Term
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Definition
| Extracellular material, proteins, mineral salts, nutrients, wastes, fluids |
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Term
| Four primary tissues (Adult) |
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Definition
| Epithelial, Connective, Nervous, and Muscular |
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Definition
| Large, fusiform cells that often show slender, wispy branches. Produce the fibers and ground substance that form the matrix of the tissue. |
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Definition
Tissue composed of layers of closely spaced cells that cover organ surfaces, form glands, and serve for protection, secretion, and absorption.
Locations: Epidermis, Inner lining of digestive tract, Liver and other glands. |
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Definition
Tissue with usually more matrix than cell volume, often specialized to support, bind, and protect organs.
Locations: Tendons and Ligaments, Cartilage and bone, Blood |
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Definition
Tissue containing excitable cells specialized for rapid transmission of coded information to other cells.
Locations: Brain, Spinal Cord, Nerves |
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Definition
| Tissue composed of elongated, excitable muscle cells specialized for contraction |
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Term
| Three Primary Germ Layers |
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Definition
| Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm |
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Definition
| Outer germ layer, gives rise to epidermis and nervous system. |
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Definition
| Innermost germ layer, gives rise to mucous membranes of digestive and respiratory tracts and to the digestive glands. |
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Definition
| Middle germ layer of more loosely organized cells. Eventually turns into a gelatinous tissue called mesenchyme. |
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Definition
| Derived from mesoderm. Composed of fine, wispy collagen (protein) fibers and branching cells embedded in a gelatinous ground substance. Gives rise to muscle, bone, and blood among other tissues. |
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Definition
| Phagocytes; engulf and destroy bacteria. |
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Definition
| Aka fat cells. Store triglyceride. |
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Definition
| Tough and flexible fibers and resist stretching. Made of the body's most abundant protein. |
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Term
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Definition
| Thin collagen fibers coated with glycoprotein. Form a spongelike framework for organs like spleen and lymph nodes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Thinner than collagenous fibers, and branch and rejoin each other along their course. Made of proteins called elastin. |
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Term
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Definition
| Empty Space. Usually has a gelatinous to rubbery consistency. Absorbs compressive forces and protects the more delicate cells from mechanical injury. |
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Definition
| Play important rule in regulating the water and electrolyte balance of tissues. Most abundant one is chondroitin sulfate; abundant in blood vessels and bones and is responsible for the relative stiffness of cartilage. |
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Term
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Definition
| The connection between one cell and another |
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Term
| Three Types of Cell Junctions |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Cell membranes form tight seal, prevents fluid from moving between cells. |
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Definition
| Anchoring junctions; membrane proteins, intermediate filaments, form "welds" & resist mechanical stress. |
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Term
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Definition
| "Communicating Junctions"-Contain a ring somewhat like the segments of an orange. Critical in smooth and cardiac muscle. |
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Definition
| Ductless glands, secrete hormones into blood. |
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Term
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Definition
| Secretions pass through ducts to surfaces |
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Term
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Definition
| Mucous Membranes, Serous Membranes, Endothelium, Synovial Membranes |
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Term
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Definition
| Consists of 3 layers (epithelium, connective tissue, and smooth muscle); Lines respiratory, digestive, and urogenital tracts. It is protective, secretory, and absorptive. |
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Definition
| Composed of a simple squamous epithelium resting on thin layer of connective tissue. Line inside of body cavities and form smooth outer surface. Protective. |
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Term
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Definition
| Growth and differentiation of tissues depend on a supply of these. Undifferentiated cells that are not performing specialized functions, but have potential to differentiate. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tissue growth through cell multiplication. (Increased cell number) |
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Term
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Definition
| Skeletal muscle and adipose tissue grows through enlargement of preexisting cells. (Increased cell size) |
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Term
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Definition
| Development of tumor composed of abnormal, nonfunctional tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
| Replacement of dead or damaged cells by the same type of cells as before. Restores normal function. |
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Definition
| Replacement of damaged tissue with scar tissue, composed mainly of collagen produced by fibroblasts. Helps hold organ together but does not restore normal function. |
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Term
| Atrophy (Without nourishment) |
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Definition
| Shrinkage of a tissue through loss in cell size or number. Results from normal aging and lack of use of an organ. |
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Term
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Definition
| Premature tissue death due to trauma, toxins, infections. |
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Definition
| Sudden death due to cut off blood supply |
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Definition
| Programmed cell death. Cell shrinks and is phagocytized. |
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Definition
| Stratified squamous epithelium. Deepest layer contains stem cells. Consists of 4-5 strata. |
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Definition
| Cells found in the stratum spinosum and granulosum. Immune cells against pathogens and toxins. |
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Definition
| Connective tissue layer. Composed of mainly collagen. Contains glands and blood vessels. Consists of papillary and reticular layers. |
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Definition
| Aka subcutaneous tissue. Helps bind skin to underlying tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
| Slender filament of keratinized cells that grows from an oblique tube in the skin called follicle. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fine, downy unpigmented hair that appears on the fetus in the last 3 months of development. |
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Definition
| Birth hair; fine and pale. |
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Definition
| Course and pigmented hair |
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Definition
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Definition
| Expanded head at each end |
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Definition
| Tough, outer fibrous layer of collagen in bone |
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Definition
| a thin layer of reticular connective tissue lining internal marrow cavity, covers all the honeycombed surfaces of spongy bone and lines the canal system in compact bone. |
