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Anatomy Exam 1
a
394
Anatomy
Pre-School
01/09/2013

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Term
4 Primary TISSUE TYPES
Definition
1. epithelial
2. muscle
3. connective
4. nerve
Term
epithelial tissue forms:
Definition
lining and coverings of free surfaces
Term
organ:
Definition
group of TISSUES that work together to perform common function
Term
system:
Definition
group of ORGANS working together for common function
Term
Germ cell layers:
Definition
three layers of embryonic tissue that all body tissues derived from
Term
endoderm:
Definition
forms linings of tubular structures of body
Term
mesoderm:
Definition
forms muscle & connective tissue
Term
ectoderm:
Definition
forms skin and nervous system
Term
fascia:
Definition
layers of connective tissue that form fibrous MEMBRANE, separating muscles and organs
Term
Aponeurosis:
Definition
broad, flat TENDON
Term
Epidermis
Definition
outermost skin layer; lacks blood vessels;
Term
dermis contains:
Definition
blood vessels, nerves, lymph vessels, sebaceous & sweat glands. hair follicles found here too
Term
sweat gland, function:
Definition
secretes onto epidermis via ducts & pores, helps excrete nitrogenous waste and salt; cooling of body
Term
capillary network of skin found in:
Definition
dermis
Term
BONE: diaphysis
Definition
shaft
Term
BONE: epiphysis
Definition
found on proximal and distal ends of LONG BONES; separated from DIAPHYSIS by EPIPHYSIAL LINE
Term
EPIPHYSIAL LINE
Definition
separates DIAPHYSIS from EPIPHYSIS of long bones
Term
Spongy Bone contains:
Definition
red marrow, produces blood cells
Term
periosteum
Definition
fascial covering of all bones
Term
yellow marrrow is mostly
Definition
fat
Term
Osteon
Definition
structural unit of bone
Term
haversian canal allows for passage of ________ in bone
Definition
blood vessels
Term
lamellae (bone anatomy)
Definition
concentric layers of bony tissue
Term
osteocytes
Definition
mature bone cells
Term
osteoclasts
Definition
cells that break down bone
Term
osteoblasts
Definition
cells that build up bone
Term
ventral rami of sacral-spinal nerves emerge from...
Definition
ventral/anterior SACRAL FORAMEN
Term
coccyx
Definition
fusion of four or five small vertebrae on "tail" of SACRUM
Term
5th lumbar vertebra articulates with ____________
Definition
superior articular surface of SACRUM
Term
patella is only ________ bone we'll study
Definition
sesamoid "seed-like"
Term
Gluteus MAXIMUS

1. origin
2. attachment
Definition
1. posterior illium; posterior lower portion of sacrum & coccyx
2. Illial-Tibial Band; Gluteal tuberosity (of femur)
Term
Gluteus MEDIUS

1. origin
2. attachment
Definition
1. outer surface & crest of ILLIUM
2. Greater trochanter
Term
Gluteus MINIMUS

1. origin
2. attachment
Definition
1. outer surface & crest of ILLIUM
2. Greater trochanter
Term
Tensor fasciae latae

1. origin
2. attachment
Definition
1. anterior illiac crest
2. IT band
Term
piriformis

1. origin
2. attachment
Definition
1. anterior sacrum
2. greater trochanter
Term
deep lateral rotator
Definition
piriformis (+ 5 others)
Term
psoas major

1. origin
2. attachment
Definition
1. T12 - L5
2. lesser trochanter
Term
illiacus

1. origin
2. attachment
Definition
1. illiac fossa
2. lesser trochanter
Term
illiopsoas

1. origin
2. attachment
Definition
1. ----
2. lesser trochanter
Term
what attaches at GREATER TROCHANTER?
Definition
gluteus MEDIUS
gluteus MINIMUS
piriformis
Term
what attaches at GLUTEAL TUBEROSITY?
Definition
gluteus maxiums
Term
what attaches at LESSER TROCHANTER?
Definition
illiopsoas (illacus & psoas major + minor)
Term
what extends from ASIS to pubic tubercle?
Definition
inguinal ligament
Term
sartorius

1. origin
2. attachment
Definition
1. ASIS
2. UM tibia
Term
rectus femoris

1. origin
2. attachment
Definition
1. AIIS
2. tibial tuberosity
Term
vastus intermedius

1. origin
2. attachment
Definition
1. anterior shaft of upper femur
2. tibial tuberosity
Term
vastus lateralis

1. origin
2. attachment
Definition
1. lateral lip of LINEA ASPERA
2. tibial tuberosity
Term
vastus medialis

1. origin
2. attachment
Definition
1. medial lip of LINEA ASPERA
2. tibial tuberosity
Term
attach to TIBIAL TUBEROSITY
Definition
1. rectus femoris
2. vastus intermedius
3. vastus medialis
4. vastus lateralis
Term
attach to UM Tibia
Definition
1. sartorius
2. gracilis
3. semitendinosus
Term
originate at ISCHIAL TUBEROSITY
Definition
1. biceps femoris long head
2. semitendinosus
3. semimembranosus
Term
gracilis

