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Anatomy Exam 1
n/a
130
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
09/25/2012

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Term
lumen
Definition
the space inside any hollow organ, continuous with the outside world, lined by a mucous membrane
Term
parietal serosa
Definition
the superficial layer of a serous membrane, consists of CT and mesothelium
Term
visceral serosa
Definition
the deep layer of a serous membrane, consists of CT and mesothelium
Term
serous membrane
Definition
not continuous with the outside world
Term
mucous membrane
Definition
lines the lumen, consists of an epithelial layer and of a lamina propria (the CT layer)
Term
basic tissue types
Definition
epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
Term
desmosomes
Definition
cellular structure that provides cell-to-cell adhesion using intermediate filaments
Term
tight junction
Definition
forms an impermeable barrier between cells
Term
gap junction
Definition
allows materials to flow from the cytoskeleton of one cell to the next
Term
microtubules
Definition
part of the cytoskeleton which projects outward from the middle of the cell, move organelles
Term
microfilaments
Definition
located closer to the periphery of the cell and can change the shape of the cell, can do so to produce amoeboid movement in which one part of the cell goes somewhere and the rest of the cell drags itself to meet it
Term
intermediate filaments
Definition
in between, tend to cut across the cell and connect to the sides of the cell, relatively static
Term
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
Definition
genetic defect in collagen fiber formation
Term
collagen fiber
Definition
resists tension, made up of a tripple helix of collagen fibrils,
Term
reticular fiber
Definition
net-like flexible padding; made up of specialized collagen fibers; short, thin and branched; allows for smooth gliding
Term
elastic fiber
Definition
made of elastin, cross-linked, recoils to original shape
Term
elastic fibers are produced by
Definition
fibroblasts
Term
classes of CT
Definition
connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone tissue, blood
Term
CT proper
Definition
unspecialized, made up of fibroblasts (which secrete the matrix) and other cells, two types: loose CT, dense CT
Term
loose CT
Definition
lots of ground substance, fewer fibers, three types: areolar adipose and reticular
Term
areolar CT
Definition
most generic type of CT, gel-like, lots of tissue fluid, adjoins all epithelia, has all 3 tissue types, has fat and defense cells
Term
adipose CT
Definition
mostly fat cells, in hypodermis and visceral fat, for energy storage protection and insulation
Term
reticular CT
Definition
made up of reticular (web-like) fibers, only in lymphoid organs (spleen, lymph nodes)
Term
dense CT
Definition
dense regular, dense irregular, elastic,
Term
dense regular CT
Definition
fibers and tension run in 1 direction, ligaments and tendons
Term
dense irregular CT
Definition
Term
elastic CT
Definition
elastic fibers, recoils, Bronchial tubes in lungs; artery walls; some intervertebral ligaments
Term
cell size
Definition
5-20 micrometers
Term
cytoskeleton
Definition
microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments
Term
lamallae
Definition
concentric, interstitial, circumferential
Term
bone types
Definition
compact, spongy, woven
Term
CT structure
Definition
cells, matrix
Term
CT matrix
Definition
fibers, ground substance
Term
CT matrix fibers
Definition
collagen, reticular, elastic
Term
CT matrix ground substance
Definition
GAG's, proteoglycans, interstitial fluid, additional components
Term
cartilage types
Definition
hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage
Term
bone components
Definition
ground substance, fibers
Term
hyaline cartilage
Definition
most common type, network of colagen fibrils
Term
where is hyaline cartilage found?
Definition
joints (ends of bones), trachea, developing/growing bones, costal cartilage (where ribs attach to the sternum)
Term
primary component of osteoid
Definition
collagen
Term
what is periosteum made of
Definition
dense regular CT
Term
primary function of collagen
Definition
resists tension
Term
what does red blood marrow make
Definition
hematopoietic stem cells
Term
what does yellow bone marrow make?
