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Anatomy exam 3 Joints of Lower Extremity
Joints of Lower Extremity
88
Anatomy
Graduate
09/06/2016

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Term
patellofemoral joint
-what are the articulating surfaces?
Definition
posterior articulating surface of the patella and patellar surface of the femur
Term
knee joint
-what kind of joint
-name the articulations
Definition
-composite joint, "HINGE"
-2 femorotibial articulations and a femoropatellar articulation
Term
stability of the knee relies on
Definition
-muscles, esepecially quadriceps femoris
-ligaments of femur & tibia
Term
bursae on the convex surface of the patella
Definition
-subcutaneous pre-patellar bursae
-infra patellar bursae
Term
4 bursae that communicate with the articular cavity of the knee
Definition
-suprapatellar bursa*( deep to distal quadriceps)
-popliteus bursa
-anserine bursa
-gastrocnemius bursa.
Term
articularis genu
-where located?
-function
Definition
-deep to vastus intermedius
-retracts suprapatellar bursa during kne extention
Term
housemaid's knee
-aka
-cause?
-manifestation
Definition
-prepatellar bursitis
-caused by friction between skin and patella
-distended bursa may form a swollen anterior knee
Term
fibrous layer of the knee joint capsule
-superiorly, posteriorly, superiorly, anteriorly
Definition
superiorly: attaches to the femur
posteriorly: encloses the condyles and intercondylar fossa, with opening for the POLITEUS tendon
-inferiorly: attaches to the articular surface of tibia
-anteriorly: continuous with the quadriceps tendon, patella, and patellar ligament
Term
internal synovial membrane of the knee
-attaches to
Definition
-all internal aspects of the fibrous capsule
-periphery of the patella
-edges of the menisci
Term
ligaments reinforcing the capsule of the knee joint
Definition
-4 intrinsic ligaments:collateral, cruciate, popliteal & patellar
-1 extra capsular ligament: fibular collateral ligament
Term
medial and lateral retinicula to the patella
-what are they?
-where do they come from?
-what do they do?
Definition
-aponeurotic expansions from vastus medialis and lateralis
-attach to the patellar ligament
-maintain alignment of the patella
Term
medial collateral ligament of the knee
-where is it?
-what does it protect against?
Definition
-on tibia side
-prevents knee abduction
-from the medial epicondyle of femur to medial condyle of tibia, with some deep fibers attached to the medial meniscus
Term
lateral collateral ligament
--where is it?
-what does it protect against?
Definition
-on the fibular side
-prevents knee adduction
-from the lateral epicondyle of femur to the lateral surface of head of fibula
-separated from the meniscus by the tendon of the politeus
Term
lateral collateral ligament in relation to biceps femoris
Definition
LCL splits the tendon of biceps femoris into 2 parts .
Term
oblique popliteal ligament in the knee
-where is it & what does it do?
Definition
-expansion of the tendon of semimembranosus
-strengthens the joint capsule posteriorly
Term
Arcuate popliteal ligament of knee
--where is it? what path does it take?
Definition
-from the posterior aspect of fibular head , passes superomedially over the tendon of popliteus and spreads over the posterior aspect of the knee joint
Term
Oblique popliteal ligament & arcuate popliteal ligament of the knee
- where are they located?
-what do they do?
Definition
located posteriorly to strengthen joint capsule
Term
Intra-articular structures of Knee Joint
Definition
-Cruciate ligaments (ACL, PCL)
-Menisci (medial, lateral)
-tendon of popliteus
Term
acl
-attachments
Definition
anterior cruciate ligament
-anteriorly to the tibia
-posteriorly to the intercondylar fossa of femur
Term
pcl
-attachments
Definition
posterior cruciate ligament
-anteriorly to the medial wall of the intercondylar fossa of femur
-posteriorly to the intercondylar area of the tibia-
Term
acl functions
Definition
ligament prevents anterior displacement of tibia relative to the femur
Term
pcl funcions
Definition
restricts the posterior displacement of tibia relative to the femur.
Term
MENISCI
-shape and composition
Definition
intra-articular fibrocartilagenous C-shaped structures
Term
coronary ligaments
Definition
attach the margins of the menisci to the tibial condyles .
