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Anatomy Exam 1
N/A
98
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
09/18/2013

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Term
Amphipathic molecules
Definition
are part polar (hydrophilic) and part nonpolar (hydrophobic)
Term
Cation
Definition
A positive ion
Term
Anion
Definition
A negative ion
Term
What is the relationship between H+ and OH- when the pH is decreasing?
Definition
Less OH-, more H+
Term
Coronal (frontal) plane
Definition
[image]
Term
Sagittal plane
Definition
[image]
Term
Transverse plane
Definition
[image]
Term
Oblique plane
Definition
[image]
Term
Dorsal
Definition
Towards the back
Term
Ventral
Definition
Towards the front
Term
Anterior
Definition
In front of, towards the surface
Term
Posterior
Definition
In back of, towards the back surface
Term
Superior
Definition
Closer to the head, above
Term
Inferior
Definition
Closer to the feet, below
Term
Medial
Definition
Closer to the center of the body
Term
Lateral
Definition
Away from the midline of the body
Term
Proximal
Definition
Closer to the point of attachment
Term
Distal
Definition
Further from the point of attachment
Term
Pericardium
Definition
Two layered serous membrane associated with the heart.
Term
Visceral serous membrane
Definition

Layer covers the external surface of organs (the viscera) within that cavity

Term
Parietal serous membrane
Definition

Layer lines the internal surface of the body wall

Term
Pleura
Definition
Two layered serous membrane associated with the lungs
Term
Substrates
Definition
The reactants of an enzyme reaction
Term
Active site
Definition
The part of an enzyme that the substrate binds to
Term
Enzyme-substrate complex
Definition
A temporary bond between the substrate and the enzyme
Term
4 major classes of organic compounds
Definition
Lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids
Term
Primary structure of a protein
Definition
The linear sequence of its amino acids, smallest form
Term
Secondary structure of a protein
Definition
The helix or sheet that forms when its amino acids start to interact with one another, medium size
Term
Tertiary structure of a protein
Definition
The final shape of the protein
Term
Quaternary structure
Definition
A large protein comprise of smaller proteins
Term
5 classes of lipids
Definition
Phospholipids and glycolipids, fatty acids, glycerides, steroids, and eicosanoids
Term
Common monosaccharides
Definition
Glucose, galactose, fructose, ribose, and deoxyribose
Term
Common disaccharides
Definition
Sucrose, lactose, and maltose
Term
What monosaccharides is sucrose composed of?
Definition
Glucose and fructose
Term
What monosaccharides is lactose composed of?
Definition
Galactose and glucose
Term
What monosaccharides is maltose composed of?
Definition
Two glucose molecules
Term
What is an amino acid composed of?
Definition

A central carbon atom, an amino groupe, a carboxylic group, and a radical group

[image]

Term
What is an RNA nucleotide composed of?
Definition

A ribose sugar, a phosphate group, and a base (A, G, C, U)

[image]

Term
What are the nucleotide pairs?
Definition

A + T (DNA)

A + U (RNA)

G + C

Term
What is a DNA nucleotide composed of?
Definition
A deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group, and a base (A, G, C, T)
Term
Transcription
Definition
The copying of DNA to form RNA
Term
Initiation
Definition

The first process in transcription where the DNA is unwound by enzymes to expose a segment of a gene; RNA polymerase attaches to promoter region of the gene.

[image]

Term
Elongation
Definition
The second stage of transcription where RNA polymerase assists with complementary base pairing of free ribonucleotides with exposed bases of the template strand of DNA. Hydrogen bonds form between bases of DNA and the newly forming RNA molecule.
Term
Termination
Definition
The final stage of transcription where RNA polymerase reaches the terminal region of the gene; newly formed RNA strand is released from the DNA strand which rewinds back into a double helix.
Term
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Definition
Protein production by ribosomes, newly formed proteins are released, transports protein to golgi apparatus
Term
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Definition
Metabolic processes, synthesis, transport, and storage of lipids, carbohydrate metabolism, detoxification of poisons.
Term
Translation
Definition
The conversion of information contained in mRNA into a sequence of amino acids that make a protein.
Term
Golgi Apparatus
Definition
"Warehouse" of the cell; modification, packaging, and sorting of proteins, and formation of secretory vesicles and lysosomes,
Term
Two forms of cell division
Definition
Mitosis; somatic cell division, and Meiosis; cell division in sex vells
Term
Phases of the cell cylce
Definition
Interphase (G1, S, G2), M phase, Cytokinesis
Term
S phase
Definition
The part of cell division where DNA is replicated, duplicated chromosomes appear as sister chromatids, two strands remaining attached at centromere
Term
What are the phases of M phase of cell division?
Definition
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis
Term
Prophase
Definition
First stage of mitosis, centriole pairs pushed apart, chromatids form
Term
Metaphase
Definition
Second stage of mitosis, chromosomes line up in the middle, spindle fibers from centrioles attach to centromere of chromosome
Term
Anaphase
Definition
Starts as spindle fibers move sister chromatids apart toward poles, cytokinesis begins
Term
Telophase
Definition
Arrival of new chromosomes at each pole, new nucleolus formed, cleavage furrow begins to form from cytokinesis
Term
Passive Transport Processes (3 types)
Definition
Simple diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion
Term
Active Transport Processes (3 types)
Definition
Primary active transport, secondary active transport, and vesicular (bulk) transport
Term
Diffusion
Definition
The movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to low concentration. O2, CO2, and water use simple diffusion. Water follows the movement of solutes to maintain homeostasis.
Term
Osmosis
Definition
Water passes through pores created by transmembrane proteins called aquaporins
Term
Facilitated Diffusion
Definition
The use of transmembrane proteins and ion channels to help small solutes go through the pohspholipid portion. Ion channels and carrier mediated transport bring the solutes through.
Term
Primary Active Transport
Definition
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yz7EHJFDEJs
Term
Secondary Active Transport
Definition
glucose is transported up its gradient, against that of sodium, which carries it through the pmp into the cell.
Term
Vesicular (Bulk) Transport
Definition
Uses the processes of exocytosis and endocytosis
Term
Exocytosis
Definition
A process of Vesicular Transport that is the ejection of materials from the cell by fusion of a cytplasmic vesicle with the plasma membrane.
Term
Endocytosis
Definition
A process of Vesicular Transport in which material is pulled into the cell by pinching off of membran from the surface. Variations include pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis, and phagocytosis
Term
Pinocytosis
Definition
AKA cell drinking. A process of endocytosis in which the cell "drinks in" extracellular fluid and small solutes that come with it, unspecific.
Term
Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
Definition
A process of endocytosis where the cell selects specific large molecules from outside the cell and brings them into the cell. Basically selective pinocytosis.
Term
Phagocytosis
Definition
A process of endocytosis in which microbes taken up by the cell are destroyed by a phagolysosome.
Term
Four Types of Tissues
Definition
Epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscular
Term
Characteristics of Epithelial sheets
Definition

