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Anatomy Exam 2
Anatomy Exam 2 Notes
169
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
03/04/2013

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Term
Name the 7 functions of the skeletal system?
Definition
1. Protection
2. Supports
3. Movement/ Locomotion
4. Mineral Storage
5. Produces Blood
6. Energy Storage
7. Hormone Production
Term
What hormone is produced by bone tissue?
Definition
Osteocalcin
Term
Name the 4 types of bone cells?
Definition
1. Osteoprogenitor
2. Osteblast
3. Osteocyte
4. Osteoclasts
Term
What is Osteoprogenitor and where is it found and what does it do?
Definition
It is a type of bone cell
Stem Cells
It is found in the periosteum and endosteum
It is mitotic
Term
What is Osteblast, where is it found and what does it do?
Definition
It is a type of bone cell
Responsible for bone growth
located and trapped in matrix and matures into osteocytes
it secretes unminerilized bone matrix, like collagen, calcium binding proteins and turns into osteoid
Mitotic
Term
What is an Osteocyte, where is it found and what does it do?
Definition
it is a type of bone cell
it is a mature osteoblast and no longer secrets matrix but it now regulates cell activity
Non-mitotic
Term
What is an Osteoclast, where is it found and what does it do?
Definition
a type of bone cell that is multinucleated
it purpose is to break down bone matrix to get calcium
Comes from Monocytes
secretes enzymes(break down the proteins) and acid in order to release Ca++ into the bloodstream
the bone resorbing cell
Term
Monocytes are what?
Definition
white blood cells
Term
Name the 4 types of bone based on morphologies
Definition
1. Long Bone
2. Short Bone
3. Flat Bone
4. Irregular bone
Term
Example of a long bone?
Definition
Femur
Term
Example of a short bone?
Definition
Metacarpals
Term
Example of a flat bone?
Definition
Bones of the skull
Term
Example of an Irregular bone
Definition
Vertebrae
Term
What are the main characteristics of compact bone?
Definition
Fundamental unit is Osteon (Haversion System)
35% made of collagen in order to give the bone flexability
1/2 stong as steel in compression
equally as strong in resistance
Term
Osteon structures?
Definition
Lamella
Lacuna
Volkman's Canal
Canaliculli
Term
What does the Lamella do and where is it located?
Definition
it is the bone matrix ring, concentric and interstitial
in an Osteon, in compact bone
Term
What is Lacuna, what does it do and where is it located?
Definition
The space containing the osteocyte
in Osteon in compact bone
Term
What is a Volkman's Canal, where is it found and what does it do?
Definition
Connects blood vessels horizontally in Osteon
Term
What is a Canaliculli and where is it found?
Definition
It is a miscroscopic canal for oxygen and nutrients to the Osteon in compact bone
Term
What are the patterns of ossification in Large and Small Long Bones and Short Bones?
Definition
Large Long Bones have 2 ossification centers
Small Long Bones have 1 ossification center
Short Bones DO NOT have an epiphyses
Term
What are the starting material of Intramembranous Ossification? and what bone type?
Definition
Mesenchyme
Flat and Irregular
Term
What is the starting material of Endochondrial Ossification and what bone type?
Definition
Hylaine cartilage
Long/Short
Term
what is the Epiphyseal plate?
Definition
The zone of resting cartilage (aka Epiphyseal plate/growth plate)
Term
Process of Epiphyseal Plate growth
Definition
1. Zone of mitotic cartilage expands the plate
2. Zone of hypertrophy where the cells enlarge
3. Zone of calcified matrix is invaded by OP,OB, and OC and the cartilage is turned to bone
4. Ossification zone= New bone
Term
Intramembranous Ossification
Definition
starting material is Mesenchyme and makes Flat Irregular bones, does not have cartilage so not as large/strong as others made by Endochondrial Ossification
1 of 2 types of fetal development of bones
Term
Endochondrial Ossification
Definition
1 of 2 types of fetal development of bones
Starting material is Hylaine Cartialge and it makes up Long/short bones
Term
Name the 5 structures in a Long Bones
Definition
1. Epiphysis
2. Diaphysis
3. Red and yellow bone marrow
4. Periosteum
5. Endosteum
Term
What is the function of an epiphysis in a long bone?
