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Anatomy Final Lecture
Dr. Taylor Baylor University
145
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
04/30/2012

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Term
Arachnoid villi are related to the choroid plexuses in the same way that ???? Is related to the ciliary body
Definition
Canal of schlemm
Term
Sensation
Definition
body's awareness of a change in its environment
Term
preception
Definition
concious awareness of a sensation (pain, hearing, smell or touch)
Term
General senses
Definition
stimulation of receptors widespread over the body
Term
Special senses
Definition
stimulation of receptors in a localized area (vision, hearing, taste, smell)
Term
Sensory receptor
Definition
specialized cell or neuron ending that responds (depolarizes) when there is a change in the environment
Term
Transduction
Definition
ability of a receptor to convert a stimulus into a nerve impulse
Term
Adaptation
Definition
receptor becomes less responsive to a stimulus (you don't always feel your clothes rubbing)
Term
afterimage
Definition
perception of a stimulus after it no longer exists
Term
Phasic receptors
Definition
adapt rapidly and senses go through phases, they make you aware of changes
Term
Tonic receptors
Definition
adapt slowly or not at all, they provide constant reminder of tissue damage or body position
Term
Exteroceptors
Definition
respond to stimuli from outside the body; exist near the body's surface (skin or mucous membranes)
Term
Interoceptors
Definition
respond to stimuli inside the dorsal or ventral cavity
Term
Proprioceptors
Definition
respond to stretch and exist in tendons, muscles, moints and inner ear
Term
Chemoreceptors
Definition
respond to chemicals, large arteries of the thorax, neck and brain, regulates blood chemistry, are tonic receptors
Term
Mechanoreceptors
Definition
responds to mechanical forces. Include tactile and barorecptors and proprioceptors
Term
Tactile receptors
Definition
respond to tension and pressure in the skin, phasic
Term
baroreceptors
Definition
respond to stretch in blood vessel walls
Term
proprioceptors
Definition
responds to stretch in tendons
Term
Nociceptors
Definition
pain
Term
osmoreceptors
Definition
in the hypothalamus and respond to osmotic pressure changes in the blood or CSF; are tonic
Term
photoreceptors
Definition
respond to light and include rods and cones in the retina of the eye
Term
Thermoreceptors
Definition
free nerve endings that respond to change in temperature
Term
Spatial discrimination
Definition
also called a projection, the ability of the brain to pinpoint the location of a stimulus
Term
Pain sensations
Definition
nociceptors are present in all tissues except the brian but the brain is the site of pain perception. Diencephalon perceives most types of pain
Term
Acute pain
Definition
sudden and sharp, duration is short and impulses travela long class A axons
Term
Chronic pain
Definition
throbbing and recurring pain (headache or arthritis) impulses travel along class C axons
Term
Somatic pain
Definition
in the skin, muscles or joints
Term
Superficial pain
Definition
in the epidermis or mucous membrane, most are acute
Term
Deep pain
Definition
in the dermis, hypodermis, skeletal muscles or joints. Long duration and suggests damage in deep tissues
Term
Visceral pain
Definition
occurs when stimuation of nociceptors in the thorax and abdomen occurs. Impulses may share ascending tracts with impulses from somatic nociceptors. (a person having a heart attack and feeling pain in the left arm)
Term
Referred pain
Definition
brain receives an impulse and projects pain somewhere else
Term
Phantom pain
Definition
perception of pain in a structure that no longer exists
Term
Tongue papillae
Definition
bumps on the tongue that have taste buds, or groups of taste cells
Term
Sustenacular cells
Definition
also supporting cells, arise from basal cells, exists in taste buds as taste receptors
Term
Sweetness is determined
Definition
tip of the tongue
Term
sourness is determined
Definition
sides of the tongue
Term
saltiness is determined
Definition
tip of the tongue
Term
bitterness is determined
Definition
back of the tongue
Term
Unami
Definition
amino acids, peptides and polypeptides
Term
Bowmans gland
Definition
lamina propria and secretes mucus onto the surface..same as the olfactory gland
Term
Mitral cells
Definition
neuronst hat conduct impulses to the olfactory cortex
Term
Granule cells
Definition
inhibit the activity of mitral cells, (why strong odor becomes less noticeable as time passes)
Term
Photoreceptors
Definition
receptors int he eyes that respond to light energy. impulses conducted through teh optic nerves pass to tracts that lead to the occipital lobes where perception of light occurs
Term
The eye consists of
Definition
3 layers, a lens and two major fluid filled chambers
Term
Fibrous tunic
Definition
outer layer of the eye, consists of dense fibrous connective tissue.
