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Anatomy Exam 1 lecture 3
Epithelium and connective tissue
82
Anatomy
Graduate
07/12/2016

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Term
histology
Definition
study of microscopic structures of tissues
Term
tissue
Definition
a group or layer of cells that perform specific functions.
Term
4 basic types of tissues
Definition
epithelium
connective tissue
muscle tissue
nerve tissue
Term
epithelium
Definition
cohesive sheet of cells that lines all body surfaces (with exceptions) and forms the functional units of secretory glands
Term
body surfaces not covered by epithelial cells
Definition
articular cartilage, enamel of tooth and anterior surface of iris
Term
epithelia derive from
Definition
ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
Term
basic functions of epithelium
Definition
protection ( skin) , absorption (small and large intestines) transport of material at the surface (mediated by cilia) , secretion (glands), excretion (tubules of the kidneys) , gas exchange (lung alveolus) and gliding between surfaces (mesothelium) .
Term
epithelial cell renewal
Definition
continuously via mitosis
Term
epithelia blood supply
Definition
avascular, and receives nutrients via diffusion
Term
epithelial cells are primarily matrix
t/f
Definition
False, highly cellular with almost no matrix
Term
cohesive nature of epithelium
Definition
maintained by cell adhesion molecules and junctional complexes.
Term
basal membrane
Definition
basement membrane beneath epithelial cells, to which the cells are anchored
Term
apical domain
Definition
on epithelial cells, the structures for protection and absorption. microvilli, cilia, and stereo cilia
Term
lateral domain
Definition
on epithelial cells, structures needed to anchor epithelial cells together, e.g. Occluding Junctions, Desmosomes and Cell – Cell attachment.
Term
basal domain
Definition
on epithelial cells, structures to anchor cells to the basement membrane.
e.g. cell to extracellular matrix junctions and basal cell membrane
Term
simple squamous epithelium
Definition
single layer of uniform flat cells.
held together by tight junction
nucleus is flat and oval, lies in the center.
Term
locations of simple squamous epithelial cells
Definition
blood vessels (endothelium)
Body cavities ( mesothelium)
Bowman's capsule of the kidneys
Alveoli of lungs
Term
major functions of simple squamous epithelium
Definition
Fluid transport ( e.g. kidney)
Gas Exchange ( lung alveolus)
Lubrication ( e.g. mesothelium)
Term
simple cuboidal epithelium
Definition
A single layer of cube-shaped cells having a central round nucleus
Term
locations of simple cuboidal epithelium
Definition
small ducts of exocrine glands
Most of the kidney tubules.
Thyroid Follicles
Term
simple cuboidal epithelium functions
Definition
Protection , Absorption , Secretion and Conduit.
Term
simple columnar epithelium
Definition
long rectangular cells each of which rests on the basement membrane , has an ovoid nucleus located basally
Term
location of simple columnar epithelium
Definition
: lining the stomach,
intestines , gall bladder, uterus, oviducts.
Term
major functions of simple columnar epithelium
Definition
protection, secretion, absorption and transport .

have microvilli and ciliaon apical surface
Term
microvilli
Definition
found in the cells lining the intestine and stomach

increase surface area for absorption/secretion
Term
cilia
Definition
transport matter along the cell surface and are found on columnar cells lining the oviduct
Term
stratified epithelium
Definition
2 or more layers, with surface layer used for classification
Term
stratified squamous epithelium
-categories
Definition
-keratinized
-nonkeratinized
Term
non keratinized stratified squamous epitheliulm - where found? Function?
Definition
-lining MOIST cavities (oral cavity, esophagus...)
--provides a protective barrier
Term
keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
-where found?
-describe
Definition
-found in epidermis of skin
-surface layers of dead cells filled with keratin and no nucleus
Term
stratified cuboidal epithelium
-where found?
Definition
lining sweat glands
Term
stratified columnar epithelium
-where found?