Definition
articulates with other bones here ; allows a bone to increase its diameter during periods of growth, contains the epipyseal plate for growth
Term
What is the function of Diaphysis in a long bone?
Definition
Long shaft of long bone
Term
What is the function of Red and yellow bone marrow in a long bone?
Definition
Red blood cells, platelets and most white blood cells arise in red marrow; some white blood cells develop in yellow marrow. The color of yellow marrow is due to the much higher number of fat cells. Both types of bone marrow contain numerous blood vessels and capillaries
Term
What is the function of a Periosteum in a long bone?
Definition
dense layer of vascular connective tissue enveloping the bones except at the surfaces of the joints.
Term
What is the function of Endosteum in a long bone?
Definition
vascular membrane that lines the inner surface of long bones
Term
Describe the processes of intrammbranous Ossification
Definition
a sheet of dense fibrous connective tissue; stem cells differentiate into osteoblasts which begin laying down bone matrix in a spongy bone pattern to replace the fibrous membrane model; several such centers of ossification expand until they meet and fuse; eventually the entire structure matures to have compact bone on the outer surface and spongy bone in the interior
Term
Describe the Process of Endochondrial Ossification?
Definition
a mass of dense fibrous connective tissue; stem cells differentiate into chondroblasts which begin laying down hyaline cartilage matrix in a pattern to replace the fibrous connective tissue model; then osteoclasts and blood vessels penetrate the cartilage while other stem cells follow and differentiate into osteoblasts which begin laying down bone matrix in a spongy bone pattern to replace the cartilage model; several such centers of ossification expand until they meet and fuse; eventually the entire structure matures to have compact bone on the outer surface and to have spongy bone and possibly a marrow space in the interior.
Term
Why do bones have projections, depressions, and openings?
Definition
for sites of muscle attachment, ligament, tendon, joint surfaces, and conduits for nerves and blood vessels
Term
List and Describe the steps of bone healing?
Definition
1. Hematoma forms
2. Fibrocartilaginous Callus Forms
3. Bony Callus Forms
4. Bone remodeling Occurs
Term
What cells are needed during each step of bone healing?
Definition
1. Areolar connective tissue, Red Blood Cells, and White Blood Cells
2. Chondroblasts and Fibroblasts
3. Ostoeblasts and Osteoclats
4. Same as step 3
Term
What is Distraction Osteogenesis and what are the steps of the process/
Definition
Purposely breaking the bones to regrow them to the longer/taller
Term
Name and describe the steps for Distraction Osteogenesis?
Definition
1. Corticotomy- where you fracture the bone into segments and then move them apart
2. New bone forms in the gap
3. Consolidation phase allows the bone to heal
Term
What is the medical purposes of Distraction Osteogenesis?
Definition
Correct jaw deformities, adds height
Term
What are the 3 main functions of the axial skeleton?
Definition
1. Forms longitudinal axis of the body
2. Supports the head/neck/ and trunk
3. Protects the brain, spinal cord, and organs of the thorax
Term
What are the 5 main bones of the Axial skeleton?
Definition
1. Skull
2. Hyoid Bone
3. Ribs
4. Vertebra
5. Ear Ossicles
Term
What are the 6 types of cranial bones?
Definition
1. Frontal
2. Parietal
3. Occipital
4. Temporal
5. Sphenoid
6. Ethmoid
Term
How many total cranial bones are there?
Definition
8
Term
Which of the cranial bones have more then 1?
Definition
Temporal and Parietal
Term
What are the 8 facial bones?
Definition
1. Mandible
2. Vomer
3. Maxilla
4. Palatine
5. Zygomtic
6. Lacrimal
7. Nasal
8. Inferior Nasal Concha
Term
How many total facial bones are there?
Definition
14
Term
What are the 5 main functions of the skull?
Definition
1. Framework of the face
2. Cavities for special sense organs of sight, hearing, taste, and smell
3. Openings for air and food passage
4. Secure the teeth
5. Anchor the facial muscles of expression
Term
What bone does not articulate with any other bone in the body?
Definition
The Hyoid Bone
Term
What are Ear Ossicles, what structure do they derive from and what is their function?
