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Anatomy Exam 2
Chapters 5-11
141
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
10/16/2012

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Term
Matrix
Definition
Extracellular material, proteins, mineral salts, nutrients, wastes, fluids
Term
Four primary tissues (Adult)
Definition
Epithelial, Connective, Nervous, and Muscular
Term
Fibroblasts
Definition
Large, fusiform cells that often show slender, wispy branches. Produce the fibers and ground substance that form the matrix of the tissue.
Term
Epithelial Tissue
Definition
Tissue composed of layers of closely spaced cells that cover organ surfaces, form glands, and serve for protection, secretion, and absorption.
Locations: Epidermis, Inner lining of digestive tract, Liver and other glands.
Term
Connective Tissue
Definition
Tissue with usually more matrix than cell volume, often specialized to support, bind, and protect organs.
Locations: Tendons and Ligaments, Cartilage and bone, Blood
Term
Nervous Tissue
Definition
Tissue containing excitable cells specialized for rapid transmission of coded information to other cells.
Locations: Brain, Spinal Cord, Nerves
Term
Muscle Tissue
Definition
Tissue composed of elongated, excitable muscle cells specialized for contraction
Term
Three Primary Germ Layers
Definition
Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm
Term
Ectoderm
Definition
Outer germ layer, gives rise to epidermis and nervous system.
Term
Endoderm
Definition
Innermost germ layer, gives rise to mucous membranes of digestive and respiratory tracts and to the digestive glands.
Term
Mesoderm
Definition
Middle germ layer of more loosely organized cells. Eventually turns into a gelatinous tissue called mesenchyme.
Term
Mesenchyme
Definition
Derived from mesoderm. Composed of fine, wispy collagen (protein) fibers and branching cells embedded in a gelatinous ground substance. Gives rise to muscle, bone, and blood among other tissues.
Term
Macrophage
Definition
Phagocytes; engulf and destroy bacteria.
Term
Adipocytes
Definition
Aka fat cells. Store triglyceride.
Term
Collagenous Fibers
Definition
Tough and flexible fibers and resist stretching. Made of the body's most abundant protein.
Term
Reticular Fibers
Definition
Thin collagen fibers coated with glycoprotein. Form a spongelike framework for organs like spleen and lymph nodes.
Term
Elastic Fibers
Definition
Thinner than collagenous fibers, and branch and rejoin each other along their course. Made of proteins called elastin.
Term
Ground Substance
Definition
Empty Space. Usually has a gelatinous to rubbery consistency. Absorbs compressive forces and protects the more delicate cells from mechanical injury.
Term
GAGs (Glycosaminoglycan)
Definition
Play important rule in regulating the water and electrolyte balance of tissues. Most abundant one is chondroitin sulfate; abundant in blood vessels and bones and is responsible for the relative stiffness of cartilage.
Term
Cell Junctions
Definition
The connection between one cell and another
Term
Three Types of Cell Junctions
Definition
Tight, Desmosome, Gap
Term
Tight Junction
Definition
Cell membranes form tight seal, prevents fluid from moving between cells.
Term
Desmosomes
Definition
Anchoring junctions; membrane proteins, intermediate filaments, form "welds" & resist mechanical stress.
Term
Gap Junctions
Definition
"Communicating Junctions"-Contain a ring somewhat like the segments of an orange. Critical in smooth and cardiac muscle.
Term
Endocrine Glands
Definition
Ductless glands, secrete hormones into blood.
Term
Exocrine Glands
Definition
Secretions pass through ducts to surfaces
Term
Internal Membranes
Definition
Mucous Membranes, Serous Membranes, Endothelium, Synovial Membranes
Term
Mucous Membrane
Definition
Consists of 3 layers (epithelium, connective tissue, and smooth muscle); Lines respiratory, digestive, and urogenital tracts. It is protective, secretory, and absorptive.
Term
Serous Membrane
Definition
Composed of a simple squamous epithelium resting on thin layer of connective tissue. Line inside of body cavities and form smooth outer surface. Protective.
Term
Stem Cells
Definition
Growth and differentiation of tissues depend on a supply of these. Undifferentiated cells that are not performing specialized functions, but have potential to differentiate.
