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Anatomy Exam 1
Notes made into flashcards from lectures through Exam 1
160
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
01/15/2013

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Term
Anatomy
Definition
Structures
to cut apart or discet
physical things
Term
Physiology
Definition
Function
how the parts work together
Term
2 main sections of Anatomy
Definition
Gross/Macroscopic
Microscopic
Term
Definition of Gross/Macroscopic Anatomy
Definition
what you can see with the naked eye
Term
Who cared about anatomy first and second?
Definition
Artists
Doctors
Term
Doctors of Ancient times
Definition
Hipprocretes- diseases are real
Plato- set up academy of athens where the following studied
Aristole- did live Vinisections
Galen- studied pigs and monkey and his text was used up until the 1600
Term
Microscopic Anatomy def
Definition
things you need help to see, microscope
Term
Light Microscope
Definition
invented in 1600
possibly by Galileo
By using this you can see tissues, cells and organelles
no radiation
Term
Scanning electron microscope
Definition
aka SEM
invented from 1930-1960
enabled cytology and histology
no radiation
Term
Transmission Electron microscope
Definition
aka TEM
invented from 1930-1960
enabled cytology and histology
Term
Cytology
Definition
Study of cells
Term
Histology
Definition
Study of tissues (included cytology)
Term
X-Ray
Definition
emits radiation
used first in 1895
pass through air and H2O and reflected by dense tissue (ex. bones)
air=black bones=white
can see organ and organ system
Term
Computed Tonography
Definition
aka CT or CAT
Radiation
takes many X-Rays to make a 3-D image
1970's
can see organ and organ system
Term
Ultrasound
Definition
1920's
No Radiation
uses sound waves
Term
Magnetic Residence Imagine
Definition
aka MRI
No Radiation
used a super strong magnet to form the image
1977
causes hydrogen to release engery and show different from the different H2O content
*only HYDROGEN matters*
can see organ, organ system, and molecular
Term
Positron Emission Tomography
Definition
aka PET Scan
1950-1960's
Radiation
radio active tag a molecule, then as the molecule is used it emits radio active substance
ex. glucose being used in the brain/muscles/cancer cells
can see organ, organ system, and molecular
Term
Level of Organization
(small to largest)
Definition
Atom
Molecule
Organelles
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ System
Organism
Term
Tissues, Cells, Organelles can be seen with
Definition
Light Microscope, SEM, TEM
microscopic anatomy
Term
Organism, Organs, Tissues, Organ Systems, can be seen with?
Definition
without any help. the naked eye
Term
X-Rays can see
and do they use Radiation?
Definition
Organ System and Organ
Yes
Term
CT Scan and Ultrasound can see what?
and do both, one, or neither use radiation?
Definition
Organ System and Organ
CT- Yes
Ultrasound-No
Term
MRI can see what?
and does it use radiation?
Definition
Organ and Organ System and Molecular
No
Term
PET Scan can see what?
radiation? yes or no?
Definition
Can see Organ/Organ System and Molecular
Yes
Term
Anything smaller then ____ needs microscope or help
Definition
Tissues
Term
What year was the first X-Ray taken and by who?
Definition
1895 and by Wilhelm Rontgen
Term
Sagittal
Definition

Cuts into Left and Right, does not mean that it's in the middle.

Creates a Side View

[image]

Term
Midsagital
Definition

direct middle into Left and Right 

[image]

Term
Transverese
Definition

cuts horizontal (a magiction box cut)

Creates a Cross Section View

[image]

Term
Frontal
Definition

Cuts front to back

Creates a Coronal View

[image]