1. origin
2. attachment
3. action
Definition
1. pubic bone
2. UM tibia
3. adducts thigh
Term
pectineus

1. origin
2. attachment
3. action
Definition
1. pectin of pubic bone
2. upper posterior femur
3. adducts thigh
Term
adductor LONGUS

1. origin
2. action
Definition
1. pubic bone
2. adducts thigh
Term
adductor MAGNUS

1. origin
2. action
Definition
1. ISCHIUM
2. adducts thigh
Term
adductor BREVIS

1. origin
2. action
Definition
1. pubic bone
2. adducts thigh
Term
adductor ORIGINS
Definition
gracilis, pectineus, adductor longus, adductor brevis originate at PUBIS

adductor MAGNUS originates at ISCHIUM
Term
biceps femoris

1. origin
2. attachment
3. action
Definition
LONG HEAD:

origin = ischial tuberosity
attachment = head of FIBULA


SHORT HEAD

origin = shaft of femur
attachment = head of fibula


action = FLEXES LEG
Term
semitendonosus

1. origin
2. attachment
3. action
Definition
1. ischial tuberosity
2. UM tibia
3. flexes leg
Term
semimembranosus

1. origin
2. attachment
3. action
Definition
1. ischial tuberosity
2. posterior upper tibia
3. flexes leg
Term
biceps Femoris attaches at
Definition
FIBULA head F -- F
Term
originate at ISCHIAL TUBEROSITY
Definition
1. biceps femoris
2. semitendonosus
3. semimembranosus
Term
characteristics of MUSCLES: 4
Definition
- contractility
- irritability (respond to stimuli)
- extensability
- elasticity
Term
Agonist vs antagonist muscles
Definition
Term
MEDULLARY CAVITY is lined by...
Definition
ENDOSTIUM
Term
factors affecting BONE REMODELING (4)
Definition
1. pressue / stress
2. hormones
3. nutrition
4. exercise / weight bearing
Term
epiphysial PLATE vs epiphysial LINE
Definition
plate when "growth" plate is OPEN

once closed, becomes LINE
Term
intrinsic
Definition
confined entirely in one body part?

example: extensor digitorum brevis
Term
process
Definition
rough bony prominence usually serving as site of attachment for muscles or connective tissue structures
Term
trochanter
Definition
only found on the femur
Term
tuberosity vs tubercle
Definition
small vs large BLUNT or ROUNDED process
Term
crest
Definition
prominent border, sometimes ROUGH
Term
fossa
Definition
saucer-like depression
Term
foramen
Definition
hole in a bone, variable size
Term
head
Definition
round articular surface joined to the SHAFT by a NECK
Term
condyle
Definition
smooth structure (concave or convex) that is JOINED DIRECTLY to the SHAFT
Term
facet
Definition
smooth surface FOR ARTICULATION
Term
three MUSCLE FUNCTIONS
Definition
1. produce movement
2. produce heat
3. maintain posture
Term
three types of MUSCLE
Definition
1. cardiac (striated)
2. skeletal (striated)
3. viceral (smooth)
Term
hypertrophy vs atrophy
Definition
building up of muscles; breakdown of muscle
Term
crural fascia
Definition
fascia lata turns into CRURAL FASCIA when on the LEG
Term
interosseous membrane
Definition
separates anterior and posterior muscles of LEG
Term
transverse intermuscular septum
Definition
separates DEEP and SUPERFICIAL POSTERIOR MUSCLES of LEG
Term
tibialis anterior

1. action
Definition
dorsiflexion and inversion of foot
Term
extensor digitorum longus

1. action
Definition
1. extends digits 2-5, dorsiflexes foot
Term
extensor hallucis longus

1. action
Definition
1. extends hallux; dorsiflexes foot
Term
fibularis tertius

1. action
Definition
dorsiflexes and everts foot
Term
shin splints -- what are they?
Definition
small tears in PERIOSTEUM where the TIBIALIS ANTERIOR attaches to the TIBIA
Term
fibularis longus

1. action
Definition
1. plantar flexes and everts foot
Term
fibularis brevis

1. action
Definition
1. plantar flexes and everts foot
Term
gastrocnemius

1. action
Definition
1. plantar flexes foot
Term
soleus

1. action
Definition
1. plantar flexes foot
Term
plantaris

1. action
Definition
1. plantar flexes foot
Term
popliteus 1. action
Definition
1. "unlocks" knee for extension 
Term
flexor hallucis longus