Term
Hyperplasia
Definition
Tissue growth through cell multiplication. (Increased cell number)
Term
Hypertrophy
Definition
Skeletal muscle and adipose tissue grows through enlargement of preexisting cells. (Increased cell size)
Term
Neoplasia
Definition
Development of tumor composed of abnormal, nonfunctional tissue.
Term
Regeneration
Definition
Replacement of dead or damaged cells by the same type of cells as before. Restores normal function.
Term
Fibrosis
Definition
Replacement of damaged tissue with scar tissue, composed mainly of collagen produced by fibroblasts. Helps hold organ together but does not restore normal function.
Term
Atrophy (Without nourishment)
Definition
Shrinkage of a tissue through loss in cell size or number. Results from normal aging and lack of use of an organ.
Term
Necrosis
Definition
Premature tissue death due to trauma, toxins, infections.
Term
Infarction
Definition
Sudden death due to cut off blood supply
Term
Apoptosis
Definition
Programmed cell death. Cell shrinks and is phagocytized.
Term
Epidermis
Definition
Stratified squamous epithelium. Deepest layer contains stem cells. Consists of 4-5 strata.
Term
Dendritic Cells
Definition
Cells found in the stratum spinosum and granulosum. Immune cells against pathogens and toxins.
Term
Dermis
Definition
Connective tissue layer. Composed of mainly collagen. Contains glands and blood vessels. Consists of papillary and reticular layers.
Term
Hypodermis
Definition
Aka subcutaneous tissue. Helps bind skin to underlying tissue.
Term
Hair
Definition
Slender filament of keratinized cells that grows from an oblique tube in the skin called follicle.
Term
Languo
Definition
Fine, downy unpigmented hair that appears on the fetus in the last 3 months of development.
Term
Vellus
Definition
Birth hair; fine and pale.
Term
Terminal
Definition
Course and pigmented hair
Term
Diaphysis
Definition
Shaft of bone
Term
Epiphysis
Definition
Expanded head at each end
Term
Periosteum
Definition
Tough, outer fibrous layer of collagen in bone
Term
Endostium
Definition
a thin layer of reticular connective tissue lining internal marrow cavity, covers all the honeycombed surfaces of spongy bone and lines the canal system in compact bone.
Term
Epiphyseal Plate
Definition
In children in adolescent bones; hyaline cartilage separates the marrow spaces of the epiphysis and diaphysis.
Term
Osteogenic Cells
Definition
Stem cells that develop from embryonic mesenchymal cells and give rise to most other bone cell types.
Term
Osteoblasts
Definition
Bone-forming cells; nonmitotic.
Term
Osteocytes
Definition
Former osteoblasts that have become trapped in the matrix they deposited. Reside in lacunae.
Term
Osteoclasts
Definition
Bone-dissolving cells found on bone surface.
Term
Spicules
Definition
Delicate slivers of bone in spongy bone
Term
Trabeculae
Definition
Thin plates in spongy bone
Term
Bone Marrow
Definition
Soft tissue that occupies the marrow cavity of a long bone.
Term
Red Bone Marrow
Definition
In nearly every bone of a child. Hemopoietic (produces blood cells)
Term
Yellow Bone Marrow
Definition
Most abundant marrow in adults, fatty. No longer produces blood
Term
Intramembranous Ossification
Definition
Produces most of the flat bones of the skull and most of the clavicle. Mesenchyme condenses into a layer of soft tissue with a dense supply of blood capillaries. Osteogenic cells gather and differentiate into osteoblasts. Osteoblasts secrete matrix and compact bone surrounds spongy bone.
Term
Endochondral Ossification
Definition
Process by which bone is preceded by hyaline cartilage "model" that becomes replaced by osseous tissue.
Term
Primary Ossification Center
Definition
Occurs in diaphysis. Perichondrium produces osteoblasts, deposits bony collar around middle of cartilage model. Marrow Cavity forms via cartilage death.
Term
Secondary Ossification Center
Definition
Occurs in epiphysis. Osteoblasts secrete bony matrix in the center of epiphysis, distal cartilage forms articular cartilage
Term
Epiphyseal Plate
Definition
Seen in bones of children and adolescents. A thin wall of cartilage separating the primary and secondary marrow cavities at one or both ends of the bone. Growth zone.
Term
Interstitial Growth
Definition
Endochondral growth in length by epiphyseal plate
Term
Appositional Growth
Definition
Growth in diameter and thickness of periosteum. Osteoblasts in the inner layer of periosteum deposit osteoid tissue on bone surface, calcify it, and become trapped in it as osteocytes.