Term
Superior=
Definition
Top
Term
Anterior and Posterior=
Definition
Front and Back
Term
Cranial and Caudal =
Definition
Head and Tail
Term
Doral and Ventral =
Definition
Anatomical back and Anatomical belly
Term
Medial and Lateral =
Definition
midline and then away from said midline
Term
Bilateral=
Definition
symmetrical sides
Term
Ipsilateral=
Definition
structures on the same side
Term
Contralateral
Definition
structures on opposite sides
Term
Superficial and Deep =
Definition
outer and inner
Term
Proximal and Distal =
Definition
close to point of attachment and farther away from point of attachment
Term
The 2 overall body cavities?
Definition
Dorsal Body Cavity
Ventral Cavity
Term
Dorsal Body Cavity contains?
Definition
Cranial Cavity
Spinal Cavity
Term
Ventral Cavity contains?
Definition
Thoracic Cavity
Abdomniopelvic Cavity
Term
Abdomniopelvic Cavity contains?
Definition
Abdominal Cavity which is superior and the Pelvic Cavity which is inferior, they are divided by the imaginary line from the sacrum to the pubis
Term
Membrane definition?
Definition
is an organ made of 2 or more tissues that usually lines a surface
Term
Serous Membrane
Definition
lines surfaces that Do Not open to the outside. Each Cavity in the body has 2 types of Membrane
Visceral Serosa and Parietal Serosa
Term
Visceral Serosa def?
Definition
lines the organs
Term
Parietal Serosa def?
Definition
lines the cavity
Term
Thoratic Cavity contains what membranes?
Definition
Visceral Pleura which covers the surface of the lungs
Parietal Pleura- covers the “walls” of the theoretic cavity
Term
Pericardial Cavity contains what membranes?
Definition
Visceral Pericardium which covers the heart
Parietal Pericardium lines the pericardial cavity, the heart sac
Term
Abdomniopelvic Cavity contains what membrane?
Definition
Visceral Perotineum which lines the abdomiopelvis organs
Parietal Perotineam- lines the abdominopelvic cavity walls
Term
What are the abdominal quadrants?
Definition
Right Upper Quadrant
Left Upper Quadrant
Right Lower Quadrant
Left Lower Quadrant
Term
What are the abdomiopelvic regions?
Definition
Right Hypochondriac
Epigastric Region
Left Hypochondriac
Right Lumber Region
Umbilical Region
Left Lumber Region
Right Iliac Region
Hypogastric Region
Left Iliac Region
Term
Cell def?
Definition
is the basic structural and functional unit of the body
Term
Name the basic structure of all cells
Definition
Plasma Membrane
Cytoplasm/ Cytoskeleton
Organelles
Term
Skeletal Muscle Cells are specialized how?
Definition
they are cylindrical, multi nucleated and long
Term
Neuron are specialized how?
Definition
weird shape, has a dendrite, cell body, axon
Term
Sperm Cell are specialized how?
Definition
have a flagellated so they can “swim”
Term
Plasma Membrane 3 general characteristics
Definition
-Separates inside of cell from the outside
-Controls what goes in and out of the cell
-Very thing (5-10 nm thick) you can see this with an Electron microscope
Term
Plasma Membrane is made off and %?
Definition
-Protein complexes = 50% of the membrane
-Lipid Rafts = 20% of the cell membrane, outer membrane dynamic assemble of saturated phospholipids
-Picket Fences- formed by the cytoskeleton
-Glycolipids = 5% of cell membrane
-Cholesterol = 20% of cell membrane, structural support and has hydrophilic and hydrophobic ends
Term
PMP = name
Definition
Plasma Membrane Proteins
Term
IPMP name and function?
Definition
Integral Plasma Membrane Protein
-Transportation because they only let in/out certain substances
-Receptors they bind substances to receptor proteins causing change inside of cell
-Cell Identity-signatures on cell that gives it specific identity by using glycoproteins. This happens so immune cells will not attack them
- Enzymes
-They allow cell to cell contact through 3 different ways
Term
3 different types of Cell to Cell contact
Definition
Tight Junctions
Gap Junctions
Demonstrates
Term
Tight Junctions def
Definition
IPMP crosses 2 cell membranes prevent substances from transporting across cell (example line the digestive tract)
Term
Gap Junctions def
Definition
creates a channel through 2 cells which allows cell to cell communication
Term
Demonstrates def
Definition
tight junctions with microfilaments for reinforcement found in cells with great mechanical stress such as skin and hear muscle
Term
PPMP name and functions?
Definition
Peripheral Plasma Membrane Protein