1. action
Definition
1. flexes hallux
Term
flexor digitorum longus

1. action
Definition
1. flexes digits 2-5
Term
tibialis posterior

1. action
Definition
1. plantar flexes & inverts foot
Term
abductor hallucis

1. action
Definition
1. abducts hallux
Term
flexor digitorum brevis

1. action
Definition
1. flexes digits 2-5
Term
abductor digiti minimi

1. action
Definition
1. abducts fifth digit
Term
extensor digitorum brevis

1. action
Definition
1. extends digits 1-4****
Term
plantar aponeurosis
Definition
thick fascial covering on plantar portion of foot
Term
everts foot
Definition
fibularis longus
fibularis brevis
fibularis tertius
Term
longest muscle in body
Definition
sartorius?
Term
CNS includes
Definition
brain and spinal cord
Term
PNS includes (4)
Definition
1. cranial nerves
2. peripheral nerves
3. ganglia
4. plexuses
Term
ganglia
Definition
groups of nerve cell BODIES in the periphery
Term
plexuses
Definition
groups of nerve cell PROCESSES of VENTRAL RAMI
Term
functional unit of nervous system
Definition
neuron
Term
three nerve cell types
Definition
1. unipolar
2. bipolar
3. multipolar

based on number of PROCESSES they have
Term
efferent neurons carry information
Definition
from CNS to periphery -- AWAY from SPINAL CORD
Term
afferent neurons carry info
Definition
TOWARD the CNS / SPINAL CORD
Term
anaesthesia
Definition
absence of SENSATION, caused when AFFERENT processes are interrupted
Term
paralysis
Definition
loss of muscle function caused when EFFERENT NEURON PROCESSES are interrupted
Term
characteristics of NEURONS 2
Definition
1. irritability
2. conductivity
Term
Three types of NEUROGLIA
Definition
1. microglia
2. oligodendroglia
3. astrocytes
Term
nerve cell BODIES are made up of _____ matter
Definition
GREY (unmyleinated)
Term
nerve cell PROCESSES are made up of ____ matter
Definition
WHITE (myleinated)
Term
mylein sheath created by ________ cells
Definition
Schwann cells
Term
neurolemmal sheath
Definition
covering of neuron, composed of MYLEIN SHEATH and SCHWANN CELLS that created it
Term
epineurium
Definition
fascial sheath that covers NERVES
Term
Nerve
Definition
bundle of many nerve cell PROCESSES
Term
nerves are ______ matter
Definition
white (myleinated)
Term
mixed nerves
Definition
have both EFFERENT (motor) and AFFERENT (sensory) processes
Term
EFFERENT nerves =
Definition
motor nerves
Term
AFFERENT nerves =
Definition
sensory nerves
Term
most brain tumors develop from...
Definition
GLIAL CELLS
Term
AFFERENT NEURONS insert into the _________ _________ at the spinal cord
Definition
DORSAL HORN
Term
EFFERENT NEURONS insert at the _____ ______ of the spinal cord
Definition
VENTRAL HORN
Term
how many pairs of SPINAL NERVES
Definition
31
Term
how any coxxygial spinal nerves?
Definition
1
Term
how many SACRO-SPINAL nerves
Definition
5
Term
how many LUMBAR-SPINAL nerves
Definition
5
Term
how many THORACIC-SPINAL nerves
Definition
12
Term
how many CERVICAL-SPINAL nerves
Definition
8
Term
which portions of SPINAL CORD are MIXED NERVES
Definition
spinal nerve