- cells are polarized

- little space between cells

- tightly held together by junctions

- avascular

- specialized for absorption or protection

- continuous rate of cell division

Term
Location of major surfaces of epithelial cells (apical, lateral, basal)
Definition
[image]
Term
Gap Junction
Definition

One type of connection between epithelial cells. Membrane proteins from adjacent cells line up to form a channel.

[image]

Term
Tight Junction
Definition

A type of connection between epithelial cells where the plasma membranes of adjacent cells are "fused" together by membrane proteins.

[image]

Term
Desmosome
Definition

A type of connection between epithelial cells where adjacent cells are joined by membrane proteins and a glue-like material.

[image]

Term
Two types of epithelial sheets
Definition
Simple and stratified
Term
Three types of epithelial cells
Definition

Squamous, cuboidal, and columnar

[image]

Term
Endocrine Gland
Definition
Releases hormones into surrounding fluid to be picked up and carried away to the blood
Term
Exocrine Gland
Definition
Secretes through ducts onto the surface of the organ. Three types merocrine, apocrine, and holocrine.
Term
Connective Tissue Functions
Definition

- creating a structural framework by surrounding, supporting, and joining tissues

- protecting delicate organs

- storing energy reserves (fat)

- transporting fluids and dissolved materials (blood, lymph)

- defending the body from microorganisms

Term
Merocrine Gland
Definition

A type of exocrine gland in which the product is packaged into secretory granules. The product is released from the cell into the duct by exocytosis. Example: salivary glands, pancreas

[image]

Term
Apocrine Gland
Definition

A type of exocrine gland in which the apical portion of the cell is shed, taking the product with it into the duct. Example: mammary glands

[image]

Term
Holocrine Glands
Definition

A type of exocrine gland in which the entire cell bursts, releasing the product into the duct, and the cell dies and needs to be replaced.

[image]

Term
Connective tissue proper
Definition

- found everywhere in the body: between organs, around muscles, under skin

- contains different cell types

- contains 3 basic fiber types, but in differing proportions

- contains a ground substance which is syrupy in consistency

Term
Types of Connective Tissue Proper Cells
Definition

- fibroblasts - the primary cell type; produce fibers and most components of ground substance

 

- macrophages-clean-up cells

- adipocytes - fat cells

- mesenchymal cells - connective tissue stem cells

- melanocytes - produce and store melanin pigment

- mast cells - histamine - containing cells

- lymphocytes - disease-fighting wbc's

Term
Types of loose connective tissue proper
Definition
Embryonic mesenchyme (mucous connective tissues), areolar tissue, adipose tissue.
Term
Two types of dense connective tissue proper
Definition
Regular and irregular
Term
Types of supporting connective tissue
Definition
Cartilage and bone
Term
Types of cartilage
Definition
Hyaline (most common form), fibrocartilage, and elastic
Term
Types of bone
Definition
Compact and spongy
Term
Fascia
Definition
Sheets of connective tissue proper found throughout the body.
Term
Chondrocyte
Definition
Cartilage cell
Term
Lacunae
Definition
Small fluid-filled spaces within cartilage plate (around the cell)
Term
Epiphysis
Definition
End of the bone
Term
Diaphysis
Definition
Bone shaft
Term
Metaphysis
Definition
Where diaphysis meets epiphysis
Term
Acromegaly
Definition
Excessive bone growth due to too much growth hormone in adulthood
Term
Synovial Joints
Definition
Bones are covered with hyaline cartilage on the surfaces where they contact, and it is referred to as articular cartilage. Most associated with injury.
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