Transportation- they are “taxies”, they bind to substances and take them in and out of cells
b. Receptores (same as IPMP)
c. Enzymes (same as IPMP)
d. Cell Identity (IPMP)
Term
Cytoskeleton def?
Definition
made of microtubules (large hallow tubes) intermediate filaments (rope like) and microfilaments (like actin). It is responsible for the shape of cell attachment of organelles and movement of substances within the cell.
Term
Cytoplasm def?
Definition
viscous semitransparent fluid, made of mostly water but also contains proteins and salts/ions and sugars and organelles and inclusions (specific to cell types example lipid droplets in fat cell)
Term
Ribosomes
Definition
synthesize proteins
Term
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Definition
2 types
a. Smooth with NO ribosomes
b. Rough ibosomes
the function is to make protiens and packaging
Term
Gologi Apparatus
Definition
protein specialization and packaging
Term
Lysosome
Definition
enzymes for breakdown of proteins
Term
Mitochondria
Definition
synthesis of ATP (energy), it has it’s own DNA that is separate from the nucleus
Term
Nucleus
Definition
holds DNA
Term
Centrioles
Definition
aligning chromosomes during Meiosis/Mitosis
Term
Cytoskeleton
Definition
Structural support and movement
Term
Cell Resting Potential def and explain
Definition
Also called Electrochemical Equilibrium
The inside of a cell has a negative charge of about -70 mv
- No active process (meaning no energy is used)
- Channels are closed
- Hi protein drives the overall charge
In the Cell Membrane
Term
Passive Transport def
Definition
– no ATP is needed and substances move from higher to lower concentration, there are 4 types
Term
4 types of passive transport
Definition
Diffusion, Osmosis, Bulk Flow/Filration, Facilitated Diffusion
Term
Diffustion
Definition
substances moving from higher to lower concentration due to a concentration gradient
Term
Osmosis
Definition
Water moving through a semi-permeable from area of lower concentration to area to lower concentration to area of higher concentration.
a. Hydrostatic Pressure- Pressure exerted on membrane
b. Osmotic Pressure- tendency of water to flow into the cell by osmosis
c. Aquaporins - are transmembrane proteins that allow single-file diffusion of water molecules
d. These solutions can be isotonic, hypertonic, or hypotinic or also Isoosmotic, hyperosmotic, or hypoosmotic
Term
Bulk Flow/Filtration
Definition
movement from high pressure to low pressure
example glomeruius, bowman;s capsule
Term
Facilitated Diffusion
Definition
faster diffusion rate with aid of transport protein
Term
Active Transport
Definition
ATP is needed to move substance against concentration gradient, 3 types.
Term
Bulk Transport/Vesicular Transport
Definition
. Endocytosis-bringing substances into the cell
-Phagocytosis – engulfing molecules (eating)
- Pinocytosis – Engulfing water (drinking)
b. exocytosis- removing substances from the ce
Term
Endocytosis
Definition
bringing substances into the cell
Term
exocytosis
Definition
removing substances from the cell
Term
Primary Active Transport
Definition
uses transport protein to move substances against concentration gradient.
Example Na+/K+ ase pump
Term
What are the 4 major types of tissue?
Definition
Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous
Term
Main Function of Epithelial Tissue?
Definition
forms boundaries between different environment protects, secrets, absorbs, and filters
Term
Main function of connective tissue?
Definition
Suport, protects, binds other tissues together
Term
Main function of muscle tissue?
Definition
Contracts to cause movement
Term
Main function of nervous tissue?
Definition
Initiates transmits and interprets impulses that coordinate the body
Term
Epithelial Tissue shapes and arrangement?
Definition
-Shapes are Cubodial, Squamous, Columnar
-Arrangement are Simple, Stratified, and Pseudradified and Transitional
Term
Name the 8 Types of Epithelial Tissue
Definition
1. Simple Squamous
2. Simple Cuboidal
3. Simple Columnar
4. Stratified Squamous
5. Stratified Cuboidal
6. Stratified Columnar
7. Pseudostratified Columnar
8. Transitional
Term
Simple Squamous Function and Location?
Definition
• Function - allows materials to pass by diffusion or filtration in sites where protection and filtration is not important. It secrets lubricating substances in serosae. Diffusion and Filration