ventral ramus

dorsal ramus
Term
what is involved in formation of NERVE PLEXUSES?
Definition
VENTRAL RAMUS
Term
DORSAL ROOT GANGLION composed of...
Definition
Nerve cell BODIES of unipolar, AFFERENT (sensory) neurons
Term
ventral root composed of
Definition
nerve cells PROCESSES of EFFERENT (motor) neurons
Term
bodies of EFFERENT (motor) neurons in spinal cord found?
Definition
in the VENTRAL HORN OF THE GREY MATTER (butterfly shape)
Term
LUMBAR PLEXUS nerves (6)
Definition
iliohypogastric
ilioinguinal
genitofemoral
lateral femoral cutaneous
femoral
obturator
Term
SACRAL PLEXUS nerves 4
Definition
superior gluteal
inferior gluteal
posterior lateral femoral cutaneous
sciatic
Term
sciatic splits into:
Definition
tibial division and common fibular division
Term
LUMBAR PLEXUS formed by _____ and _______ spinal nerves
Definition
T12 and L1-4
Term
SACRAL PLEXUS formed by ______
Definition
L4-5, S1-4
Term
piriformis innervation
Definition
Nerve to PIRIFORMIS
Term
Gluteus MAXIMUS innervation
Definition
inferior GLUTEAL NERVE
Term
Gluteus MEDIUS innervation
Definition
superior gluteal nerve
Term
Gluteus MINIMUS innervation
Definition
superior gluteal nerve
Term
tensor fascia latae innervation
Definition
SUPERIOR gluteal nerve
Term
Psoas major innervation
Definition
Lumbar nerves L1-L3
Term
illiacus innervation
Definition
femoral nerve
Term
sartorius innervation
Definition
femoral nerve
Term
rectus femoris innervation
Definition
femoral nerve
Term
vastus lateralus, medialis, intermedius innervation
Definition
femoral nerve
Term
femoral nerve innervates
Definition
1. illiacus
2. sartorius
3. rectus femoris
4. vastus lateralis, medialis, and intermedius
5. pectineus
Term
gracilis innervation
Definition
obturator nerve
Term
pectineus innervation
Definition
femoral nerve
Term
adductor longus innervation
Definition
obturator
Term
adductor brevis innervation
Definition
obturator
Term
adductor magnus innervation
Definition
obturator
Term
all ADDUCTORS of thigh innervated by _____ _____ except _____ which is innervated by _______?
Definition
obturator nerve, except PECTINEUS which is innervated by FEMORAL NERVE
Term
biceps femoris LONG HEAD innervation
Definition
tibial nerve
Term
biceps femoris SHORT HEAD innervation
Definition
common fibular nerve
Term
semitendonosus innervation
Definition
tibial
Term
semimembranosus innervation
Definition
tibial nerve
Term
Tibial Nerve innervates?
Definition
1. biceps femoris LONG HEAD
2. semimembranosus
3. semitendonosus
Term
all HAMSTRING (posterior thigh muscles) innervated by TIBIAL NERVE except?
Definition
biceps femoris short head
Term
tibialis anterior innervation
Definition
deep fibular nerve
Term
extensor digitorus longus innervation
Definition
deep fibular nerve
Term
extensor hallucis longus innervation
Definition
deep fibular nerve
Term
fibularis tertius innervation
Definition
deep fibular
Term
deep fibular nerve innervates
Definition
all ANTERIOR LEG MUSCLES
Term
lateral leg muscles innervated by?
Definition
superficial FIBULAR nerve
Term
fibularis longus & fibularis brevis innervated by?
Definition
superficial FIBULAR nerve
Term
posterior crural muscles innervated by?
Definition
TIBIAL nerve
Term
Tibial nerve innervates?
Definition

biceps femoris long head

semimembranosus

semitendonosus

gastrocnemius

soleus

plantaris

popliteus 

tibialis posterior 

flexor hallucis longus 

flexor digitorum longus 

Term
tibial nerve innervates all ______ muscles of ______ except
Definition
posterior muscles of LEG and THIGH *biceps femoris SHORT HEAD
Term
deep fibular nerve innervates all ____
Definition
muscles of anterior LEG
Term
popliteus and plantaris innervated by?
Definition
tibial nerve
Term
deep posterior crural muscles innervated by?
Definition
tibial nerve
Term
extensor digitorum brevis innervated by?
Definition
deep fibular nerve
Term
extends digits 1-4
Definition
extensor digitorum brevis
Term
abductor hallucis innervation
Definition
medial plantar nerve
Term
abductor digiti minimi innervation
Definition
lateral plantar nerve
Term
afferent neurons are ________ neurons
Definition
SENSORY
Term
efferent neurons are ______
Definition
MOTOR neurons
Term
Lumbar plexus includes what spinal nerves?
Definition
T12 - L4
Term
sacral plexus includes what spinal nerves?
Definition
L4 - S4
Term
tibial division of sciatic nerve includes what nerves?
Definition
L4-S3
Term
fibular division of sciatic nerve includes?
Definition
L4-S2
Term
nerves of LUMBAR PLEXUS (6)
Definition
iliohypogastric
ilioinguinal
genitofemoral
lateral femoral cutaneous
femoral
obturator
Term
nerves of SACRAL plexus (4)
Definition
superior gluteal
inferior gluteal
posterior lateral femoral cutaneous
sciatic
Term
spinal nerve shared between SACRAL and LUMBAR PLEXUS
Definition
L4
Term
femoral innervates
Definition
all anterior femoral mucles and PECTINEUS
Term
obturator nerve can be seen inserting into
Definition
GRACILIS
Term
tibial nerve innervates what muscle group?
Definition
posterior femoral muscles
Term
common fibular innervates?
Definition
SHORT HEAD of biceps femoris ONLY
Term
deep fibular innervates what group of muscles?
Definition
anterior leg muscles
Term
superficial fibular innervates what group of muscles?
Definition
lateral crural muscles
Term
tibial nerve innervates what group of muscles?
Definition
all posterior crural muscles
Term
foot drop occurs when ___ damaged?
Definition
common fibular nerve damage, so cannot DORSIFLEX and EVERT foot
Term
ANTERIOR HIP muscles
Definition
psoas major & illiacus
Term
Posterior GLUTEAL muscles
Definition
gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, gluteus minimus
tensor fascia latae
piriformis
Term
anterior femoral muscles
Definition
sartorius
rectus femoris
vastus lateralis, medialis, intermedius
Term
medial femoral muscles
Definition
gracilis
pectineus
adductor longus
adductor brevis
adductor magnus
Term
posterior femoral muscles
Definition
biceps femoris (long & short head)
semimembranosus
semitendonosus
Term
sprained ankle usually occurs on ____ side of ankle
Definition
LATERAL side
Term
anterior crural muscles
Definition
tibialis anterior
extensor digitorum longus
extensor halluscis longus
fibularis tertius
Term
lateral crural muscles
Definition
fibularis longus
fibularis brevis
Term
superficial posterior crural muscles
Definition
gastrocnemius
soleus
plantaris
Term
soleus only crosses 1 joint so only acts on
Definition
foot
Term
deep posterior crural muscles
Definition
popliteus
flexor hallucis longus
flexor digitorum longus
tibialis posterior
Term
TOM, DICK, a n, HARRY =
Definition
tibialis posterior
flexor digitorum longus
posterior tibial artery
posterior tibial nerve
flexor hallucis longus
Term
dorsal root ganglion made up of
Definition
UNIPOLAR nerve cell bodies of AFFERENT / SENSORY neurons
Term
sensory neurons are ______
Definition
unipolar
Term
special sensory cells are ____ polar
Definition
bi-polar
Term
motor cells are ___ polar
Definition
multi-polar
Term
efferent neurons insert at ______ of spinal vertebrae
Definition
ventral horn of grey matter
Term
afferent nerves insert at ______ of vertebrae
Definition
dorsal horn
Term
red = MOTOR NERVES

