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Anatomy Exam 1 lecture 4
muscle and nerve tisue
55
Anatomy
Graduate
07/18/2016

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Term
muscle fibers
Definition
enlongated cells specialized for contraction
Term
types of muscle
-appearance
Definition
skeletal muscle - striated
cardiac muscle-striated + intercalated discs
smooth muscle- non-striated
Term
epimysium
Definition
dense connective tissue sheath covering the entire muscle
Term
perimysium
Definition
derives from the epimysium, surrounds the bundles or fascicles of muscle cells
Term
endomysium
Definition
delicate layer of reticular fibers and extracellular matrix surrounding each muscle cell
Term
plasma membrane of muscle cell
Definition
sarcolemma
Term
satellite cells
Definition
contained within the sarcolemma, concerned with muscle regeneration
Term
T tubules
Definition
finger like processes that project from the sarcolemma into the sarcoplasm, connecting with the sarcoplasmic reticulum and its abundant calcium
Term
triad
Definition
site of contact of the T tubule with the sarcoplasmic reticulum, consisting of 2 lateral sacs of sarcoplasmic reticulum and a cetnral T tubule.
Term
myofibrils
Definition
contain sarcosomes(mitochondria) and composed of thin filament(actin) and thick filament(myosin)
Term
I band
Definition
part of the myofibril exclusively containing actin, the light band
Term
A band
Definition
part of the myfibril exclusively containing myosin, forming the dark band
Term
Z line
Definition
bisects the I band
Term
h band
Definition
bisects the A band
Term
sarcomere
Definition
basic contractile unit of skeletal muscle, between the z lines
Term
mechanism of muscle contraction
Definition
-thin and thick filaments do not change length
-length of sarcomere decreases because filaments slide past each other
Term
cardiocytes
Definition
cardiac muscle cells
branched cylinders about 85-100 um long and 15 um wide,
-single centrally located nucleus
Term
where are t tubules found in cardiac muscle
Definition
at the level of the z disc
Term
where are t tubules found in skeletal muscle
Definition
at the A-I junction
Term
diads
Definition
describes where/how the T tubule interacts with the sarcoplasmic reticulum in cardiac muscles
Term
intercalated discs
Definition
specialized junctional complexes between cardiocytes
Term
heart beat mechanism
Definition
rhythmic contraction coordinated locally by specialized cardiac conduction cells. The specialized cells are organized into nodes and fibers called Purkinje fibers
Term
myocardial infarction
Definition
ischemia to the myocardium caused by an obstruction of an atherosclerotic coronary artery
Term
time without blood supply for irreversible damage to cardiocytes
Definition
more than 20 minutes
Term
smooth muscle -
-where found?
Definition
-found in walls of gut, bile duct , ureters, urinary bladder , respiratory tract , uterus and blood vessels
Term
smooth muscle
structure
Definition
spindle shaped tapering cells with central nucleus
-contains thin and think filaments, and intermediate filaments that attach to dense bodies
Term
caveolae
Definition
invaginations of the plasma membrane in smooth muscle that act as a primitive T tubule system
Term
gap junctions
Definition
link smooth muscle cells, and permit synchronous contraction
Term
what surrounds smooth muscle cells?
what purpose does it serve?
Definition
-basal lamina
-transmits forces produced by each cell
Term
smooth muscle mechanism of contraction
Definition
specialized for slow, prolonged contraction
-no sarcomere-organization
-no troponin, but tropomyosin
-calcium derived from outside of the cell
-actin and myosin filaments attach to dense bodies attached to the plasma membrane, and these connection determine cell shortening
Term
Smooth muscle : Renewal and Repair
Definition
- cells are capable of dividing
- in the uterus, proliferates during pregnancy under the influence of hormones .
Term
CNS
Definition
consists of the brain and spinal cord
Term
PNS
Definition
peripheral ganglia, nerves and nerve ending
Term
functional classification of nerves
Definition
somatic nervous system
autonomic nervous system
Term
types of nerve tissue
Definition
-neurons(principle)
-glial cells(supporting)
Term
3 main categories of neurons
Definition
-sensory neurons
-motor neurons
-interneurons or intercalated neurons
Term
classification of neurons based on number of neurons
Definition
-multipolar
-bipolar
-pseudounipolar
Term
functional components of neurons
Definition
cell body, axon, dendrites
Term
contents of neuron cell body
Definition
-nucleus with nucleolus
-mitochondria
-golgi apparatus
-lysosomes
-rough endoplasmic reticulum
-free ribosomes
Term
stained neuron endoplasmic reticulum
Definition
nissl bodies
Term
direction of impulse through neuron
Definition
synapse -> dendrites ->cell body ->axon ->synapse
Term
synapse
Definition
specialized junctions
*neuron-neuron
*neuron-effector organ
conduction achieved by release of neurotransmitters
Term
supporting cells in the PNS
Definition
peripheral neuroglia
Term
supporting cells in the CNS
Definition
central neuroglia
Term
peripheral neuroglia
-role
-types
Definition
-supporting cells in the PNS
-include
1.schwann cells
2. satellite cells
3. certain cells in the motor end plate
4. certain cells inthe retina
5. certain ganglia in the alimentary canal
Term
schwann cells
Definition
-produce myelin sheath that surrounds the axon and ensures rapid conduction
- multiple schwann cells myelinate the axon, with nodes of ranvier at each junction
Term
satellite cells in neuron
Definition
surround the neuronal cell bodies of the ganglia
Term
central neuroglia types
Definition
-astorcytes
-oligodendrocytes
-microglia
-ependymal cells
Term
Peripheral nerve organization
Definition
-each nerve is composed of many nerve fibers collected into fascicles. Fascicles are enclosed within an EPINEURIUM. Each individual fascicle is surrounded by a perineurium.
Each individual nerve fiber has its own ENDONEURIUM
Term
ENDONEURIUM
Definition
surrounds each individual nerve fiber, and is composed of collagenous and reticular fibers with fibroblasts and macrophages
Term
perineurium
Definition
surrounds each fascicle/bundle of nerve fibers.
-outer layer: connective tissue
-inner layer: flattened epitheloid cells
Term
regeneration
CNS vs PNS
Definition
-axons of the PNS can regenerate. CNS cannot
due to inability of glial cells in the CNS to phagocytose the myelin debris fast enough
Term
neuronal injury series of events
Definition
axonal degeneration and neural regeneration
Term
when nerve axon is cut...
Definition
muscles are paralyzed and atrophy.
Term
reactive gliosis
Definition
scar formation in CNS
-astrocytes near the lesion are activated, divide and hypertrophy, and result in a permanent scar called a PLAQUE
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