• Located- in kidney glomeruli, air sacs of lungs, lining of heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, lining of ventral body cavities (serosal)
Term
Simple Cuboidal F and L?
Definition
• Function- Secretion and absorption; looks like single layer of cube-like cells with spherical central nuclei. Secretion and Absorption
• Located- in kidney tubules, ducts and secretory portions of small glands, ovary surface
Term
Simple Columnar F and L?
Definition
• Function- Absorption, secretion of mucus, enzymes and other substances, eiliated type, propels mucus (or reproductive cells) by ciliary action. Absorption and Secretion
• Location- Non-Ciliated type lines most of the digestive tract (stomach to rectum), gallbladder
Term
Pseudostratified Columnar F and L?
Definition
• Function- Secrete substances, particularly mucus, propulsion of mucus by ciliary action. Secretion and Movement of Particles
• Location- Non-Ciliated types in male sperm
Term
Stratified Squamous F and L?
Definition
• Function- protects underlying tissue in areas subjected to abrasion. Protection.
• Location- Non-Keratinized type, moist lining of the mouth and vagina (areas of wear-and-tear)
Term
Transitiona F and L?
Definition
• Function- Stretches readily, permits stored urine to distend urinary organ
• Located- Lines uterus, bladder, and part of the urethra
Term
Stratified Cuboidal F and L?
Definition
• Function- Protection.
• Location- Largest ducts of sweat glands, mammary glands, and salivary glands
Term
Stratified Columnar F and L?
Definition
• Function- Protection, secretion. Expansion
• Location- Rare in the body, small amounts in males urethra and in large ducts of some glands
Term
General Characteristics of ALL types of epithelial tissue
Definition
-Cells are packed closely with very little extracellular spaces
-All have specialized cell to cell contact
-. Polarity- have distal and proximal ends. Epithelial Tissue is always attached to connective tissue via a Basement Membrane
- Avasular- no blood supply. That is why Epithelial Tissue is so thin. It has no nutrients and this causes the top layer to die
-High Regeneration Rate- (like zombies) this is because of lack of nutrients so it undergoes mitosis a lot, called Mitogenic
Term
The 2 Specialization of Epithelial Tissue
Definition
-Cilia- nasal cavity and oviduct
-microvilli- small intestines
Term
Endocrine Gland
Definition
produce hormones and secret into bloodsteam via exocytosis
Term
Exocrine Glands
Definition
secret product onto body surfaces (skin) or into the body cavities
Term
Exocrine Glands Type of Structure?
Definition
1. Unicellular (mucrin glands)-mucus or goblet cells
2. Multicellular -alveolar or tubular 2 types
a. Alveolar- sebaceous, oil glands
b. Tubular- stomach, intestines
Term
Exocrine Glands Divided by Functions?
Definition
-Holocrine- secrets the whole cell, ex. Oil glands
-Apocrine- portion of cell is secreted, ex. Milk Glands
-Mecocrine- secret their product by exocytosis as they are produced, Ex. Sweat glands
Term
What are the 3 steps of tissue repair?
Definition
1. Inflammation
2. Organization
3. Regeneration
Term
Tissue repair inflammation steps?
Definition
a. Macrophages, mast cells, and injured tissue cells release inflamaroty chemicals
b. White Blood Cells, plasma fluid, antibodies flow to the area
c. Clotting factors from plasma fluid form a clot and close and seal the would (scab)
Term
Tissue repair Organization steps?
Definition
a. Blood Clot is replaced by granulation tissue
b. Fibroblasts fill the wound and secret collagen
c. Macrophages digest original blood clot
Term
Tissue repair regeneration steps?
Definition
a. Surface epithelium begins to regenerate and grows under the scab eventually replacing it
b. the scar tissue from the fibroblasts remain
Term
Regeneration definition?
Definition
replacement of old tissue with the same tissue
Term
Fibrosis definition?
Definition
replacement of old tissue with scar tissue (fibrosis connective tissue)
Term
What are the 4 smallest organs?
Definition
- serous membrane
-mucus membrane
-cutaneous membrane
-synovial membrane
Term
What are the 4 types of Connective tissue?
Definition
1. Connective tissue proper
2. cartilage
3. bone
4. blood
Term
What are the general characteristics of connective tissue?
Definition
1. Common embryonic tissue- Mesenchyme (proto-CT), all arises from mesenchyme