Term
Sclera
Definition
white part of the eye that covers all but the anterior surface (avascular and provides a tough protective layer for internal components)
Term
Cornea
Definition
transparent anterior portion of the eye that allows light to enter the eye. it is continuous with the sclera
Term
Vascular tunic
Definition
deep to the sclera and has a rich supply of blood vessles that supplies oxygen and nutrients to the fibrous and nervous tunics. Most of it consists of the choroid coat which contains melanocytes. Melanin absorbs the light that enters the eye nad prevents excessive light scattering
Term
CIliary body
Definition
smooth muscular ring that alters the shape of the lens
Term
Ora serrata
Definition
posterior jagged boundary of the ciliary body
Term
Iris
Definition
consists of 2 groups of smooth muscle, regulates the amount of light reaching the posterior part of the eye by controlling the diameter of an opening called the pupil
Term
Sphincter (circular) muscle
Definition
in the iris and encircles the pupil
Term
Dilator (radial) muscle
Definition
has fibers that radiate outward fromt he sphincter muscle. When it contracts, the pupil dilates, it receives impulses from the parasympathetic axons in the oculomotor nerve
Term
Nervous tunic
Definition
also called the retina, inner coat of the eye
Term
Pigmented layer
Definition
outer nonsensory portion next ot the choroid coat
Term
neural layer
Definition
inner portion of the retina and contains specailzie dneurons, does not cover the iris
Term
Macula lutea
Definition
lateral to the optic disc and is yellow oval region, has the fovea centralis at the center.
Term
Rods
Definition
95% of vision, noncolor, rhodopsin (scotopsin and reintal) bleaches light, regenerates slowly, dark adaptation is slow
Term
Cones
Definition
5%, color, fovea centralis, idopsin, red blue and green, regenerates rapidly
Term
Bipolar cells
Definition
synapse with photoreceptors. Increases spatial summation
Term
Palpebrae
Definition
protects the eye from foreign particles and dehydration. Areolar connetive tissue and a tarsal plate! Consisting of dense tissue. Tarsal plate provides firm structure.
Term
Levator palpebrae
Definition
elevates the upper eyelid
Term
Media canthus
Definition
upper and lower eyelids come together meidally; lateral canthus llaterally
Term
Lacriminal caruncle
Definition
in the medial canthus and contains sebaceous and sweat glands that secrete white fluid during sleep
Term
Epicanthic fold
Definition
covers the medial canthus and obscurse the lacriminal caruncle in asians
Term
Ciliary glands
Definition
modified sweat glands that secrete a lubricating fluid into the eyelash follicle
Term
Tarsal glands
Definition
large sebaceous glands that prevent the eyelids from stickling together
Term
bulbar conjuctiva
Definition
covers the anterior surface of the sclera but not the cornea
Term
Palpebral conjunctiva
Definition
lines the inner surface of the eyelids
Term
Lacrimal puncta
Definition
where tears drain into from the eye
Term
Lacrimal canals
Definition
tears pass through it after the puncta and into the nasolacrimal duct
Term
Refraction
Definition
processes as ight passes through the cornea and its waves bend
Term
Lens accommodation
Definition
making te lens more round due to the contraction of the ciliary muscle
Term
Near point of vision
Definition
closest distance that a person can focus an object clearly
Term
Far point of vision
Definition
minimum distance away in which the lens does not need to accomodate
diameter increases as objects get closer
Term
Convergence
Definition
if objects move closer, the eyes rotate medially
Term
Saccades
Definition
when eyes move in jerky matter
Term
Electromagnetic (radiant) energy
Definition
tiny packets of energy (photons) travel through space in waves
Term
Longest to shortest wavelengths in color
Definition
ROY-G-BIV
Term
Bleaching
Definition
when light strikes a photopigment and the pigment undergoes a structural change - retinal and opsin separate
Term
Myopia
Definition
near sightedness. bottom number gerater
Term
Soudn
Definition
air vibrations the ear can convert to nerve impulses that the brain can perceive
Term
Transudction
Definition
conversion of a stimulus to an impulse, allows the brain to perceive the vibrations of sound
Term
Pinna or auricle
Definition
fleshy appendage on the side of the head that reflects sound vibrations into the external auditory meatus, made of elastic cartilage
Term
Tympanum
Definition
eardrum, where sound vibrations go through after the auditory meatus
Term
air conduction
Definition
occurs as sound waves move through the external ear
Term
Ceruminous glands
Definition
line the meatus and secrete wax, helps waterproof the meatus and repeal small insects
Term
Ear ossicles
Definition
connect the typanum to inner ear; are responsible for bone conduction of sound