blue = SENSORY NERVES
Definition
Term
which processes are involved in forming PLEXUSES?
Definition
ventral processes from ventral ramus
Term
largest nerve of LUMBAR PLEXUS
Definition
femoral nerve
Term
nerve found between tibialis anterior and extensor digitorum longus
Definition
deep fibular nerve
Term
nerve found passing under inguinal ligament
Definition
femoral nerve
Term
nerve DEEP to pectineus
Definition
obturator nerve
Term
nerve found among hamstrings near pelvis
Definition
sciatic nerve
Term
nerve found between superficial and deep posterior crural muscles
Definition
tibial
Term
loss of eversion of foot = damaged
Definition
superficial fibular (fibularis longus or brevis)
Term
pelvic drop = damage to
Definition
superior gluteal nerve (pectineus, medius, minimus)
Term
can't push pedal down on bike = damage to
Definition
femoral nerve
Term
can't adduct legs = damage to?
Definition
obturator nerve
Term
toe drag = damage to
Definition
fibular nerve
Term
no muscular control of foot = damage to
Definition
sciatic nerve
Term
_________ found in both CNS and PNS!
Definition
neurons
Term
soleal line found?
Definition
posterior tibia
Term
patella found anterior to
Definition
femur
Term
most inferior bone of os coxae
Definition
ischium
Term
forms part of ACETABULUM but NOT the OBTURATOR FORAMEN
Definition
ilium
Term
major EXTENSOR of thigh
Definition
gluteus maximus
Term
only thigh muscle that inserts LATERALLY on leg
Definition
biceps femoris
Term
antagonist to iliopsoas
Definition
gluteus maximus
Term
innervates flexor digitorum brevis
Definition
medial plantar nerve
Term
blood functions (3)
Definition
- transport of waste, blood, nutrients, hormones
- regulation of pH & BP
- protection (clotting, WBCs)
Term
atherosclerosis
Definition
fatty plaque & hypertrophied smooth muscle build up in lumen of blood vessels. this leads to atherosclerosis, hardening and occlusion of the vessels, often leading to DEATH
Term
only artery that carries de-oxygenated blood
Definition
pulmonary artery
Term
3 types of arteries
Definition
1. large conducting arteries
2. muscular, distributing arteries
3. arterioles
Term
characteristics of veins (3)
Definition
1. thin walls
2. larger diameter, more numerous than arteries
3. valves
4. more anastomoses
Term
anastomoses
Definition
reconnection of two streams that previously branched out; i.e. blood vessels
Term
vericose vein
Definition
diameter of lumen of vein has increased because of blood column pressure, valve cannot close, so some blood flows back down through valve, resulting in dilation at distal ends of veins
Term
when tracing blood BACK to HEART from lower limbs, what replaces Abdominal aorta
Definition
IVC - inferior vena cava
Term
characteristics of blood vessels (5)
Definition
1. variable
2. tend to occur in NEUROVASCULAR BUNDLES
3. collateral circulation
4. astromoses
5. general distribution
Term
collateral circulation
Definition
more than one source of blood to a specific body part
Term
Veins have VALVES
Definition
Term
adductor hiatus
Definition
opening in the tendon of ADDUCTOR MAGNUS through which the femoral artery and vein pass
Term
femoral artery & vein ---> adductor hiatus ----> become?
Definition
popliteal artery & vein
Term
in lower limb, most unnamed veins are tributaries of?
Definition
greater & lesser SAPHENOUS VEINS
Term
trace blood out of heart from IVC
Definition
right atrium
right ventricle
pulmonary artery
lungs
pulmonary vein
left atrium
left ventricle
descending aorta
Term
histological characteristic that allows capillaries to perform their function?
Definition
walls only one cell thick
Term
TYPES of vascular structures that blood must flow through to get from LEFT VENTRICLE to RIGHT ATRIUM (6)
Definition
1. elastic conducting arteries
2. muscular distributing arteries
3. arterioles
4. capillaries
5. venules
6. veins
Term
origin located on body part that is _____ movable