Term
lateral and medial menisci are connected via the...
Definition
transverse ligament
Term
why is the medial meniscus more frequently injured than the lateral meniscus?
Definition
it is attached to the medial collateral ligament
Term
the posterior meniscofemoral ligament
Definition
joins the lateral meniscus to PCL and the medial femoral condyle
Term
knee joint surfaces become larger and more stable in what position?
Definition
extension
Term
knee locking mechanism basics
Definition
-as the knee approached extension, articulating surfaces become broader and more stable
-femur medially rotated on the tibia for locking
-popliteus muscle unlocks the knee by initiating the lateral rotation of femur on tibia.
Term
the body's center of gravity relative to the knee joint
Definition
vertical line that passes anterior to the knee joint
Term
how the facets of the patella articulate with the femur
Definition
inferior facet - extension
middle facet - slight flexion
superior facet - flexion
Term
arteries of the knee
Definition
-5 genicular branches from popliteal artery
-Descending br. of lateral femoral circumflex artery
Term
5 genicular branches from popliteal artery
Definition
-superior medial
-superior lateral
-middle
-inferior medial
-inferior lateral
Term
Nerves of the knee joint
Definition
femoral, obturator, tibial & common fibular
Term
Q-angle
Definition
-between long axis of femur (line of pull of quadriceps)
-and long axis of patellar tendon (line of pull of patellar tendon & tibia)
Term
Normal value of Q-angle
Definition
~12° in males & ~16° in females
Term
genu valgum
-what is it?
common associated pathology
Definition
aka knock knees
more than normal Q angle
-advanced osteoporosis
Term
genu varum
what is it?
common associated pathology
Definition
bow legs
less than normal q angle
-rickets, osteonmalacia, osteoporosis
Term
anterior drawer sign
Definition
acl rupture
Free tibia slides forward when leg pulled
Term
posterior drawer sign
Definition
-pcl rupture
-Free tibia slides backward when leg is pushed
Term
SUPERIOR TIBIOFIBULAR JOINT
-type of joint
Definition
-Plane gliding Synovial joint
--moves upward during dorsiflexion
Term
superior tibiofibular joint
-strengthened by
Definition
anterior & posterior ligaments of head of fibula
Term
INFERIOR TIBIOFIBULAR JOINT
-joint type
-formed by
Definition
-Syndesmosis
-interosseous tibiofibular ligament only
Term
most important movement of the inferior tibiofibular joint
Definition
separation of distal tibia & fibula by trochlea of talus during dorsiflexion
Term
fracture of talar neck may occur with
Definition
Severe dorsiflexion
Term
most frequently fractures tarsal bone
Definition
calcaneus
Term
cuboid bone has a groove for the...
Definition
fibularis longus
Term
forced inversion of the foot may cause avulsion fracture of...
Definition
Tuberosity of 5th metatarsal
-by the fibularis brevis
Term
foot joints involved in Inversion & Eversion of foot
Definition
Intertarsal: subtalar, talocalcaneo-navicular, calcaneocuboid
Term
foot joints involved in Flexion & Extension of toes
Definition
- Metatarsophalangeal
- Interphalangeal
Term
foot joints involved in Abduction & Adduction of toes
Definition
- Metatarsophalangeal
- Interphalangeal
Term
foot joints involved in Circumduction of toes
Definition
- Metatarsophalangeal
- Interphalangeal
Term
ankle joint
-aka
-main motions
Definition
talocrural joint
-hinge - dorsiflexion and plantar flexion
Term
ankle joint
-aka
-what is is betweem?
Definition
-talocrural joint
-between inferior ends of tibia and fibula and above the trochlea of the talus
Term
fibrous capsule of the ankle reinforced by
Definition
-deltoid(medial collateral)
-lateral collateral ligament
Term
deltoid ligament of the ankle - parts
Definition
from medial malleolus to
-Posterior tibiotalar
-Tibiocalcaneal
-Tibionavicular
-Anterior tibiotalar
Term
which part of the lateral ligament of the ankle if most commonly torn?
Definition
anterior talofibular ligament
Term
parts of the lateral ligament of the ankle
Definition
from lateral malleolus
-anterior talofibular ligament
-calcaneofibular ligament
-posterior talofibular ligament
Term
ankle joint is most stable in which position?
why?