Definition
adipose tissue (FAT TISSUE)
Term
elastic cartilage fibers
Definition
elastic fibers, network of thin collagen fibrils
Term
properties of elastic cartilage
Definition
tolerates repeated bending
Term
microtubules
Definition
largest diameter, made of tubulin, project outward from middle of cell, cilia and flagella outside, inside move organelles
Term
cytoskeleton
Definition
series of protiens arranged like rods
Term
microfilaments
Definition
located closer to periphery of cell, smallest diameter, made of actin, allows cell to move like a slug, and change shape
Term
what is the most common type of cell in the epidermis
Definition
keratinocyte
Term
intermediate filaments
Definition
medium sized, high tensile strength, permenant/stable, cuts across cell and connects to the sides
Term
cell junctions
Definition
tight, gap, desmosomes
Term
epithelium
Definition
covers/lines surfaces of the body, forms glands
Term
which layer of skin makes most keratin?
Definition
granulosum
Term
where is simple squamous epithelium found
Definition
alveoli, filtration capsules in kidneys, lining of heart and blood vessles (HAS NO SURFACE PROJECTIONS.... cilia)
Term
where is simple cuboidal epithelium found
Definition
salavary glands, kidney tubules, pancreas, lining of ovary
Term
where does most of the melainin end up
Definition
keratinocytes
Term
where is simple columnar epithelium found
Definition
lining most of digestive tract: nonciliated
small bronchi: ciliated
Term
where is the endothelium found
Definition
inside blood vessles
Term
pseudostratified columnar
Definition
lining trachea and upper resperatory tract
Term
where is stratified squamous epithelium found
Definition
keratinized: skin
nonkeratinized: ends of digestive and reproductive tracts
Term
where is stratified cuboidal epithelium found
Definition
RARE, Largest ducts of salivary, sweat, & mammary glands
Term
where is stratified columnar epithelium found
Definition
RARE, urethra, some in largest ducts of glands
Term
transitional
Definition
BLADDER!
Term
what type of molecule makes up reticular fibers?
Definition
collagen
Term
exocrine glands
Definition
mucous and serous, mostly multicellular, mostly derived by epithelia
Term
endocrine glands
Definition
secrete hormones into the blood, derived from epithelia or other tissues
Term
trabeculi
Definition
the pillars in woven and spongy bones
Term
concentric lamallae
Definition
forms osteon
Term
interstitial lamallae
Definition
rements of old osteons (background guys)
Term
circumfrental lamellae
Definition
goes around outermost layers, doesn't actually form an osteon
Term
GAG
Definition
polysaccharide with nitrogen
Term
proteoglycan
Definition
protein with GAG attached
Term
which is the FATTY CT
Definition
areolar
Term
which type of CT can fight infections?
Definition
areolar
Term
which cell type adjoins almost all epithelia?
Definition
areolar
Term
loose vs dense CT
Definition
lots of ground substance vs lots of fibers
Term
properties of cartilage
Definition
flexible, resilient after compression or tension, slow to heal
Term
what does cartilage do?
Definition
anchors ground substance
Term
peracardium
Definition
dense irregular CT, helps cartilage resist tension, surrounds cartilage, helps grow/repair cartilage
Term
types of cartilage
Definition
hyaline, elastic, fibro
Term
hyaline cartilage
Definition
most common type, made of thin collagen fibrils, found in trachea, ends of bones/joints, developing bones, and connecting ribs to sternum
Term
elastic cartilage
Definition
elastic fibers, made of thin collagen fibrils, tolerates repeated bending, found in external ear and eppiglotis
Term
fibrocartilage
Definition
thin network of collagen fibrils and thick collagen fibers all running in one direction, found in intervertibral discs, meniscus, and pubic symphysis
Term
what do osteoblasts become when surrounded by bone matrix?