insertion located on body part that is ____ movable
Definition
origin = less

insertion = more
Term
fleshy or contracting part of the muscle
Definition
muscle BELLY
Term
surrounds the individual muscle fiber / cell
Definition
endomysium
Term
packages cells into fascicles
Definition
perimysium
Term
fascia surrounding the entire muscle
Definition
epimysium
Term
synergist
Definition
steadies movement when a muscle crosses two joints

ex. hold fist centered when making fist
Term
fixator
Definition
maintains position OF BODY PART NOT INVOLVED IN MOVEMENT

ex: hold your arms and forearms steady while typing
Term
palpatable on body - BONY MARKINGS of os coxae
Definition
1. ASIS
2. Illiac crest
3. symphysis pubis
Term
palpatable on own body - FEMUR
Definition
greater trochanter
Term
palpable on own body - tibia
Definition
tibial tuberosity
medial malleolus
Term
palpable on own body - fibula
Definition
head of fibula
lateral malleolus
Term
retinacula: 4
Definition
superior extensor retinaculum

inferior extensor retinaculum

fibular retinaculum

flexor retinaculum
Term
microglia
Definition
found in grey & white matter; PHAGOCYTIC CELLS
Term
Oligodendroglia
Definition
cells that produce mylein
Term
astrocytes
Definition
multipolar cells that aid in repair process & transfer of nutrients from blood vessels to NERVE CELLS
Term
oligodendroglia produce mylein for cells in ______

schwann cells produce mylein in _______
Definition
CNS

PNS
Term
brain tumors usually ______
Definition
astrocytomas
Term
examples of LARGE CONDUCTING ARTERIES
Definition
pulmonary trunk & Aorta + main branches
Term
provide resistance to blood flow largely responsible for Blood Pressure
Definition
arterioles
Term
venae comitantes
Definition
when two veins accompany an artery
Term
femoral artery becomes _______ at adductor hiatus
Definition
popliteal artery
Term
BOUNDARIES of Popliteal Fossa
Definition
Upper: Semitendonosus/Semimembranosus; Biceps femoris

Lower: Two heads of Gastrocnemius
Term
CONTENTS of Popliteal Fossa
Definition
"AVNN" UP! (avian up, aviation up)

deep to superficial:

popliteal artery, popliteal vein, tibial nerve, common fibular nerve
Term
Femoral Triangle boundaries
Definition
top: inguinal ligament
lateral: sartorius
medial: adductor longus
floor: lateral is illiopsoas ; medial is pectineus
Term
MUSCLES that FLEX HIP (5)
Definition
1. psoas major
2. iliacus
3. sartorius
4. rectus femoris
5. tensor fascia latae
Term
Muscles that EXTEND the HIP
Definition
1. gluteus maximus
2. semitendonosus
3. semimembranosus
4. biceps femoris
Term
Muscles that ABDUCT the HIP
Definition
1. tensor fascia latae
2. gluteus medius
3. gluteus minimus
Term
Muscles that ADDUCT the HIP
Definition
1. adductor longus
2. adductor brevis
3. adductor magnus
4. pectineus
5. gracilis
Term
MEDIALLY ROTATE hip
Definition
1. tensor fascia latae
2. gluteus medius
3. gluteus minimus
Term
muscles that LATERALLY ROTATE the hip
Definition
1. gluteus maximus
2. piriformis
Term
muscles that INVERT the FOOT
Definition
tibialis anterior
tibialis posterior
Term
EVERT the FOOT
Definition
fibularis longus
fibularis brevis
Term
anatomical position (describe)
Definition
body standing erect, face toward observer, feet together and parallel, arms at side with palms facing forward
Term
three planes through which anatomical material cut
Definition
sagittal: L/R

coronal: anterior/posterior

transverse: superior/inferior
Term
functions of patella
Definition
serves and fulcrum for quadriceps muscles and helps protect knee joint
Term
shin =
achilles tendon =
outer ankle bone =
inner ankle bone =
sole of foot =
Definition
1. tibial crest
2. calcaneal tendon
3. medial malleolus
4. lateral malleolus
5. plantar aspect of foot
Term
Articulations of FEMUR
Definition
os coxae ; tibia and patella
Term
articulations of tibia
Definition
femur and fibula ; fibula and TALUS
Term
articulations of FIBULA
Definition
tibia ; tibia and TALUS
Term
3 types of joints
Definition
synarthrosis
diarthrosis
amphiarthrosis
Term
fascia lata
Definition
deep fascia that invests the THIGH
Term
iliotibial tract - definition
Definition
thick strip of fascia lata on the lateral thigh
Term
NON-MUSULAR STRUCTURES that attach to