Term
Mineral Disposition
Definition
A crystallization process in which calcium, phosphate, and other ions are taken from the blood plasma and deposited in bone tissue.
Term
Mineral Resorption
Definition
Process of dissolving bone. Releases minerals into the blood and makes them available for other uses. Carried out by osteoclasts.
Term
Fractures
Definition
Tissue failure due to excessive stress.
Term
Fracture Hematoma
Definition
A bone fracture severs blood vessels of the bone and periosteum, causing bleeding and the formation of blood clots.
Term
Soft Callus
Definition
Fibroblasts deposit collagen in the granulation tissue,while some osteogenic cells become chondroblasts and produce patches of fibrocartilage.
Term
Hard Callus
Definition
Other osteogenic cells differentiate into osteoblasts, which produce a bony collar called
Term
Bony Joint
Definition
Immovable joint formed when the gap between two bones ossifies and they become a single bone.
Term
Fibrous Joint
Definition
Point at which adjacent bones are bound by collagen fibers that emerge from one bone, cross the space between them, and penetrate into the other. Immobile to slightly mobile. i.e. sutures
Term
Cartilaginous Joints
Definition
Two bones linked by cartilage. Immobile to slightly mobile. ex) rib/sternum
Term
Tendon
Definition
Strip or sheet of tough collagenous connective tissue that attaches a muscle to bone. Cord-like with parallel fibers.
Term
Ligament
Definition
Sheet of connective tissue that attaches one bone to another.
Term
Synovial Joint
Definition
Freely movable joint that separates bone by a joint cavity containing a viscous fluid similar to raw egg white.
Term
Joint Capsule
Definition
Encloses cavity of synovial joint and retains the fluid.
Term
Synovial Membrane
Definition
Membrane composed mainly of fibroblast-like cells that secrete synovial fluid, and is populated by macrophages that remove debris from joint cavity.
Term
Osteoarthritis
Definition
"Wear-and-tear arthritis"; As joints age, articular cartilages soften and degenerate.
Term
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Definition
Severe arthritis. Results from an autoimmune attack against the joint tissues.
Term
Endomysium
Definition
Thin sleeve of loose connective tissue that surrounds each muscle fiber.
Term
Perimysium
Definition
Thicker connective tissue that wraps muscle fibers together in bundles called fascicles.
Term
Epimysium
Definition
Fibrous sheath that surrounds the entire muscle. Grades into fascia on its outer surface.
Term
Aponeurosis
Definition
Broad tendon sheet
Term
Direct Attachment
Definition
Collagen extends from muscle into periosteum
Term
Origin
Definition
The bony site of attachment at the relatively stationary end
Term
Insertion
Definition
The attachment sight of muscle to bone at its more mobile end
Term
Agonist
Definition
Prime mover. The muscle that produces the most force during a particular joint action. Prime mover is brachial is.
Term
Synergist
Definition
Muscle that aids prime mover
Term
Antagonist
Definition
Muscle that opposes prime mover
Term
Innervation
Definition
The identity of a nerve that stimulates a muscle.
Term
Sarcolemma
Definition
The plasma membrane of a muscle fiber.
Term
Sarcoplasm
Definition
Sarcolemma's cytoplasm. Occupied by long protein cords called myofibrils and an abundance of glycogen and myoglobin.
Term
Glycogen
Definition
A starchlike carbohydrate that provides energy for the cell during heightened levels of exercise.
Term
Myoglobin
Definition
Red pigment that stores oxygen until needed for muscular activity
Term
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
Definition
Forms a network around each myofibril; stores calcium (active transport)
Term
Myofibril
Definition
Long protein cords that fill most of the muscle cell. Contains myofilaments.
Term
Thick Filament
Definition
Each is made of several hundred molecules of protein called myosin. Each myosin has a head and binds ATP; heads positioned at either end of filament.
Term
Thin Filament
Definition
Filaments composed primarily of two intertwined strands of actin. Each actin has an active site that can bind to the head of a myosin molecule. Also has tropomyosin and troponin.
Term
Actin
Definition
Has an active site that can bind to the head of a myosin molecule
Term
Tropomyosin
Definition
Protein on thin filaments that blocks active sites on actin when muscle is relaxed.
