
Which structure is the last structure of the conducting zone of the respiratory tract?
Definition
Terminal bronchioles
Term
Central chemoreceptors are located in the
Definition
reticular formation of the medulla oblongata
Term
Surfactant
Definition
a slippery substance secreted in the lungs that reduces surface tension and prevents collapse of the alveoli.
Term
epiglottis
Definition
cartilaginous flap that prevents food or liquid from going into the lungs
Term
uvula
Definition
lifts superiorly while swallowing to close off the nasopharynx.
Term
lobule
Definition
The smallest subdivision of the lung that can be seen with the unaided eye
Term
Alveoli
Definition
the main sites of gas exchange.
Term
arytenoids
Definition
cartilage just superior to the cricoid cartilage, anchor the vocal folds.
Term
Tonsils
Definition
Respond to inhaled antigens; located in nasopharynx and oropharynx.
Term
Larynx
Definition
Air passageway; prevents food from entering lower respiratory tract; involved in voice production.
Term
Pleurae
Definition
Produce lubricating fluid and compartmentalize the thoracic cavity.
Term
Nasopharynx
Definition
Air passageway; continuous with the nasal cavity through the posterior nasal apertures; epithelium is pseudostratified ciliated columnar.
Term
Primary bronchi
Definition
Branch from the trachea at the level of T7 in living individuals; run obliquely through the mediastinum.
Term
rima glottidis
Definition
The medial opening between the right and left vocal folds
Term
alveolar macrophages
Definition
Remove tiny inhaled particles from the lungs
Term
Atelectasis
Definition
Collapse of a lung from airway obstruction or pleural effusion.
Term
Croup
Definition
Viral-induced inflammation that causes the air passageways to narrow; characterized by a cough that sounds like a barking dog.
Term
Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (SARS)
Definition
Respiratory infection caused by a new coronavirus; infections jumped from animal hosts to humans; identified in spring 2003.
Term
Obstructive emphysema
Definition
Characterized by permanent enlargement of the alveoli caused by deterioration of the alveolar walls; related to smoking.
Term
hilum
Definition
indentation on the mediastinal surface of each lung
Term
The proximal part of the laryngotracheal bud forms the
Definition
trachea
Term
Premature infants born before 26 weeks of gestation are severely threatened by respiratory distress syndrome resulting from inadequate production of
Definition
surfactant
Term
trachealis
Definition
The smooth muscle along the posterior surface of the trachea
Term
Which of the following changes that occurs along the airway from the trachea to the bronchioles is the most important for regulating the amount of air entering the alveoli?
Definition
Smooth muscle forms helical bands that wrap around smaller bronchi and bronchioles.
Term
What are the roles of the peripheral chemoreceptors of the respiratory system
Definition
They signal the respiratory center to increase the rate and depth of breathing when the blood is too acidic.
They sense falling concentrations of O2 or rising levels of CO2 .
Term
What is the function of type II cells in the alveolar walls
Definition
secrete surfactant.
Term
In blowing out a candle, which respiratory muscles would you be using
Definition
Primarily external and internal oblique muscles and the transversus abdominis
Term
As inspiratory muscles relax, the diaphragm moves superiorly. Simultaneously, what other event occurs?
Definition
Volumes of the thorax and lungs decrease, which increases pressure and pushes the air out.
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