1. ASIS
2. ischial spine
3. pubic tubercle
Definition
1. inguinal ligament
2. sacrospinous ligament
3. inguinal ligament
Term
deep lateral rotators of hip lie deep to?
Definition
gluteus maximus
Term
retinaculum
Definition
strip of fascia with greater collagen fiber density than crural fascia; holds tendons close to joint, to prevent them from "bowstringing"
Term
what separates the anterior from posterior crural muscles?
Definition
interosseus membrane
Term
neuron
Definition
functional nerve cell
Term
nerve
Definition
bundle of nerve cell processes held together in fascial sheath (epineurium)
Term
plexuses of lower limb
Definition
lumbar and sacral
Term
what nerve palpable against neck of FIBULA
Definition
common fibular nerve
Term
what happens if COMMON FIBULAR NERVE damaged?
Definition
ANTERIOR and LATERAL crural muscles paralyzed, so cannot EVERT or DORSIFLEX FOOT
Term
function of cardiovascular system
Definition
transportation system delivering nutrients, oxygen and removing wastes from all body tissues
Term
heart = "double pump" , why?
Definition
right side of heart pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs (PULMONARY PUMP) while left side of heart pumps oxygenated blood to body (SYSTEMIC PUMP)
Term
arteries vs veins
Definition
arteries have thicker walls, smaller diameter, and no valves

veins are more numerous, have more anastomoses, and contain valves
Term
posterior tibial artery is what kind of artery?
Definition
muscular distributing artery
Term
external iliac artery changes name at ?
Definition
inguinal ligament to FEMORAL
Term
femoral artery changes name at?
Definition
adductor hiatus (changes to POPLITEAL)
Term
anterior tibial artery changes names at?
Definition
ankle (to dorsalis pedis)
Term
anterior tibial artery --->
Definition
dorsalis pedis
Term
posterior tibial artery --->
Definition
splits to FIBULAR and POSTERIOR TIBIAL ARTERIES
Term
posterior tibial arteries --->
Definition
medial & lateral plantar arteries
Term
name nerve that would be found in neurovascular bundle with anterior tibial artery
Definition
deep fibular nerve
Term
name nerve that would be found in neurovascular bundle with posterior tibial artery
Definition
tibial nerve
Term
name nerve that would be found in neurovascular bundle with obturator artery
Definition
obturator nerve
Term
femoral vein is _____ to femoral artery
Definition
MEDIAL ?
Term
which muscle must be cut away to reveal ADDUCTOR CANAL?
Definition
sartorius
Term
posterior tibial artery found UNDER what muscle?
Definition
soleus
Term
vena camitantes found primarily?
Definition
in leg and forearm
Term
serous sac that encases the heart
Definition
pericardium
Term
base of heart situated at thoracic vertebrae
Definition
5-8
Term
left border of heart formed largely by
Definition
left ventricle
Term
right border of heart largely formed by
Definition
right atrium
Term
apex of heart mostly ________ lies at about the ______
Definition
left ventricle

fifth left intercostal space
Term
pain when heart deprived of blood
Definition
ANGINA PECTORIS
Term
valve that separates RIGHT ATRIUM from RIGHT VENTRICLE
Definition
tricuspid valve
Term
separates RIGHT VENTRICLE from PULMONARY ARTERY
Definition
pulmonic valve
Term
left atrium and left ventricle separated by
Definition
MITRAL valve
Term
separates LEFT VENTRICLE and AORTA
Definition
aortic valve
Term
inferior vena cava brings deoxygenated blood from ?
Definition
lower body to RIGHT ATRIUM
Term
superior vena cava brings blood from
Definition
deoxygenated blood from upper body to RIGHT ATRIUM
Term
walls of which VENTRICLE are thicker
Definition
LEFT, because has to pump to all other regions of body
Term
LEFT VENTRICLE --->
Definition
ascending aorta
Term
coronary sulcus
Definition
depression between atria and ventricles; left coronary artery and circumflex artery lie here
Term
which two arteries lie in coronary suclcus?
Definition
circumflex and left coronary artery
Term
LAD
Definition
left anterior descending artery