Definition
-conjuctiva of the eye
-ducts of some large glands
Term
pseudo stratified epithelium
-describe
-function
Definition
-appears stratified, with nuclei at different heights, but all cells are attached to the basal lamina
-may have cilia
-function: : protection , motility , and sensory perception
Term
ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
-where found?
Definition
--in much of the RESPIRATORY TRACT
(trachea, primary bronchi, nasal cavity)
Term
non ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
-where found?
Definition
in ducts of male urethra and epididymis.
Term
transitional epithelium
-function
-general composition
-where found?>
Definition
-intracellular plaques form barrier between urine and underlying tissue.
-Composed of 2-6 layers of cells , found exclusively in the portions of urinary system , where it lines the urinary bladder , ureter and parts of urethra.
Term
transitional epithelum
-morphology
Definition
-Lower cell layers are cuboidal but apical layers can be variable in shape .
-bladder full: apical cells flatten
-bladder empty: apical cells have rounded dome
Term
epithelial glands
-position/location
-tyoes
Definition
-epithelial outgrowths into underlying connective tissue
1. exocrine gland (connected to the surface by excretory duct)
2. endocrine gland (ductless, product released into blood)
Term
glands classified based on
Definition
1. duct system
2. secretory region
3. types of secretions
4. secretion mechanism
Term
Glands: types of ducts
Definition
-simple gland: single duct
-compound gland: multiple ducts
Term
Glands: secretory region
Definition
-Tubular gland
-alveolar gland
Term
Glands: types of secretions (& examples)
Definition
-Serous (pancreas, parotid)
-Mucus (sublingual gland)
-mixed (submandibular gland)
Term
Glands: Secretory mechanisms (examples)
Definition
-Merocrine: exocytosis (pancreatic acinar cells)
-Holocrine: cell ruptures (sebaceous gland)
-Apocrine: one end of the cell pinched off (lactating mammary gland)
Term
connective tissue
-composition
Definition
-cells and extracellular matrix consisting of fibers and proteoglycans (ground substance)
-matrix secreted by cells
-highly vascularized
Term
most abundant tissue in the boday
Definition
connective tissue
Term
connective tissue cell types
(general 2)
Definition
1. resident cells
2. wandering cells
Term
resident cells (connective tissue)
Definition
1. fibroblasts
2. macrophages
3. mast cells
4. adipocytes
5. adult stem cells
Term
wandering cells (connective tissue)
Definition
1. lymphocytes
2. plasma cells
3. neutrophils
4. eosinophils
5. basophils
6. monocytes
Term
Dupuytren,s disease
Definition
aka. Palmar Fibromatosis
when myofibroblasts involved in wound healing persist and continue remodeling too long, hypertrophic scar formation occurs w/ excessive connective tissue contracture
Term
collagen
Definition
connective tissue
- protein fibers arranged in parallel and in bundles.
- white/yellow in appearance
-soft, flexible, but not elastic/extendable
-boiling turns it to gelatin
-Vit C is a cofactor in synthesis
Term
scurvy
Definition
inadequate wound healing due to lacking Vitamin C, and thus poor collagen synthesis
Term
Elastin
Definition
-connective tissue
-protein fibers are thin, yellow, and stretch/return to normal
Term
reticular fibers
Definition
-connective tissue
-protein collagen and glycoproteins
-similar to collagen but thinner
-found in lymph nodes
Term
ground substance
Definition
in connective tissue, viscous gel-like material
-hyaluronic acid
-Mucopolysacharide
-mucoproteins
Term
embryonic connective tissue
-types, where found, structure
Definition
-present in embryo and umbilical cord
1. mesenchyme, embryo, spindle shaped cells and reticular fibers
2. mucous connective tissue, umbilical cord, consists of Wharton's jelly (homogeneous, jelly-like ground substance)
Term
loose connective tissue
Definition
aka. areolar CT
-loosely arranged fibers and abundant cells
-beneath epithelia, lines internal surfaces
-site of inflammatory and immune responses
Term
Dense irregular connective tissue
Definition
-abundant fibers (mainly collagen), few cells
-bundles oriented in various directions to withstand stresses
-in submucosa of intestinal tract and deeper layers of dermis
Term
dense regular connective tissue
Definition
-ordered and densely packed arrays of fibers and cells, very little ECM
-arranged in parallel arrays for max strength
-main functional component of tendons, ligaments, and aponeuroses
Term
reticular fibers
Definition
provide a supporting framework for the cellular constituents of various tissues and organs e.g. lymph nodes.