Term
Troponin
Definition
Calcium-binding protein that binds to tropomyosin on thin filaments.
Term
Z-disc
Definition
Sarcomere boundary; Provides anchorage for the thin elastic filaments.
Term
A band
Definition
The entire length of think filaments
Term
I band
Definition
The length of thin filaments only
Term
H band
Definition
Consists of ONLY think filaments, no overlapping thin filaments.
Term
Sarcomere
Definition
The functional contractile unit of the muscle fiber.
Term
Motor Unit
Definition
One nerve fiber and all the muscle fibers innervated by it
Term
Fine Control
Definition
One neuron innervates few muscle fibers
Term
Strength
Definition
One neuron innervates up to 1000+ muscle fibers
Term
Synapse
Definition
The point where a nerve fiber meets its target cell
Term
Neuromuscular Junction
Definition
Synapse between somatic motor neuron and sarcolemma
Term
Synaptic Cleft
Definition
Space between synaptic knob and sarcolemma
Term
Synaptic Knob
Definition
Bulbous swelling at the end of nerve fiber containing synaptic vesicles and ACh
Term
Resting Membrane Potential
Definition
Excess K within cytoplasm; excess Na in ECF; unequal distribution maintained by Na/K pump
Term
Action Potential
Definition
The quick up-and-down voltage shift, from the negative RMP to a positive value and then back to a negative value again.
Term
Excitation
Definition
The process in which action potentials in the nerve fiber lead to action potentials in the muscle fiber
Term
Excitation-Contraction Coupling
Definition
Refers to events that link the action potentials on the sarcolemma to activation to the myofilaments, thereby preparing them to contract.
Term
Power Stroke
Definition
When the myosin releases ADP and P and flexes into a bent, low energy position, tugging the thin filament along with it.
Term
Length-Tension Relationship
Definition
Force dependent on degree of overlap of filaments
Term
Muscle Twitch
Definition
Stimulate motor neuron, when stimulus exceeds threshold, all fibers in motor unit contract.
Term
Latent Period
Definition
Delay in muscle contraction where all the stuff is working
Term
Summation
Definition
Multiple stimuli applied white previous twitch incomplete
Term
Isometric Contraction
Definition
Contraction with no change in length but increased tension
Term
Isotonic Contraction
Definition
Contraction with a change in length but no change in tension
Term
Concentric Contraction
Definition
Muscle shortens at given tension
Term
Eccentric Contraction
Definition
Muscle lengthens at constant tension
Term
Anaerobic Fermentation
Definition
Fermentation that enables a cell to produce ATP in the absence of oxygen, but the ATP yield is very limited and the process generates lactic acid, which contributes to muscle fatigue.
Term
Aerobic Respiration
Definition
Produces far more ATP and no lactic acid, but it requires a continual supply of oxygen.
Term
Muscle Fatigue
Definition
The progressive weakness and loss of contractility that results from prolonged use of the muscles. Insufficient ATP to maintain contraction. Results from lactic acid accumulation.
Term
Oxygen Debt
Definition
Post-exercise elevated oxygen need. Resynthesizes CP, oxymyoglobin, glycogen; oxidizes lactic acid; Support elevated metabolic rate due to temp. increase
Term
Type I Muscle Fibers
Definition
Slow twitch (100 msec); Slow oxidative. High myoglobin, Well adapted to aerobic respiration, do not fatigue easily
Term
Type II Muscle Fibers
Definition
Fast twitch (8+ msec); Well adapted for quick responses but not for fatigue resistance. Two subtypes a) Fast oxidative and b) Fast glycolytic
Term
Cardiac Muscle
Definition
Type of muscle that is involuntary and striated, uninucleate, has a branched Y shape, intercalated discs with gap junctions, is autorhythmic, aerobic
Term
Smooth Muscle
Definition
Type of muscle that is involuntary, non-striated, has single nucleus, cells joined by gap junctions, actin/myosin not arranged in sarcomeres. Contraction stimulated by ANS, chemicals or mechanical stress. Slowest contraction and fatigue-resistant.
Term
Multiunit Smooth Muscle
Definition
Each myocyte innervated by autonomic nerve fiber terminal
Term
Single Unit Smooth Muscle
Definition
When smooth muscle cells are joined by gap junctions and contract as one unit
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