branch of left coronary artery that lies in the fat-filled anterior interventricular sulcus
Term
what lies in the ANTERIOR INTERVENTRICULAR SULCUS?
Definition
Left Anterior Descending Artery & Great Cardiac Vein
Term
ligamentum arteriosum
Definition
remnant of embryonic vessel; lies between/"connects" PULMONARY TRUNK and AORTA
Term
Coronary sulcus separates?
Definition
atria from ventricles
Term
lies in coronary sulcus on RIGHT ANTERIOR surface of heart
Definition
RIGHT CORONARY ATERY
Term
lies in coronary sulcus on LEFT ANTERIOR SURFACE of heart
Definition
circumflex artery and superior portion of great cardiac vein
Term
Great Cardiac vein terminates in
Definition
CORONARY SINUS
Term
posterior interventricular artery
Definition
continuation of right coronary artery in POSTERIOR HEART
Term
thin region in interatrial septum
Definition
fossa ovalis
Term
foramen ovale in developing embryo becomes...
Definition
fossa ovalis
Term
wall of RIGHT ATRIUM smooth except for
Definition
ridges of muscle in AURICLE
Term
opening of coronary sinus in __________ brings blood used by heart muscle itself
Definition
RIGHT ATRIUM
Term
tricuspid valve found in
Definition
RIGHT ATRIUM
Term
tricuspid valve formed by what tissue
Definition
ENDOCARDIUM
Term
papillary muscle
Definition
specialized muscles in ATRIA of the heart; attach to cusps of the atrioventricular valves via chordae tendineae to prevent PROLAPSE or INVERSION of the valves
Term
papillary muscles are specialized
Definition
trebeculae carnae
Term
valve that prevents backflow into the RIGHT VENTRICLE
Definition
pulmonary SEMILUNAR VALVE
Term
valve that prevents backflow into LEFT VENTRICLE
Definition
aortic SEMILUNAR valve
Term
bicuspid or mitral valve found in ________ ventricle/atrium
Definition
LEFT
Term
chordae tendineae
Definition
fibrous cords that attach from apex of papillary muscles to the atrioventricular valves; passive restraints to prevent valves from being forced back into the atria when the ventricles contract
Term
myocardium
Definition
muscle of the heart
Term
mitral valve prolapse
Definition
occurs when AV flaps do not meet or completely close off blood flow
Term
heart does NOT need innervation from CNS to initiate heartbeat
Definition
Term
sinuatrial node
Definition
"pacemaker" of heart; initiates beat
Term
heart beat impulse pathway
Definition
1. sinuatrial node
2. atrioventricular node
3. atrioventricular bundle
4. purkinje fibers (which cause muscles of ventricles to contract)
Term
blood to anterior heart muscle from Right Ventricle to heart muscle AND BACK -- PATHWAY
Definition
R. ventricle --> pulmonary a. --> pulmonary capillaries --> pulmonary veins --> Left atrium --> left ventricle --> aorta --> left coronary artery --> LAD artery --> great cardiac vein --> coronary sinus --> Right atrium --> right ventricle
Term
________ decrease the heart rate if beating too rapidly
Definition
para sympathetic nerves
Term
increase the heart rate if beating too slowly
Definition
sympathetic nervous system
Term
neuroanatomy
Definition
study of structure of nervous system
Term
histology
Definition
study of microscopic cells and tissues
Term
embryology
Definition
study of developing organism from fertilization to birth
Term
skeleton functions 5
Definition
support, protection, leverage in movement, hemopoeisis; and mineral storage
Term
rough bony prominence
Definition
process
Term
pointed projection of bone
Definition
spine
Term
prominent border, may be rough
Definition
crest
Term
fossa
Definition
saucer-like depression (fossa --> sossa)
Term
smooth, concave or convex structure for articulation with other bone connected directly to shaft of bone
Definition
condyle
Term
plexus
Definition
intermingling of nerve cell processes of spinal nerves from different cord levels
Term
greater saphenous vein ascends up ______ thigh and empties into _____________
Definition
medial

femoral vein at femoral triangle
Term
lesser saphenous vein arises on _______ to empty into ______ at _________
Definition
lateral side of foot; posterior leg; enters popliteal fossa and empties into popliteal vein
Term
sacrospinous ligament goes from ____ to _____
Definition
sacrum to ischial spine
Term
sacrotuberous ligament goes from _____to ______
Definition
sacrum to ischial tuberosity
Term
anterior femoral muscles

1. major action
2. innervation
Definition
extends knee
femoral nerve
Term
medial femoral muscles

1. action
2. innervation
Definition
1. adducts hip
2. obturator n.
Term
posterior femoral muscles

1. action
2. innervation
Definition
1. extends hip and flexes knee
2. tibial n.
Term
umbilical vein becomes
Definition
ligamentum teres hepatis
Term
ductus venosus becomes
Definition
ligumentum venosus
Term
foramen ovale becomes
Definition
fossa ovalis
Term
ductus arteriosus becomes
Definition
ligamentum arteriosus
Term
umbilical arteries beome
Definition
ligaments lateral to bladder
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