Definition
They act a lever to amplify and transmit sound waves
Develop from the 1st and 2nd pharyngeal arches
Malleus (hammer)
Stapes (stirrup)
Incus (anvil)
Term
What are the 5 types of vertebrae?
Definition
Cervical
Thoratic
Lumbar
Sacrum
Coccyx
Term
How many of each of the 5 types of vertebra are there?
Definition
Cervical-7
Thoracic- 12
Lumbar-5
Sacrum-5 fused into 1
Coccyx- 4 fused into 1
Term
Which 2 of the 5 vertebras are fused?
Definition
Sacrum and Coccyx
Term
What are the structures of the Cervical Vertebrae?
Definition
Foramine (holes) in transverse process
-Atlas (C1) supierior articular facet, the occipital condyle sit in, this holds the head
-Axis has an Odontoid process (dens) that allows to head to pivot and DOES NOT have a transerve foramina
Term
What are the structures of the Thoracic Vertebrae?
Definition
the Spinous Process in angled inferiorly
the Body is heart shaped
All articulate with Ribs
Term
What are the structures of the Lumbar Vertebrae?
Definition
The spinous process is short and hatchet shaped
Term
What are the structures of the Sacrum?
Definition
5 fused vertebrae
triangular shaped bone with sacrial forrena
Term
What are the structures of the Coccyx?
Definition
4 fused vertebrae
beak shaped with No holes
Term
fontanelles
Definition
an obvious curving in of the "soft spot" in an infant's head.
Term
What is the Anterior Fontanelles?
Definition
is the largest fontanelle, and is placed at the junction of the sagittal suture, coronal suture, and frontal suture;
The fontanelle allows the skull to deform during birth to ease its passage through the birth canal and for expansion of the brain after birth.
Term
Describe the features of a skull of a newborn, why is it that way?
Definition
They have Anterior Fontanelles
In order to be able to pass through the birth canal safely and allow the brain to expand and develop right
Term
What does the lumbar curve begin to develop in infants?
Definition
When they begin to walk
Term
The spine of infants is originally like what?
Definition
convex from posterior
primary curvature
Term
As an infant begins to hold up it's head what develops?
Definition
The cervical portion becomes concave from posterior
secondary curvature
Term
How many pairs of true ribs are there? and what kind of catilage?
Definition
7
individual costal cartilage
Term
How many false ribs are there? and what kind of cartilage?
Definition
3
shared coastal cartilage
Term
How many pairs of floating robs are there and what kind of catilage?
Definition
2
None
Term
What are the structures of the ribs that articulate with the structures on thoracic vertebrae?
Definition
The head of the ribs articulate with the superior and inferior costal facet
Tubercle of rib articulates with transverse costal facet
Term
Define appendicular skeleton
Definition
the part of the skeleton that includes the pectoral girdle and the pelvic girdle and the upper and lower limbs.
Term
What bones are in the pectoral girdle and pelvic girdle?
Definition
ilium, pubis and ischium
Term
How do you tell the difference between a male and female pelvis?
Definition
Female pelvic regions are more circular and the pelvic bone is smaller and wider. Male pelvic cavities, in contrast, are not as shallow.
Term
Define Joint?
Definition
Articulations between bones, this is also the weakest part of the skeleton
Term
What is Arthrology?
Definition
The study of Joints
Term
What is Orthopedics?
Definition
the branch of medicine that deals with muscles, bones, and joints
Term
What are the 2 classifications of joints?
Definition
Structural and Functions
Term
What are the 2 functions of joints?
Definition
Mobility and Cohesion
Term
How many bones come together at the hip joint?
Definition
4 total
pelvis = 3
and femur = 1
Term
What are the 3 subcategories of Structural Joints?
Definition
1. Fibrous
2. Catilaginous
3. Synovial
Term
Fibrous Joints description
Definition
made of dense connective tissue
regular and irregular dense connective tissue
Term
Cartilaginous Joint description?
Definition
made of hyaline and fibrocartilage
Term
Synovial Joint Description
Definition
has a synovial membrane which secretes synovial fluid
Term
What are the 3 types of Functional Joints?
