Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Anatomy Exam 2
Joints, Muscular Tissue, Cardiovascular System: Blood, Cardiovascular System: Heart, Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels
73
Anatomy
2nd Grade
10/08/2012

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Synarthroses
Definition
Joints formed by a solid mass of connective tissue between neighboring bones (syn=together).
Term
Fibrous Joints
Definition
Have connective tissue masses of dense irregular connective tissue. (synarthroses)
Term
Cartilaginous Joints
Definition
Uses some form of cartilage as the connecting tissue between the bones. (synarthroses)
Term
Diarthroses
Definition
Movable joints whose classification is based upon the structure of the joint surfaces. All share a common design feature of a joint capsule surrounding a lubricated synovial cavity.
Term
Synovial and Diarthroses
Definition
Synonyms for capsular joints with a lubricated joint cavity.
Term
Ligaments
Definition
Stretch resistant integral parts of joints composed of dense connective tissues that bind one bone to another. Serve as intrinsic binding structures of the joint itself or as extrinsic stabilizing bands which limit range of motion.
Term
Sprain
Definition
A LIGAMENT term that refers to the forcible wreching or twisting of a joint that stretches or tears its ligaments but does not dislocate the bones.
Term
Strain
Definition
A MUSCLE term that refers to the stretching or partial tearing of skeletal muscle or tendon. It often occurs when a muscle contracts suddenly and powerfully.
Term
Fibrous Joints
Definition
Synarthroses in which the neighboring bones are joined together by a solid mass of dense irregular connective tissue.
Term
Suture
Definition
Fibrous joint found only between bones of the skull.
Term
Syndemoses
Definition
Fibrous joint. Example: between proximal and distal ends of the leg bones.
Term
Interosseous membranes
Definition
Fibrous joint. Found between the paired long bones of the forearm and leg.
Term
Cartilaginous joints
Definition
Synarthroses where adjacent bones are held together by a solid connective tissue mass composed of hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage. Allow little or no movement.
Term
Synovial (joint) Cavity
Definition
Synovial joint feature. Surrounded by a connective tissue capsule that connects the articulating bones.
Term
Articular cartilage
Definition
Reduces friction, absorbs shock. Synovial joint feature.
Term
Articular capsule
Definition
Surrounds joint, thickenings in fibrous capsule called ligaments. Synovial joint feature.
Term
Synovial membrane
Definition
Inner lining of capsule. Secretes synovial fluid containing hyaluronic acid (slippery), brings nutrients to articular cartilage.
Term
Gliding (joint)
Definition
Limited range of motion. (joint type)
Term
Angular (joint)
Definition
Characterized by a change in the angle between articulating bones. (joint type)
Term
Temporomandibular joint 
Definition
Only movable joint of the skull.
Term
Myology
Definition
The study of muscles.
Term
Smooth muscle
Definition
Attatch to hair follicles in skin, in walls of hollow organs( blood vessels and GI), nonstriated in appearance, and involuntary.
Term
Skeletal muscle
Definition
Attatches to bone, skin or fascia. Striated with light and dark bands visible with scope. Voluntary control of contraction and relaxation.
Term
Cardiac Muscle
Definition
Striated in appearance, involuntary control, autorhythmic because of built in pacemaker.
Term
45%
Definition
Muscular tissue accounts for this much total body mass.
Term
Tendon
Definition
An extension of three connective tissue layers that surround the different organizational levels of a skeletal muscle. 1.Muscle fibers and surrounded by endomysium. 2. Muscle fascicles are surrounded by perimysium. 3. Muscle bundles are surrounded by epimysium.
Term
100 Myoblasts
Definition
Every muscle cell developed from the fusion of this in the fetus.
Term
Divide
Definition
What muscle cells cannot do.
Term
Cell enlargement
Definition
What muscle growth is the result of.
Term
Satellite cells
Definition
Retain the ability to regenerate new cells.
Term

100 um (micrometers)

Definition
Diameter of muscle fiber.
Term
Hypertrophy
Definition
Increased cell size
Term
Atrophy
Definition
decrease in size and strength.
Term
Sarcolema
Definition
plasma membrane of a skeletal muscle fiber.
Term
T tubules
Definition
extensions of the sarcolemma that tunnel throughout the muscle fiber, are open to the outside, are filled with ISF and are electrically gated.
Term
Sarcoplasm
Definition
Cytoplasm of a skeletal muscle fiber.
Term
Myofibrils
Definition
Nonmembrane bound organelles. They are 50x smaller in diameter than the muscle fiber (2um), and extend the entire length of the muscle fiber.
Term
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Definition
(SR) is like smooth endoplasmic reticulum in non-muscle cells. Stores Ca^++ until needed. Release of Ca^++ into the sarcoplasm couples electrical excitation to muscle contraction.
Term
Myofibrils
Definition

Made of thick filaments and thin filaments which in turn are made of protein.