2. Cells are widely scattered, lots of extracellular space (except with adipose tissue)

3. Matrix that holds cells and structures in place. Matrix can be fluid, gel-like, fibrous, or a combination.

4. Highly vascularized, except in cartilage. Meaning there is blood flow to the tissue
Term
What are the Functions of Connective Tissue?
Definition
1. Binding and support. Example Bone, ligaments, tendons
2. Protections, ex. Bone and Proper Connective Tissue
3. Insulation. Ex. Fat
4. Transportation, ex. Blood
Term
Name the 2 types of Connective Tissue Proper?
Definition
Loose
Dense
Term
What are the 3 fiber types in LCT?
Definition
1.Collage- thick and white
2. Elastic- yellow and branched3.
Reticular- fragments
Term
What are the 5 types of cells in LCT?
Definition
1. Macrophages- immune response
2. Fibroblasts- secrete the fibers until they mature into fibrocytes
3. Mast Cells – inflammatory response
4. Adipocyte- fat cell
5. Leukocytes- aka White Blood Cells, immune response
Term
What are the 3 types of LCT?
Definition
1. Areolar- Loose Connective Tissue, it acts like a sponge to soak up fluid during inflammation (AKA edema)

2. Adipose- Loose Connective Tissue, it stores nutrients in 2 types of fat. White Fat and Brown Fat (brown fat is in infants and is mitochondria and is used to heat up the blood, because babies can’t shiver

3. Reticular- Loose Connective Tissue, these fibers support the reticular cells and other cell types
Term
What is the fiber in Dense Connective Tissue?
Definition
Collagen
Term
What are the 3 types of Dense Connective Tissue?
Definition
1. Regular Dense Connective Tissue

2. Irregular Dense Connective Tissue

3. Elastic Dense Connective Tissue
Term
Regular Dense Connective Tissue, types and descriptions?
Definition
fibers are parallel (ropes), there are 3 types.
1. Ligaments- attach bone to bone
2. Tendons- attach muscle to bone
3. Aponeuroses- attach muscle to muscle
Term
Irregular Dense Connective Tissue
Definition
forms sheaths (capsules) around structures such as organs, joints, and skin
Term
Elastic Dense Connective Tissue
Definition
predominately elastic fibers for stretching and retracting, such the vocal cords, walls of larger arties and flavum ligaments (connects vertebra bones together)
Term
Cartilage characteristics?
Definition
Matrix is semi-solid and up to 80% water

-Not very vascularized, receives blood from perichondrium which surrounds it

-Cell Types
a. Chondroblasts- they secrete matrix fibers then mature into chondrocytes
Term
3 Types of Cartilage?
Definition
1. Hyaline- is gristle, most abundant. Fibers are collagen. Located in the nose, larynx, trachea, costal cartilage of ribs, end of long bones

2.Fibrocartilage – shock absorber. Fibers are thick collagen. Located between the vertebrae (the inter-vertebral discs) and knee joints

3.Elastic Cartilage – rubbery and pliable. Fibers are elastic. Located in the ear and epiglottis
Term
2 types of Bone?
Definition
-compact
-spongy
Term
3 kinds of cell in bones?
Definition
1. Erythrocytes
2. leukocytes
3. thrombocyte
Term
Osteon
Definition
– AKA Haversion system, fundamental unit of the compact bone
Term
Trabecula
Definition
- thin plates
in spongy bone
Term
Blood matrix?
Definition
Matrix is plasma and 90% water
Term
The 3 cell types and description of blood?
Definition
Red Blood Cells-AKA erythrocytes, they are enucleated in mammals, carries oxygen and carbon dioxide.

White Blood Cells-AKA leukocytes, nucleated into 5 different types

Platlets-AKA thrombocytes- they are responsible for blood clotting
Term
The 5 types of Leukocytes?
Definition
1. Neutrophils
2. Lymphocyes
3. Monocytes
4. Eosiophils
5. Basophils
Term
name the 3 types of muscle tissue?
Definition
1.Skeletal
2. cardiac
3. smooth
Term
Skeletal Muscle Tissue
Definition
striated (banded) and voluntary

-Multinucleated and little muscle cell to nerve ending ratio
-attached to bone via tendons or other muscles via aponeurous (for movement)
-found alongside the skeleton
- do not have gap junctions because it’s under nervous system control
Term
Cardiac Muscle Tissue
Definition
striated with intercalated discs, involuntary

uninucleated and all cardiac cells connect to nerve ending
-found in the heart
-occurs in sheets and are connected with intercalated discs, meaning they have gap junctions, this means that happens to one cell happens to all of the myocardium
Term
Smooth Muscle Tissue
Definition
unstraited and involuntary