Definition
1. Synartharotic
2. Amphiarthrotic
3. Diarthrotic
Term
Synartharotic Joint description
Definition
no movement (functional type)
Term
Amphiarthrotic Joint description
Definition
slight movement (functional type)
Term
Diarthrotic Joint description
Definition
free movement (functional type)
Term
Examples of Fibrous Joints
Definition
Sutures in the skull
Gomphosis in the teeth/jaw
Syndesmosis- the distal end of tibia and fibula
Term
The length of a ligament determines what?
Definition
the mobility of the joint
Term
Examples of Cartilaginous Joints
Definition
1. Symphysis (pubic symphysis), has firbrocartilage sandwhiched between hyaline cartilage
2. Synchondrosis- in the epiphyseal plate made of hyaline cartilage
Term
What type of cartilage is not a part of joints?
Definition
Elastic Cartilage
Term
6 Examples of Synovial Joints
Definition
1. Plane
2. Hinge
3. Pivot
4. Condyloid
5. Saddle
6. Ball and Socket
Term
Plane Joint, type, examples and number of planes it moves across?
Definition
Synovial Joint
Carpals and Tarsals
Non-Axial
Term
Hinge Joint type, examples and number of planes it moves across?
Definition
Synovial
Elbow and Knee
Uni-axial
Term
Pivot Joint type, examples and number of planes it moves across?
Definition
Synovial
Atalas and Axis and Radius
Uni-Axial
Term
Condyloid Joint, type, examples and number of planes it moves across?
Definition
Synovial
finger
Bi-Axial
Term
Saddle Joint type, examples and number of planes it moves across?
Definition
Synovial
thumb
bi-axial
Term
Ball and Socket Joint, type, examples and number of planes it moves across?
Definition
Synovial Joint
hip and shoulder
Tri-Axial
Term
What does it mean to be tri-Axial?
Definition
It means it moves across all 3 places
anterior/posterior
lateral/medial
and rotation
Term
Examples of Synarthrotic Joints?
Definition
Sutures in the skull Gomphosis Syndesmoses
Term
Examples of Amphiarthrotic Joints?
Definition
Sydesmosis
Symphyses
Term
Examples of Diarthrotic Joints?
Definition
Free movement
All synovial Joints
Term
Describe the general anatomy of a Synovial Joint
Definition
You have the bone the has articular Cartilage at the end, then you have the ligament and inside the ligament there is a joint cavity that contains the synovial fluid, there is a synovial membrane the secrets the synovial fluid
Term
What structure on the bone do these ligaments attach too?
Definition
The Periosteum
Term
What is the purpose(s) of Synovial Fluid?
Definition
1. Compression
2. Reduces friction aka lubricant
3. Nourishment because the cartilage is avascular
4. Immune function (phagocytic cells)
Term
Name the Accessory Structures of Synovial Joints
Definition
1. Fatty Pads, these are found in the hip and knee
2. Articular discs- the meniscus
3. Bursae- ball bearings, these are fibrous sacs lined with synovial membrane
4. Tendon Sheaths- bursae with tendon in between like the bun of a hot dig
Term
What does it mean to be double jointed?
Definition
Means that the reinforcing ligaments and joint capsules are more stretchy then normal
Term
What is Syndesmosis?
Definition
Structural classification of short ligament that connects to bone
Term
What is Symphysis?
Definition
type of cartilaginous joint that is a hyaline sandwhich between 2 layers of fibrocartilage, this is found in pubic symphasis and in between the vertebrae
Term
What is Sychondrosis?
Definition
Type of Cartilaginous Joint, made of Hyaline Cartilage and epipyseal plate
Term
What is Synovial?
Definition
A type of Structural Joint that has a synovial membrane present
Term
What is Synarthrotic?
Definition
Type of functional joint that allows NO MOVEMENT
Term
What structures secret synovial fluid?
Definition
1. Tendon Seath
2. Synovial Membrane
3. Bursae
Term
What type of tissue holds a gomphosis joint together?
Definition
Regular Dense Connective Tissue
Term
What is the Functional Classification of a synchondrosis?