Term
Sarcomeres
Definition
The functional unit of contraction.
Term
A Band
Definition
Thick filaments and overlapping thin filaments.
Term
I bands
Definition
only thin filaments
Term
H Zone
Definition
space between the ends of the thin filaments.
Term
Contractile, Regulatory proteins, and structural proteins.
Definition

Myofibrils are built from these 3 proteins.

Term
Myosin
Definition
the major component of thick filaments
Term
Actin
Definition
the major component of thin filaments
Term
Titin
Definition
anchors the thick filament to the z line and the m line (structural protein)
Term
Myomesin
Definition
forms the m-line and separates the thick filaments
Term
dystrophin
Definition
connects the sarcolemma transferring the force of contration from the contractile proteins.
Term
Neuromuscular bundle
Definition
Nerves typically enter a muscle with blood vessels as a unit called what?
Term
Somatic motor neurons
Definition
individual cells (neurons) that innervate skeletal muscle fibers.
Term
Neuromuscular junction (NMJ)
Definition
The point of near-contact between a somatic motor neuron and a skeletal muscle fiber.
Term
Motor Unit
Definition
Each muscle fiber has one NMJ, yet the axon of a somatic motor neuron branches out and forms NMJs with many different muscle fibers. A somatic motor neuron plus all the skeletal muscle fibers it stimulates.
Term
Botulinum
Definition
Toxin that blocks release of neurotransmitter as the NMJ so muscle contractions cannot occur.
Term
Curare
Definition
Plant poision. Causes muscle paralysis by blocking the ACh receptors. Used to relax muscle during surgery or reduction of dislocation such as at hip joint.
Term
Neostigmine
Definition
(anticholinesterase agent). Blocks removal of ACh from receptors so strengthens weak muscle contractions of myasthenia gravis. Also an antidote for currare after surgery is finished. Organophosphate insecticides like malathion or DDT act in the same manner.
Term
Nicotine
Definition
At high levels an industrial insecticide. Mimics ACh. Flaccid paralysis and death. No enzyme to degrade their contraction.
Term
Rigor Mortis
Definition
State of muscular rigidity that begins 3-4 hours after death and lasts about 24 hours.
Term
Isotonic contraction
Definition
tension developed by the muscle remains almost constant while the muscle changes its length.
Term
Concentric Isotonic Contraction
Definition
If the tension created is enough to overcome the resistance of the object to be moved, the muscle shortens to produce movement.
Term
Eccentric Isotonic Contraction
Definition
When the length of a muscle increases during contraction.
Term
Isometric contraction
Definition
The tension generated is not enough to exceed the resistance of the object to be moved and the muscles do not change in length.
Term
Autorhythmic cells
Definition
Contract without stimulation. CONTRACTS 75 times per min and needs lots of O2. Larger mitochondria generate ATP aerobically. Sustained contraction possible due to slow Ca+2 delivery. Ca+2 channels to the extracellular fluid may open.
Term
Single Unit Smooth Muscle
Definition
In the walls of hollow viscera and small BV. Autorhythmic. Gap junctions cause fibers to contract in unison.
Term
Multi Unit Smooth Muscle
Definition
Individual fibers with own motor neuron ending. Found in large arteries, large airways, arrector pili muscles, iris and ciliary blood.
Term
Blood 
Definition
A connective tissue composed of a liquid protion called plasma and a cellular portion consisting of various cells and cell fragments.
Term
Pluripotent Stem cells
Definition
Produce two further types of stem cells, myeloid stem cells and lymphoid stem cells.
Term
Myeloid Stem Cells
Definition
Begin and complete their development in red bone marrow and give rise ro red blood cells, platelets, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.
Term
Lymphoid Stem cells
Definition
BEgin their development in red bone marrow but complete it in lymphatic tissues, they give rise to lymphocytes.
Term
Erythropoietin
Definition
Produced in cells in the kidneys that lie between the kidney tubules (peritublar interstitial cells)
Term
Thrombopoietin
Definition
A hormone produced by the liver that stimulates the formation of platelets (thrombocytes) from megakaryocytes.
Supporting users have an ad free experience!