Definition
osteocytes
Term
what kinds of fibers is bone made of
Definition
collagen
Term
why is blood a CT
Definition
developed from mesenchyme, lots of extracellular matrix (plasma)
Term
main cell type in epidermis
Definition
keratinocytes
Term
cells in stratum spinosum held together by
Definition
desmosomes
Term
which skin layer makes glycolipids for
Definition
granulosum
Term
what are dendric cells and where are they found
Definition
immune cells, stratum spinosum
Term
what is a blister
Definition
separation of the dermis and epidermis
Term
what is in the dermis
Definition
blood vessles, lymph nodes, nerves, sensory receptors, glands, hair folicles
Term
what is the hypodermis made of
Definition
mostly fat, aerolar tissue, some adipose ct as well
Term
how are hair folicles formed
Definition
the folding of the epidermis
Term
how do we get hair curlienss
Definition
from the cross sectional shape
Term
what do apocrine glands do
Definition
secrete pheromones (near hair folicle)
Term
number of bones in adults
Definition
206
Term
number of bones in kids
Definition
300
Term
is a bone considered an organ?
Definition
yes
Term
function of bones
Definition
support, protection, energy storage, movement, mineral storage, blood cell formation,
Term
functions of periostium
Definition
resists tension, growth, attachments (secured by perforating fibers)
Term
what kind of cartilage is articular and where is it found?
Definition
hyaline, in the joints
Term
Definition
for remodeling interior surfaces of bone
Term
is bone tissue vascularized
Definition
yes
Term
how are trebeculae aligned
Definition
along stress lines
Term
what is the organic part of bone tissue?
Definition
osteoid
Term
what is the inorganic part of bone tissue?
Definition
hydroxyapetite
Term
osteoids secrete
Definition
collagen
Term
three types of lamellae
Definition
concentric, interstitial, circumfrential
Term
concentric lamallae
Definition
form an osteon
Term
interstitial lamallae
Definition
remnants of old osteon
Term
circumfrential lamallae
Definition
adjacent to periostium
Term
does woven bone contain lamallae
Definition
no
Term
does woven bone contain trabeculae
Definition
yes
Term
what types of bone are formed via intermembraneous bone formation
Definition
skull and clavicle
Term
steps of intermembraneous bone formation
Definition
osteoblasts develop from mesenchyme, which secrete osteiod which mineralizes and traps osteoblasts which become osteocytes, woven bone forms around blood vessles, periosteum forms, compact bone forms under periostium adn teh rest becomes spongy bone
Term
most bones formed by
Definition
endochondrial bone formation
Term
what type of cartilage forms endochondrial bones
Definition
hyaline
Term
steps of endochondrial bone formation
Definition
cartilage model grows periosteum, chondrocytes in the middle causes bone matrix to calcify, chondrocytes die forming a cavity, periostial bud invades diaphysis and creates primary ossification center, this all happens in ephysis as well forming secondary ossification centers
Term
types of bone growth
Definition
appositional and longitudinal
Term
where does longitudinal bone growth occur
Definition
epiphysial plate
Term
when does longitudinal bone growth stop
Definition
18-21 years
Term
longitudinal bone growth steps
Definition
similar to endochondrial bone formation, epiphysial plate expands, matrix calcifies, chondrocytes die, osteoblasts deposit bone on diaphysial side, osteoclasts enlarge medullary cavity
Term
which way does appositional bone growth occur
Definition
out (makes bones grow wide)
Term
steps of appositional bone growth
Definition
osteoblasts in periosteum add bone to outer surface while osteoclasts enlarge the medullary cavity
Term
bone growth disorders
Definition
achondroplasia, osteoporosis, osteomalacia
Term
achondroplasia
Definition
chondrocytes divide poorly, so the epiphyseal plate occurs prematurely (dwarfism)
Term
osteoporosis
Definition
osteoclasts dominate over osteoblasts, decrease in bone density
Term
osteomalacia
Definition
insufficient mineral (calcium) in bone matrix, bendy bones!
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