Definition
dorsiflexed
(trochlea of talus is wider anteroiorly
Term
arteries of the ankle joint
Definition
-fibular artery - lateral
-posterior tibial artery - medial
-anterior tibial artery -> dorsalis pedis
Term
nerves of the ankle joint
Definition
Branches from tibial and deep fibular nerves
Term
ligaments often affected in ankle sprain
Definition
-anterior talofibular ligament most often
-sometimes calcaneofibular ligament
Term
Pott’s fracture
Definition
-foot is forcibly everted
-tear of medial ligament or avulsion of medial malleolus
Term
Fibular fracture
Definition
-with excessive inversion of foot
-Avulsion of lateral malleolus or tear of lateral ligament
Term
Subtalar joint -aka -movements
Definition
Talocalcaneal -inversion and eversion
Term
subtalar joint
type of joint
Definition
-plane joint
Term
sutalar joint
-supported by
Definition
-supported by medial, lateral, posterior & interosseus talocalcaneal ligaments
Term
Transverse Tarsal Joint
-made up of
Definition
Compound joint:
-Talonavicular joint (ball & socket) / Part of talocalcaneonavicular joint
-Calcaneocuboid joint (plane)
Term
Transverse Tarsal Joint
-movements
Definition
with inversion & eversion of foot
Term
Transverse Tarsal Joint
-supporting structures
Definition
-Dorsal & plantar* Calcaneocuboid ligaments
-Long plantar ligament
-Plantar calcaneonavicular (spring) ligament
Term
clubfoot
-joints involved
Definition
Involves subtalar & transverse tarsal joint
Term
clubfoot
-muscles involved, how?
Definition
tightness of tendons of long extensors
Term
CLUBFOOT
-manifestations
Definition
plantarflexion, inversion, & forefoot adduction
Term
Metatarsophalangeal joint
-joint type
-actions
Definition
-condylar joint
-flexion, extension
-adduction and abduction of toes
Term
interphalangeal joint of foot
-joint type
-actions
Definition
hinge joint
-flexion extension
Term
Hallux valgus
Definition
degenerative disease of 1st MTP joint
-enlarged head of 1st metatarsal
-deviation of big toe at MPT joint
-bunions and corns develop
Term
arches of the foot
Definition
-medial longitudinal arch
-lateral longitudinal arch
-transverse arch
Term
medial longitudinal arch
-made up of...
Definition
-made up of Calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuneiforms, 1st, 2nd & 3rd metatarsals
-talar head is the keystone of medial longitudinal arch
Term
medial longitudinal arch
-function
Definition
-shock absorption and propulsion
Term
lateral longitudinal arch
-made up of
-function
Definition
-Calcaneus, cuboid, 4th & 5th metatarsals
-support function
Term
Transverse Arch
-made up of
Definition
-Cuboid, cuneiforms & bases of metatarsals
-Support & shock absorption
Term
muscles involved in maintaining the arch of the foot
Definition
-intrinsic plantar muscles
-tibialis anterior
-tibialis posterior
-flexor hallucis longus
-flexor digitorum longus
-fibularis longus
Term
ligamentus tissue supporting the arch of the foor
Definition
plantar aponeurosis
long plantar ligament
short plantar ligament
plantar calcaneonavicular ligament
Term
flat feet
-aka
Definition
pes planus
Term
acquired flat feet results from
Definition
dysfunction of tibialis posterior
-displacement off talar head
-weight gain, old age, standing
Term
gait cycle
-phases
Definition
-stance phase - 60% of the cycle
-swing phase - 40% of the cycle
Term
stance phase of gait cycle
-parts with associated muscles
Definition
1. heel strike(glut. max. & tib. ant.)
2. flat foot (quadriceps femoris)
3. mid-stance (triceps surae)
4. toe-off (rectus femoris)
Term
swing phase of gait cycle
-parts with associated muscles
Definition
1. knee flexion (hamstrings)
2. hip flexion (iliopsoas)
3. knee extension (quadriceps femoris)
4. ankle dorsiflexion (tib. ant.)
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