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Term
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Definition
| In children in adolescent bones; hyaline cartilage separates the marrow spaces of the epiphysis and diaphysis. |
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Definition
| Stem cells that develop from embryonic mesenchymal cells and give rise to most other bone cell types. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bone-forming cells; nonmitotic. |
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Definition
| Former osteoblasts that have become trapped in the matrix they deposited. Reside in lacunae. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bone-dissolving cells found on bone surface. |
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Term
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Definition
| Delicate slivers of bone in spongy bone |
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Term
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Definition
| Thin plates in spongy bone |
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Term
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Definition
| Soft tissue that occupies the marrow cavity of a long bone. |
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Definition
| In nearly every bone of a child. Hemopoietic (produces blood cells) |
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Term
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Definition
| Most abundant marrow in adults, fatty. No longer produces blood |
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Term
| Intramembranous Ossification |
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Definition
| Produces most of the flat bones of the skull and most of the clavicle. Mesenchyme condenses into a layer of soft tissue with a dense supply of blood capillaries. Osteogenic cells gather and differentiate into osteoblasts. Osteoblasts secrete matrix and compact bone surrounds spongy bone. |
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Term
| Endochondral Ossification |
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Definition
| Process by which bone is preceded by hyaline cartilage "model" that becomes replaced by osseous tissue. |
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Term
| Primary Ossification Center |
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Definition
| Occurs in diaphysis. Perichondrium produces osteoblasts, deposits bony collar around middle of cartilage model. Marrow Cavity forms via cartilage death. |
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Term
| Secondary Ossification Center |
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Definition
| Occurs in epiphysis. Osteoblasts secrete bony matrix in the center of epiphysis, distal cartilage forms articular cartilage |
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Term
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Definition
| Seen in bones of children and adolescents. A thin wall of cartilage separating the primary and secondary marrow cavities at one or both ends of the bone. Growth zone. |
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Term
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Definition
| Endochondral growth in length by epiphyseal plate |
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Term
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Definition
| Growth in diameter and thickness of periosteum. Osteoblasts in the inner layer of periosteum deposit osteoid tissue on bone surface, calcify it, and become trapped in it as osteocytes. |
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Term
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Definition
| A crystallization process in which calcium, phosphate, and other ions are taken from the blood plasma and deposited in bone tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
| Process of dissolving bone. Releases minerals into the blood and makes them available for other uses. Carried out by osteoclasts. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tissue failure due to excessive stress. |
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Term
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Definition
| A bone fracture severs blood vessels of the bone and periosteum, causing bleeding and the formation of blood clots. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fibroblasts deposit collagen in the granulation tissue,while some osteogenic cells become chondroblasts and produce patches of fibrocartilage. |
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Term
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Definition
| Other osteogenic cells differentiate into osteoblasts, which produce a bony collar called |
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Term
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Definition
| Immovable joint formed when the gap between two bones ossifies and they become a single bone. |
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Term
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Definition
| Point at which adjacent bones are bound by collagen fibers that emerge from one bone, cross the space between them, and penetrate into the other. Immobile to slightly mobile. i.e. sutures |
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Term
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Definition
| Two bones linked by cartilage. Immobile to slightly mobile. ex) rib/sternum |
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Term
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Definition
| Strip or sheet of tough collagenous connective tissue that attaches a muscle to bone. Cord-like with parallel fibers. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sheet of connective tissue that attaches one bone to another. |
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Term
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Definition
| Freely movable joint that separates bone by a joint cavity containing a viscous fluid similar to raw egg white. |
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Term
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Definition
| Encloses cavity of synovial joint and retains the fluid. |
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Term
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Definition
| Membrane composed mainly of fibroblast-like cells that secrete synovial fluid, and is populated by macrophages that remove debris from joint cavity. |
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Term
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Definition
| "Wear-and-tear arthritis"; As joints age, articular cartilages soften and degenerate. |
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Term
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Definition
| Severe arthritis. Results from an autoimmune attack against the joint tissues. |
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Term
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Definition
| Thin sleeve of loose connective tissue that surrounds each muscle fiber. |
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Term
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Definition
| Thicker connective tissue that wraps muscle fibers together in bundles called fascicles. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fibrous sheath that surrounds the entire muscle. Grades into fascia on its outer surface. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Collagen extends from muscle into periosteum |
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Term
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Definition
| The bony site of attachment at the relatively stationary end |
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Term
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Definition
| The attachment sight of muscle to bone at its more mobile end |
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Term
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Definition
| Prime mover. The muscle that produces the most force during a particular joint action. Prime mover is brachial is. |
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Term
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Definition
| Muscle that aids prime mover |
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Term
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Definition
| Muscle that opposes prime mover |
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Term
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Definition
| The identity of a nerve that stimulates a muscle. |
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Term
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Definition
| The plasma membrane of a muscle fiber. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sarcolemma's cytoplasm. Occupied by long protein cords called myofibrils and an abundance of glycogen and myoglobin. |