Term
elastic tissue
Definition
-connective tissue composed of elastic fibers
-stretchy
-fibers thinner than colagen, arranged in branching pattern
-take up special dyes (orcein, resorcin- fuchsin)
-found in dermis of skin, aorta, vertebral ligaments, larynx, etc.
Term
adipose tissue
-role
-types
Definition
-plays important role in energy homeostasis
1. white adipose tissue (adults)
2. brown adipose tissue (newborn)
Term
white adipose tissue
-where found
-functions
-structure
Definition
-predominant in adults
-stores energy, insulate, cushion vital organs, and secrete hormones
-unilocular cells with a single large fat occlusion, pushes nucleus to periphery
Term
brown adipose tissue
-where found
-structure/components
Definition
-primarily in newborns, 5% of total mass, found in BACK, along upper half of the spine and towards shoulders
-multilocular cells, rich in mitochondria, surrounded by abundant blood vessels
Term
cartilage types
Definition
-hyaline
-elastic
-fibrocartilage
Term
hyaline cartilage
-blood supply
-structure
-where found
Definition
-avascular
-surrounded by perichondrium
-consists of chondrocytes surrounded by collagen matrix
-occurs in temporary skeleton of embryo, articular cartilage, nose, larynx, trachea, bronchi, costal cartilage
Term
elastic cartilage
-blood supply
-structure
-where found
Definition
-avascular
-surrounded by perichondrium
-consists of chondrocytes surrounded by a matrix of elastic fibers and collagen fibers. (seen under microscope when stained with orcein)
-external ear, epiglottis, auditory tube
Term
fibrocartilage
-blood supply
-structure
-where found
Definition
-avascular
-no perichondrium, consists of chondrocytes and fibroblasts surrounded by collagen fibers
-intervertebral discs, articular discs of knee, sternoclavicular joint, pubic symphysis
Term
compact bone
Definition
dense
found in long bone shafts
Term
cancellous bone
Definition
spongy
ends of long bone
Term
types of bone based on organization of collagen fibers
Definition
-lamellar (mature bone)
-woven bone (bone repair)
Term
lamellar bone components
Definition
-lamellae composed of..
-matrix
-osteocytes in lacuna
-canaliculi (radiate from lancua)
Term
osteon
Definition
haversian system
-concentric lamellae around longitudinal haversian canal
Term
interstitial lamellae
Definition
incomplete circles between osteons
Term
outer circumferential lamellae
Definition
just under the periosteum
Term
inner circumferential lamellae
Definition
close to endosteum
Term
haversian canal
Definition
longitudinal space at the center of an osteon containing blood supply
Term
volkmann's canal
Definition
transverse oblique canals that connect haversian canals in bone
-contain blood vessels from marrow and periosteum
Term
bone cells
Definition
-osteoblast - forming
-osteoclast - remodeling
Term
bone repair
Definition
6-12 weeks
-first neutrtophils, then macrophages to clean up injury site
-fibroblasts and capillaries proliferate into injured site
-loose granulation tissue (scar) forms and becomes cartilage in parts. Involves fibroblasts and periosteal cells
-dense connective tissue and cartilage grow, cover the bone, and become soft callus (stabilizes and binds)
Term
blood
Definition
-fluid connective tissue circulating through cardiovascular system
-cells, their derivatives, and protein rich plasma
Term
blood cell types
Definition
1. erythrocytes (RBC)
2.leukocytes (WBC)
3. Thrombocytes (platelets)
Term
leukocyte types
Definition
WBC
1. Granulocytes
-neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
2. agranulocytes
- lymphocytes, monocytes
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