uninucleated and little ratio or all to 1 ratio
-found in the walls of hallow organs (stomach, intestines, uterus)
-can occur as 1 or in sheets, sheets are connected with gap junctions
Term
Nervous Tissue function
Definition
It initiates, transmits, and coordinates impulses through the body
Term
Structure of Neuron
Definition
Axonal branches innervale other cell types
and contain glial cells
Term
glial cells
Definition
they support cells for nervous tissue. And DO NOT initiate, transmit, or coordinate impulses
Term
Cutaneous membrane is
Definition
skin and derivatives, skin = organ
Term
5 Characteristics of the Cutaneous membrane
Definition
It’s the largest organ, 7% of your body weight
-Protection from bacteria, UV rays, and water
-makes vitamin D
-Excretes waste
-million of sensory inputs
Term
Regions of the Integumentary System
Definition
Epidermis- cutaneous membrane
-Dermis-cutaneous membrane
-hypodermis- underlying layer of fat (superficial fascia)
Term
Layers from superficial to deep
Definition
1. Epidermis
2.Dermis
3. Adipose/hyposermis
4. DCT
5. Muscle
6. Bone
Term
Cells of the Epidermis
Definition
. Melanocytes- contains pigment melanin (black, brown, yellow, or red)
- the Stratum basale has 20% of the cells are melanocytes
-Melanocytes (stratum basale) inject melanin into keratinocytes (stratum spinosum)
-Malanin shields for UV and needs sun to make Vitamin D

b. Dendrite Cells- star shaped and immune function

c. Keratinocytes- produce keratin (protein that hardens and protects epidermis)

d. Tachle Cells- Sometimes present at Epidermal (derma) junction, and functions as a sensory receptor for touch
Term
Layers of epidermis?
Definition
Layer 1- Statum Basale
-a single row of stem cells that are mitogenic
-the daughter cells are pushed up
-contains melanocytes


Layer 2- Stratum Spinosum
-several layers of keratinocytes attached by desmosomes with melanin granules and dendrite cells


Layer 3- Stratum Granulosum
-4-6 layers of keratin
-ocytes that begin keratinization (cells fill with protein and keratin, flatten and harden)
-Lamellar granules release water resistened glycolipids



Layer 4 Strartum Corneum
-20-30 layers of flattened keratinocytes that give protection from penetration and abrasion


The layer for the Soles of Feet and Hand
Layer 3.5- Stratum Lucidum
This is what gives them their rougher texture
Term
Rickets
Definition
• Rickets is a caused by a lack of vitamin D and leaves bones weak and fragile
-Vitamin D regulates Calcium and Phosphorous production
-No Sun = No Vitamin D to be produced
Term
Evolutionary Theory of Skin Color
Definition
Homo Sapiens originated in tropics and originally produced greater amounts of melanin, then humans migrated to less sunny places and therefore produced less melanin leading to lighter skin colors

-Every person has the same number of melanocytes that produces variable amounts of melanin and produce more in response to UV sunlight
Term
Name the structures of a hair shaft
Definition
-Cuticle- hardest keratin (overlapping shingles)
-Cortex- hard karatin with injected melanin
-Medulla-large cells and air spaces
-Arrector Pili Muscle- attaches to every hair when contracts stands on end (aka Goosebumps)
-Papilla- part of the dermis, mitogenic in order to grow hair
Term
Name the structures of the nails
Definition
• Nails-specialized epithelial cells originating from the nail root (germinal matrix)
As Nails grow out they become keratinized
• Cuticle- is a layer of tissue that covers the nail root
The visible portion is the nail body
The sterile (nail) matrix is a proximal layer of cells that is responsible for the nail growth
• Lunule-AKA “little moon” is a thicker layer of matrix at the base
Term
Name the 4 glands, their type, and shape
Definition
All glands are epidermal dervivatives

1.Sebaceous- oil, Holocrine/Alveolar, Located everywhere except soles and palms

2. Sweat Glands-Meocrine/Tubular. Located everywhere

3. Ceruminous- wax, Holocrine/Alveolar. Located in the ears

4. Mammary- milk. Apocrine/Alveolar. 2 in primates and multiple in most other mammals
Term
Dermis regions and %
Definition
1. Papillary region- 20%, this forms ridges (finger prints)
-highly innervated, meaning it has many nerve endings
-highly vascularized, meaning blood supply

2. Reticular Region- 80%, made of many thick collagen fibers, Dense Connective Tissue and Elastic fibers and Epithelial Tissue
-stretches and returns to shape
Term
Hypodermis
Definition
Made of Adipose and Connective Tissue
-NOT a part of the skin
-Attaches to underlying tissue but is flexible enough to allow movement of skin
Term
Alopecia
Definition
• Alopecia- any types of hair loss
-Can be caused by genetics, chemotherapy or cancer treatments, hormonal imbalance infection, sever stress, medications
Term
Lesions
Definition
• Lesions- a pathologically altered piece of tissue that can include a wound or injury or a single infected patch of skin
A Burrow- a tunnel or streak caused by burrowing organism. Lice, scabies, ticks, mites, fleas, chiggers, bot flies
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