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Term
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Definition
| A starchlike carbohydrate that provides energy for the cell during heightened levels of exercise. |
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Term
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Definition
| Red pigment that stores oxygen until needed for muscular activity |
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Term
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Definition
| Forms a network around each myofibril; stores calcium (active transport) |
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Term
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Definition
| Long protein cords that fill most of the muscle cell. Contains myofilaments. |
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Term
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Definition
| Each is made of several hundred molecules of protein called myosin. Each myosin has a head and binds ATP; heads positioned at either end of filament. |
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Term
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Definition
| Filaments composed primarily of two intertwined strands of actin. Each actin has an active site that can bind to the head of a myosin molecule. Also has tropomyosin and troponin. |
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Term
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Definition
| Has an active site that can bind to the head of a myosin molecule |
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Term
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Definition
| Protein on thin filaments that blocks active sites on actin when muscle is relaxed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Calcium-binding protein that binds to tropomyosin on thin filaments. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sarcomere boundary; Provides anchorage for the thin elastic filaments. |
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Term
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Definition
| The entire length of think filaments |
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Term
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Definition
| The length of thin filaments only |
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Term
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Definition
| Consists of ONLY think filaments, no overlapping thin filaments. |
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Term
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Definition
| The functional contractile unit of the muscle fiber. |
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Term
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Definition
| One nerve fiber and all the muscle fibers innervated by it |
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Term
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Definition
| One neuron innervates few muscle fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| One neuron innervates up to 1000+ muscle fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| The point where a nerve fiber meets its target cell |
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Term
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Definition
| Synapse between somatic motor neuron and sarcolemma |
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Term
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Definition
| Space between synaptic knob and sarcolemma |
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Term
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Definition
| Bulbous swelling at the end of nerve fiber containing synaptic vesicles and ACh |
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Term
| Resting Membrane Potential |
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Definition
| Excess K within cytoplasm; excess Na in ECF; unequal distribution maintained by Na/K pump |
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Term
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Definition
| The quick up-and-down voltage shift, from the negative RMP to a positive value and then back to a negative value again. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process in which action potentials in the nerve fiber lead to action potentials in the muscle fiber |
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Term
| Excitation-Contraction Coupling |
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Definition
| Refers to events that link the action potentials on the sarcolemma to activation to the myofilaments, thereby preparing them to contract. |
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Term
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Definition
| When the myosin releases ADP and P and flexes into a bent, low energy position, tugging the thin filament along with it. |
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Term
| Length-Tension Relationship |
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Definition
| Force dependent on degree of overlap of filaments |
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Term
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Definition
| Stimulate motor neuron, when stimulus exceeds threshold, all fibers in motor unit contract. |
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Term
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Definition
| Delay in muscle contraction where all the stuff is working |
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Term
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Definition
| Multiple stimuli applied white previous twitch incomplete |
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Term
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Definition
| Contraction with no change in length but increased tension |
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Term
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Definition
| Contraction with a change in length but no change in tension |
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Term
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Definition
| Muscle shortens at given tension |
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Term
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Definition
| Muscle lengthens at constant tension |
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Term
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Definition
| Fermentation that enables a cell to produce ATP in the absence of oxygen, but the ATP yield is very limited and the process generates lactic acid, which contributes to muscle fatigue. |
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Term
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Definition
| Produces far more ATP and no lactic acid, but it requires a continual supply of oxygen. |
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Term
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Definition
| The progressive weakness and loss of contractility that results from prolonged use of the muscles. Insufficient ATP to maintain contraction. Results from lactic acid accumulation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Post-exercise elevated oxygen need. Resynthesizes CP, oxymyoglobin, glycogen; oxidizes lactic acid; Support elevated metabolic rate due to temp. increase |
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Term
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Definition
| Slow twitch (100 msec); Slow oxidative. High myoglobin, Well adapted to aerobic respiration, do not fatigue easily |
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Term
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Definition
| Fast twitch (8+ msec); Well adapted for quick responses but not for fatigue resistance. Two subtypes a) Fast oxidative and b) Fast glycolytic |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of muscle that is involuntary and striated, uninucleate, has a branched Y shape, intercalated discs with gap junctions, is autorhythmic, aerobic |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of muscle that is involuntary, non-striated, has single nucleus, cells joined by gap junctions, actin/myosin not arranged in sarcomeres. Contraction stimulated by ANS, chemicals or mechanical stress. Slowest contraction and fatigue-resistant. |
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Term
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Definition
| Each myocyte innervated by autonomic nerve fiber terminal |
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Term
| Single Unit Smooth Muscle |
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Definition
| When smooth muscle cells are joined by gap junctions and contract as one unit |
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