Definition
Synarthrotic
Term
Name the 5 main types of synovial joint movements
Definition
1. Gliding
2. Angular
3. Rotation
4. Circumduction
5. Special
Term
Describe Gliding movement and example
Definition
sliding back and forth
does NOT cross an axis
found in Tarsals, Carpals, and flat articular processes of vertebrae
gliding movement of wrist
Term
Describe Angular Joint Movement and examples
Definition
Crosses 1 axis
can be Abduction which is taken away or adduction which is closer too
or Flexion-decreases the angle between the bones
extension-increase the angle between the bones
hyperextension- over extension
example is to raise and lower arm
Term
Describe Rotation joint movement and examples
Definition
piviots over 1 axis, example radius and ulna and C1 and C2 vertebra
Term
Describe Circumduction joint movement and examples
Definition
proximal end stays put and distal end moves in a circle
example is finger, wrist and shoulder
Term
Describe Special Joint Movement and examples
Definition
elevation and depression
example is your mandible when you open and close mouth
protraction and retraction
example is your mandible when you stick chin out/back
Inversion/Eversion
Example turn ankle medial (in) and turn ankle laterally (out)
like a kicker in football
Pronation/Supination
Example is radius and Ulna and Forearm
Term
What are the general characteristics of muscle tissue?
Definition
1. Excitability- meaning can receive and respond to stimuli 2. Contractility- meaning it can shorten and lengthen 3. Extensibility – stretch 4. Elasticity- return to original shape 5. 1 of the 4 types of major muscle tissue
Term
What are the main functions of muscle tissue?
Definition
1. Motion
2. Maintain posture
3. Heat Production – example shivering
Term
What are the 3 types of muscle Fibers?
Definition
A. Skeletal- striated and voluntary
B. Cardiac- striated and involuntary
C. Smooth- unstriated and involuntary
Term
What are the 2 types of attachment muscle tissue can have?
Definition
1. Direct
2. Indirect
Term
What is Directs Muscle attachment
Definition
the epimysium is fused to the pericardium of the bone
Term
What is indirect muscle attachment?
Definition
tendons or aponeuroses (connective tissue of muscle attachment to connective tissue of bone or other muscle)
Term
What are the 4 types of tissues found in skeletal muscle?
Definition
a) Arteries, veins, and capillaries
b) Nerves
c) Muscle Tissue
d) Connective Tissue
Term
What is Fascia?
Definition
made of dense connective tissue, and it covers all skeletal muscle
Term
What are the 3 types of fascia?
Definition
Epimysium
Perimysium
Endomysium
Term
What is Epimysium and where is it found?
Definition
the Fascia and
Term
What is Perimysium and where is it found?
Definition
the fascia covering fascicles
Term
What is Endomysium and where is it found?
Definition
the fascia covering fibers
Term
What are the functions of fascia?
Definition
- Keeps muscles from overstretching and return to shape
- Carries blood vessels and nerves to individual fibers (muscle cells)
Term
What makes some meat tough and some meat tender?
Definition
The amount of dense connective tissue and collagen/ aka the amount of fascia surrounding the muscle. Younger animals have less connective tisuue in their forming muscles. Pigs are killed at a younger age than cows, making their meat more tender.
Term
Muscle Cells general characteristics
Definition
-larger than most other cells (10 to 100 um in diameter and up to 30 cm long)
-have multiple nuclei
-Myofibrils- the organelle
-Myofilament (proteins=molecular level)
Term
Which layer of connective tissue is found between connecting organs?
Definition
Epimysium
Term
Which is not a charactiertics of muscle tissue?
Definition
Only moves when it contracts
Term
What is a Sarcolemma, what is it a part of?
Definition
plasma membrane of muscle fiber
part of Muscle Fiber
contains T-tubules
Term
What are T-tubules and where are they found?
Definition
extention of membrane into the deepest part of the myofibrils. Transmit impulses
in the Sarcolemma
Term
What is the Sarcoplasm?
Definition
cytoplasm of muscle fibers
Term
Myofiliaments, what 2 types?
Definition
thick= myosin
thin=actin
Term
What is a sarcomere?
Definition
functional unit of skeletal muscle (from Z-line to Z-line)
Term
What is the Sarcoplasmic reticulum?
Definition
a smoother ER around the myofibrils that store, regulate, and release calcium
Term
What is a Z-Line?
Definition
anchor for thin filaments
Term
What is a M-line?
Definition
(middle) anchor for thick filaments
Term
What is an A-band?