Term
Malleus
Definition
hammer, transmites vibrations from tympanum to middle ossicle
Term
Incus
Definition
anvil transmits vibrations to the medial ossicle
Term
Stapes
Definition
stirrup, causes vibrations to inner ear
Term
Eustachian
Definition
or auditory tube, connects the pharynx to middle ear used to equalize pressure
Term
Tensor tympani muscle
Definition
connects the wall of the auditory tube to the malleus
Term
Stapedius muscle
Definition
smallest, connects the stapes to the wall of the middle ear cavity
Term
Bony labyrinth
Definition
series of cave-like compartments and tubes in the temporal bone includes semicircular canal, vestibule and cochlea
Term
Membranous Labyrinth
Definition
membrane bound series of tubes and sacs in the bony labyrinth
Includes semicircular ducts, utricle, saccule and cochlear duct
Term
Perilymph
Definition
watery fluid that fills the space between the two labyrinths
Term
Endolymph
Definition
fills the membranous labyrinth
Term
Ampulla
Definition
inside each canal is a semicircular duct and at the base of the duct is an ampulla
The duct and the ampulla are both filled with endolymphs
Term
Crista ampullaris
Definition
sensory structure in each ampulla
Term
Cupula
Definition
contained in the hairlike projections inside the cristae
Term
What is in the vestibule
Definition
the utricle and saccule
Term
macula in a saccule
Definition
orients vertically, responds to up and down units
Term
macula Utricle
Definition
responds to horizontally
Term
otoliths
Definition
inside the macula. Tiny calcium carbonate cyrstals
Term
Otolithic membrane
Definition
gelatinous material and otoliths together
Term
Cochlear duct
Definition
also the scala media, membranous tube that divides the cochlea into 3 chambesr
Term
Scala vestibuli
Definition
superior canal
Term
Cochlear duct
Definition
middle canal
Term
Scala tympani
Definition
inferior canal
Term
Vestibular membrane
Definition
separates the vestibuli form cochlear duct
Term
Basilar membrane
Definition
separates the cochlear duct from the scala tympani
Term
Helicotrema
Definition
where the vestibuli and the tympani contain perilymph and connect to each other
Term
organ of corti
Definition
spiral organ. located in the cochlear duct resting on the basilar membrane. Contains sensory receptors for hearing and supporting and hair cells along with the tectorial membrane
Term
Oval window
Definition
where the stapes connect to the scala vestibuli
Term
Round window
Definition
at the end of the scala tympani
Term
Sound frequency
Definition
measured in hertz, refers to the number of wave peaks that pass during a given time
Term
sound wavelength
Definition
refers to the distance between peaks
Term
Sound pitch
Definition
relates to frequency
Term
Long sound waves
Definition
low frequency (bass)
Term
Short sound waves
Definition
high frequency (treble)
Term
Amplitude
Definition
intensity or volume, measured in decible,s measure the wave's height
Term
High frequency is heard near
Definition
the spiral organ
Term
Low frequency is heard
Definition
at the helicotrema
Term
High intensity vibrations stimulate
Definition
a large number of hair cells
Term
Static equilibrium
Definition
relates to the head's position relative to the ground and when the body moves in a straight line, maculae within the saccule and utricle help maintain.
Term
Dynamic equilibrium
Definition
relates to the angular movements, (spinning, turning, flipping) associated with semicircular canals, causes endolymph to move
Term
Mitochondria
Definition
aerobic ATP production
Term
Endoplasmic reticulum
Definition
lipid synthesis, forms transport vesicles
Term
Golgi complex
Definition
sorting and packaging of molecules for export
Term
Vesicles
Definition
storage, digestion and transport
Term
Lysosomes
Definition
digestion
Term
Peroxisomes
Definition
neutralize toxic substances
Term
Centrioles
Definition
unknown, but associated with centrosome which synthesizes microtubules
Term
Ribosomes
Definition
protein synthesis
Term
Leaky channels
Definition
function like hollow pipes, allowing ions to diffuse through continuously. Examples (Na+ into the cell, K out of the cell)
Term
Desmosome
Definition
spot welding, cadherin
Term
Tight junctions
Definition
nothing passes through, occludins
Term
Gap junctions
Definition
connexons , allows thing to go from one cytoplasm to another
Term
Glandular epithelium
Definition
forms glands ot secrete
Term
Endocrine galnds
Definition
secrete hormones
Term
exocrine glands
Definition
expell things outside of the body
Term
Vitamin D synthesis
Definition
UV --> dehydrocholestoerol --> cholecalciferol (or D3) --> into the liver turns into calcidiol which goes into calcitriol in the kidneys
Term
stages of deep wounds
Definition
inflammation, proliferation and remodeling
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