Definition
length of the myosin
Term
What is an I-band?
Definition
actin only (Z-line is the center of the I-band)
Term
What is an H-Zone?
Definition
(hele “bright”) area of myosin where no actin overlaps
Term
Steps of contration of Sarcomere
Definition
1. the I-Bands shorten
2. The distance between the z-lines shortens
3. the H-zones shrinks to almost nothing
4. A-Bands move closer together but remain the same length
Term
What are the levels of organization in reference to the muscle cell anatomy?
Definition
1. Muscle-coverd by the epimyosium
2. Fascia- a part of the muscle covered by the perimysium
3. Muscle Fiber- Muscle cell, surronded by endomysium
4. Sarcomere- a part of the muscle cell, made of myofilametns
5. Myofilaments/Filaments- contractile unit, 2 types thin and thick
Term
What is a Fascicle?
Definition
a discrete bunch of muscle cells covered by a tissue sheath (perimysium)
Term
What are the unique structures of the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
Definition
it is one of 2 structures over the sarcomere

A smooth endoplasmic reticulum that surrounds the myofibrils
b) Most SR tubules run horizontally along the myofibril and communicate along the H-zone
c) Terminal cisterns run perpendicular at the A-band I-band junctions
d.) Closely associated with SR are mitochondria and glycogen granules
e) Store and release calcium to initiate contraction
Term
What are the the unique structures of the sarcolemma?
Definition
contains T-tubules
a) extension of sarcolemma (a plasma membrane) at the A-band I-band junction
b) sandwiched between 2 terminal cisterns to form a triad
c) encircle each sarcomere
d) allow signals to be transmitted through the muscle cells and initiate SR to release calcium
Term
What cellular structures would be used to transmit signals between the SR and T-tubules?
Definition
Integral plasma membrane proteins and gap junctions
Term
What 2 proteins are on actin?
Definition
1. Troponin- large protein molecules on actin ends
2. Tropomyosin- rod shaped protein that spirals around actin and block myosin sites
Term
What are the bones of the pectoral girdle?
Definition
scapula and clavicle
Term
The anatomy of the shoulder joint?
Definition
4 ligaments
5 tendons
Coracohumeral ligament- superior
biceps tendon- superior
glenohumeral ligament- anterior
rotator cuff- posterior
Term
What is the anatomy of the hip joint?
Definition
20+ ligaments and tednons that corkscrew femur to coxal bone
Term
What is the anatomy of the knee joint?
Definition
Largest most complex joint in the body
made of 3 joints
1. Femonpopatellar joint
2. Tissofemond Joint
3. Medial Joint
Term
What are the 4 main tendons/ligaments of the should joint and their positions?
Definition
Coracohumeral ligament- superior
biceps tendon- superior
glenohumeral ligament- anterior
rotator cuff- posterior
Term
What are the 3 main joints that make up the knee joint?
Definition
1. Femonpopatellar joint
2. Tissofemond Joint
3. Medial Joint
Term
Osteoperosis is what?
Definition
loss of bone mass, bones become weaker
happens with age
can be prevented with excersie and medication and calcium
Term
Concussions are?
Definition
caused by a bump to the head
may be fatal if brain swells
can cause nausea, loss of consciousness, amnsia, headaches
Term
Kyphosis is?
Definition
aka hunchback, rounded spinal curve
Term
Lordosis is?
Definition
is the inward curvature of a portion of the lumbar and cervical vertebral column
Term
Scoliosis is?
Definition
is an abnormal curving of the spine
Term
Carpal tunnel syndrome is?
Definition
the transverse carpal ligament covers the carpals making a tunnel, in this tunnel their are nerves and tendons, overuse can cause these tendons to swell and this swelling cause pressure on the median nerve causing pain
treatments are stretches and a splint
Term
Rheumatoid arthritis is?
Definition
disease where the immune system cause inflammation in the joints
Term
Luxation is?
Definition
dislocation of a joint
Term
Osteoarthritis
Definition
s the most common joint disorder, which is due to aging and wear and tear on a joint.
If the cartilage breaks down and wears away, the bones rub together. This causes pain, swelling, and stiffness.
ony spurs or extra bone may form around the joint. The ligaments and muscles around the joint become weaker and stiffer.
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